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In the present study, the topic of educational motivation among students majoring in “Tourism” at “St. Cyril and St. Methodius” University of Veliko Tarnovo. For this purpose, a survey was conducted among participants in the "Get to know Bulgaria with us" educational project. The article aims to establish the educational motivation of tourism students through their participation in the mentioned project. A survey method and the method for the discovery of association rules to search for regularities based on received data were used. The results of the research conducted among the participants show that students who share the purpose of the project find a way to get involved in it and work to achieve its main goal. As an important part of their academic performance, they share in improving their communication, teamwork and adaptability. The basis of their motivation is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and competences, and on a personal level, they share the positive impact of the project on their self-evaluation. Enhancing the institution's image also scores high among the reasons. In summary, we can determine that educational motivation among tourism students is closely dependent on their attitudes towards future development. The development presents specific conclusions based on the data obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces references to nature and naturalism (understood as an attempt to ground and legitimize art in natural phenomena) in Ligeti's writings, but also in selected aspects of his oeuvre. The references to nature recur here in various manifestations, with romantic depictions of nature appearing alongside more recent, modernist approaches. The concept of nature is associated with the romantic setting for human emotions, with the discovery of scientific laws, with listening to soundscape, with phenomena of auditory perception and with the spectral explorations of sound. Although nature is not a central, strategic concept for Ligeti, it remains a constant, even if hidden, context for his work, a point of reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our research deals with intelligent decision support systems based on rule-based knowledge bases. Decision support systems use rules "If a condition, then a decision" as a form of knowledge representation. In the process of inference, which mirrors the process of human reasoning, we look for rules that confirm the facts and thus generate new knowledge. Such rule-based knowledge bases can (and often do) contain outlier rules. Our goal is to find such unusual rules. Thanks to this, we can influence the completeness of the knowledge base by finding unusual rules and asking domain experts to supplement knowledge in a rare area. To enhance the effectiveness of decision support systems, we conducted separate investigations into two distinct methods. The first method involved the utilisation of the Local Outlier Factor (LOF) algorithm in detecting rule outliers, while the second method employed the Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) algorithm for the same purpose. Our experiments not only confirmed the effectiveness of both the LOF and SOM algorithms but also involved comparing the results obtained from both methods. The discovery of outlier rules can aid knowledge engineers and domain experts in knowledge exploration and enhance the completeness of the knowledge base, which is crucial for decision support systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the world suffers a Coronavirus mutation in 2019 (COVID-19). The COVID-19 data sources possess three main characteristics: big volume, velocity, and variety. These challenges have compelled the authors to employ Big Data technology, data mining techniques, and Ontology-based approaches instead of using a statistics hypothesis. Big Data Frameworks are involved in most data-related activities, such as storing, processing, analyzing, and sharing. Nevertheless, most of them miss having a semantic layer that is required for meaning-related activities, such as decision support, reasoning, and event detection. A semantic layer is based on Ontology, Semantic Query Engine, Association Rule Mining, and Fuzzy Logic. Therefore, this research aims to build Ontology and transform Big Data from Big Data Frameworks to semantic environments. This paper presents Onto-NoSQL, a Protégé plug-in that supports the creation of Ontology and transformation of a column-oriented NoSQL datastore like Hbase into Protégé. Besides, the whole process of transformation is carried out automatically without any external intervention. It demonstrates the proposed plug-in through a case study of air pollution and weather phenomena's data. The proposed plug-in is utilized to predict COVID-19 prevalence and the relationship between COVID-19 prevalence and weather factors. Moreover, the plug-in handles many challenges due to Big Data size and time processing. The time consumption to import up to 64 GB data is 17 minutes. The data prediction accuracy is 96.9% applying association rules discovery on Ontology creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery process encompasses an essential part of any intellectual property litigation in the US. It is a litigation process through which parties in litigation can request and obtain from opposing parties information and documents relevant to the issues in a lawsuit, and now it has become more complex with the increase in volume of electronic information. Without a sufficient understanding of the normal rules and protocols of document discovery in the US, discovery will be both time consuming and costly. This article aims to provide a general introduction to the definition, development history and function of the discovery process; to analyse common issues encountered by companies in this process; and, finally, to provide our best practice suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehending why an artificial intelligence–based agent makes certain predictions is often discussed as one of the central issues that needs to be solved in the near future to make such agents ubiquitously deployable. However, many common black-box machine learning models are hard to analyse. Recently, we proposed a new machine learning algorithm to construct concise sets of rules. This algorithm, SupRB, creates compact, interpretable and transparent models. One key feature that differentiates it from many similar previously proposed systems is that it optimizes the model selection tasks concerning rule discovery and rule set composition separately. Therefore, users can tailor a model's structure more easily towards fulfilling use-case specific explainability requirements. Keeping the model selection tasks separate during optimization allows for more clearly defined goals when compared to state-of-the-art systems and – importantly – facilitates independent rule fitnesses, making the training process easier to explain and the models easier to analyse post-hoc. In this paper, we extend previous benchmarking of SupRB, where it was compared with XCSF, a prominent rule set learning system, to also include Decision Trees (DTs) and Random Forests (RFs) in our analysis. We find that – as expected – SupRB performs comparable to XCSF, while allowing easier control of model structure and showing a substantially smaller sensitivity to random seeds and data splits, and it performs slightly worse than RFs, and better than DTs. Importantly, the overall model size was substantially smaller with SupRB, making it the easiest to interpret system while not falling significantly short in terms of prediction errors. • Detailed the presentation of SupRB, an interpretable machine learning algorithm. • SupRB performs competitively on errors with generally smaller models. • Analysing a rule is easy to do even for non-experts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the effort by the drafters of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and the courts to determine how to regulate document destruction in the digital age. Topics discussed include amendment in Federal Rules to modify the method for imposing sanctions regarding the spoliation of digitized information for discovery, ditionally treated breaches of the duty to preserve documents and problems associated with the preservation of the electronically stored information (ESI).

