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Rooting media used in current root phenotyping studies can have substantial effect. In this study, the effects of three different nutrient conducting papers (Black construction paper, Anchor blue germination paper and Kimpak paper) and soil-filled boxes on root growth and root system architecture (RSA) of Brassica rapa(cultivars ‘R500’ and ‘IMB211’) were investigated. Seedlings of the two B. rapagenotypes were supplied with nutrients on the nutrient conducting papers and in the soil-filled boxes. The papers and soil-filled boxes were fixed to flatbed scanners and two-dimensional images of roots were periodically taken and analysed. Root media effects on shoot and root biomass and on topological indices (TI) were observed. For example, root branching was more pronounced on the construction paper. Mean TI of 0.82 and 0.93, recorded for R500 and IMB211, respectively, on the construction paper indicated that substrates affect the herringbone pattern of brassica roots. Whilst it was indicated that different results could be obtained for the same RSA when different germination papers are used, the results showed that Anchor blue germination paper is an ideal proxy for soil in phenotyping seedlings for RSA traits and root growth.

This work reports on the fabrication and electrical characterization of 3 different diodes. The first one is a Schottky diode with a single 50 mm P+ ring between the edge termination and the active area. The two other diodes are JBS with a 3 mm P+ strips separated by 4 mm and 8 mm respectively. The breakdown voltage ranges from 2.7kV up to 3.7kV depending on the P+/N area. The 3 different diodes exhibit a similar on-resistance versus the temperature behavior. Moreover, no contribution of the bipolar conduction is observed and no degradation has been observed when a forward stress is performed in forward mode and also in reverse.

Verne schöpfte aus seiner Einbildungskraft ebenso wie aus der Wissenschaft seiner Zeit.

The recently developed transparent soil consists of particles of Nafion, a polymer with a low refractive index (RI), which is prepared by milling and chemical treatment for use as a soil analog. After the addition of a RI-matched solution, confocal imaging can be carried out in vivo and without destructive sampling. In a previous study, we showed that the new substrate provides a good approximation of plant growth conditions found in natural soils. In this paper, we present further development of the techniques for detailed quantitative analysis of images of root-microbe interactions in situ. Using this system it was possible for the first time to analyze bacterial distribution along the roots and in the bulk substrate in vivo. These findings indicate that the coupling of transparent soil with light microscopy is an important advance toward the discovery of the mechanisms of microbial colonisation of the rhizosphere.