An essay on reality between discovery in the U.S. and the foreign blocking statutes that impede discovery in civil law is presented. Topics discussed include fundamental values posed by discovery rules in the U.S., American plaintiffs ability to discover evidence, and the decision of the District Court for the Southern District of New York in the case "Adidas (Canada) Ltd. v. S/S Seatrain Bennington."

The article examines laws related to depositions under the Texas discovery rules. Topics discussed include importance of depositions being central to civil litigation and most important discovery device; objections and cross-examination of depositions by the other parties' attorneys; and Texas laws that draw no distinction between depositions of parties and nonparties.

The article discusses the legal aspects of unfiled discovery documents in relation to Rue 76a of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure and the effort to secure confidentiality and the preservation of court transparency as of 2016. Public policy and the legal aspects of sealed court records are examined, along with disclosure of information laws and legal cases such as Parr v. Aruba Petroleum Inc. which deals with the harms caused by hydraulic fracturing (fracking) and intentional nuisance.

The article focuses on the overview for the practitioner to guide the predictive coding process and addresses practical questions that an attorney faced with a discovery request with the computer-assisted review (CAR).

The article focuses on the history of the foreign discovery procedures permitted by the Hague Convention and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure Rule 45. It mentions that whether the Fifth Circuit should allow a litigating party to compel by subpoena a nonparty domestic corporation to produce documents. It also mentions that transmission of evidence between common law countries using litigant-directed discovery.

The article examines the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure concerning discovery that grant power to amend laws; reports the influence of the U.S. Supreme Court in shaping the composition of discovery and of civil litigation; and mentions 2015 discovery rule amendments.

The article discusses the resolution of the dispute regarding the two victims, the good faith purchaser and the original owner, involved in the stolen art during the Second World War by the Nazis. Topics discussed include the use of laches as an equitable check in an owner-friendly rule, the use of the equitable division among the innocent victims, and the modification of the refusal rule into a discovery rule under the Art Claim Bill legislature.

The article examines the discovery/disclosure process in patent litigation of Canada, the U.S., and the United Kingdom.

The article focuses on the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in the case CTS Corp. v. Waldburger on the difference between statutes of limitations and statutes of repose. It mentions that the U.S. Congress addressed the two periods in the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and a trend away from liberal construction of the Act based on the Act's purposes and the discovery rule based on plaintiff discovered the injury.

The article examines the development of discovery sharing as a routine practice and the common arguments against discovery sharing. It mentions that relationship between sharing and efforts to reduce pretrial costs, both in the Texas and federal court system. It also mentions that discovery sharing practice that both reduces costs and is compatible with litigants' proprietary-information interests in the cases involving trade secrets.

Joseph Stiglitz described the current Argentine sovereign debt crisis as "America throwing a bomb into the global economic system."1 And yet, the U.S. Supreme Court decided to tackle only one head of this massive hydra. Presented with numerous issues arising from the controversy, the Court granted certiorari only on the issue of whether the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) blocked Argentina's creditors from obtaining discovery of Argentina's worldwide financial transactions. Justice Scalia, writing for the Court, concluded that because the FSIA says nothing on its face about discovery--it says nothing about discovery. But the majority did not grapple with the worldwide nature of the discovery granted. It assumed, without deciding, that worldwide discovery in aid of enforcement of a judgment is usually appropriate. This prompted Justice Ginsburg to dissent. Justice Ginsburg wrote that U.S. courts should not assume that the "sky may be the limit" for post-judgment discovery, especially given that other countries typically have far more limited document production. For Justice Ginsburg, discovery in aid of enforcement of a judgment is presumptively about U.S. courts looking to U.S. law about assets in the United States. The split in the Court reflects deep confusion and disagreement among U.S. courts on the role of discovery in an era of worldwide hunts for assets to satisfy unpaid judgments and arbitral awards. Courts have struggled to define the limits of worldwide enforcement discovery for one overriding reason: U.S. courts--following the Supreme Court's lead--have applied tests and concepts developed for pretrial discovery to the very different world of post-judgment enforcement discovery. Post-judgment enforcement discovery differs in its purposes, its presumptions, and its problems. This Article grapples with each and proposes new approaches to tackling two obstacles to enforcement discovery--restrictions on discovery and on execution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Judicial Conference of the United States Advisory Committee on Evidence Rules' Symposium on the Challenges of Electronic Evidence which was held on April 4, 2014 as part of the Philip D. Reed Lecture Series at the University of Maine School of Law. The restyling of the U.S. Federal Rule of Evidence is mentioned, along with information about electronic discovery (e-discovery) rules and the legal aspects of electronically stored information (ESI) in America.

The article discusses an American court's role in preventing unreliable pretrial electronic discovery (eDiscovery) from jeopardizing a reliable fact-finding process, focusing on a legal debate involving Rule 702 of the U.S. Federal Rules of Evidence which deals with the admissibility of expert trial testimony. The 1993 U.S. Supreme Court case Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. which deals with electronic evidence, technology-assisted review, and eDiscovery rules, is examined.

The article analyzes the importance of technology in implementing reforms in the de facto procedure. Topics discussed include use of effective technology in legal research, the role in mitigating the impact of discovery costs on pre-discovery settlements, and the need of proper technology in managing legal discovery.

The article offers information on judicial decision of the New Zealand High Court in civil procedure cases including Karam v. Fairfax New Zealand Ltd, Coote v. Murray, and Nathans Finance New Zealand Ltd. v. AIG Insurance New Zealand Ltd. regarding the use of the concept of proportionality in the discovery of documents from plaintiffs. Topics discussed include developments in New Zealand discovery rules, legal representative's cost, and the significance of the Australian Law Reform Commission.

The article offers information on the history, purpose and significance of the early discovery in copyright infringement lawsuits against users of the peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing protocol BitTorrent such as John Doe under the U.S. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure. It discusses legal issue arising from joinder of multiple defendants and motions to quash subpoenas are considered under the copyright law of the U.S.

The article focuses on threats posed by uncertainties in electronic-discovery (e-discovery) law. It is stated that the U.S. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP) were amended in 2006, but the FRCP cannot govern modern e-discovery properly. It is stated that the Rule 26(f) discovery conference needs to be amended to bring the court during an early stage of discovery, and this would recognize that e-discovery is evolving.

The article discusses when and on what basis can a solicitor-client privilege be lost in a discoverability case in Canada, focusing on limitation periods, implied waivers, and an examination of what specific material or information is subject to such as loss of privilege. Professional ethics for individual lawyers in Canada are addressed, along with solicitors' negligence claims and professionalism problems for attorneys. A duty of confidentiality and the Supreme Court of Canada are assessed.