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This paper presents research that examined teacher talk about moderation of English, mathematics and science assessment across Years 4, 6 and 8 as part of a broader inquiry into the use of scaled exemplars to support consistency of teacher judgement. The paper draws on Dorothy E Smith’s sociological work, including the process of mapping textual connections to research everyday practices. We illustrate how moderation activities were shaped by systemic policy and related documents. We further illustrate how teachers used artefacts that they were created as part of the research project to leverage the value of moderation discussions. In the project, teachers generated artefacts that were written commentaries or texts explicating their judgement decisions (cognitive commentaries). Our analysis demonstrates how teachers then took these cognitive commentaries and independently embedded them into their everyday work. Teachers described how they used the artefacts in their moderation discussions as a means of improving their own practice, as well as their students’ learning. We argue that when teachers are provided with the time and space to share their assessment and pedagogic knowledge and practice with school colleagues, including via cognitive commentaries, they are able to expand their field of professional impact and build their professional knowledge and practice.

Common educational laboratory experiments often investigate rate laws, reaction rates, and reaction orders for reactions that occur in a single step. Interestingly, lab demonstrations that have multistep and multicolor reactions, such as the Traffic Light reaction or oscillating Briggs–Rauscher reaction, have found limited application in student lab experiments, often due to complex kinetics. Here, we have developed a laboratory experiment that enables students to investigate the two-step sequential reduction kinetics of the Traffic Light reaction with the use of a spectrometer. Furthermore, this allows students to qualitatively interpret disappearance and appearance events in absorbance spectra as well as quantitatively evaluate and determine the rate laws for each reduction step. This experiment is accessible to general chemistry lab students in high-school and university educational environments.

The advent of various additive manufacturing technologies, such as 3D printing, has changed the structural design and preparation process of rocket fuels. In order to investigate the combustion properties of various common polymer materials that can be additively manufactured by fused deposition, the combustion tests of hybrid rocket fuels prepared by 3D printing were carried out. These materials include polylactic acid (PLA), wood-like polylactic acid (Wood), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate (ASA), copolymers of nylon 6 and nylon 6,6 (CoPA), polycarbonate-polybutylene terephthalate (PC-PBT), flame retardant polycarbonate (PC-FR) and polyethylene terephthalateco-1,4-cylclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate (PETG). Thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) analysis was carried out on these materials, the printing effect of the fuel grains was observed by three-dimensional X-ray microscopy (µCT) and the combustion performance of these fuels in gaseous oxygen flow (GOX) was recorded by high-speed photography at a constant pressure of 1 MPa. The results show that ASA and ABS exhibit good printing results. The regression rates of PC-PBT, PETG, ABS, ASA, CoPA and PLA are 0.792 mm/s, 0.592 mm/s, 0.536 mm/s and 0.477 mm/s, 0.368 mm/s, 0.339 mm/s (AtGOX=220kg/(m2·s)), respectively.

Urban forests have long been understudied, resulting in a scarcity of long-term data to guide future management. The New York Botanical Garden in New York City has been stewarding the 20 ha Thain Family Forest since 1895. Using inventory data between 1937 and 2021, we document how structure, diversity, and composition of the forest have changed over the past century. Our results show an increase in the proportion and diversity of hardwood species, including oaks, hickories, red maple, black cherry, and American beech, following the loss of a dominant species, eastern hemlock. Despite changes in composition, we find no significant differences in the mean basal area, density, and tree diameter of canopy trees (diameter at breast height [DBH] ≥ 15 cm) from 1937 to 2021. Assessments of small diameter stems (DBH ≥ 2.54 cm) show increasing density, decreasing diameter, and increasing richness from 1985 to 2021, suggesting a period of understory recruitment/regeneration. During this time, native species have been dominant in both overstory and understory strata. These observations mirror trends recorded in hemlock–hardwood and oak–hickory forests region-wide, indicating that, with continued conservation and active management, urban and rural forests may develop in similar patterns and encouraging regional approaches to forest management.Study Implications:Urban forests have long been understudied, resulting in a scarcity of long-term data to guide future management. Over the past century, the 20 ha Thain Family Forest in New York City has experienced a significant change in species composition, with an increase in the proportion and diversity of hardwood species following the loss of eastern hemlock. Despite these changes, forest canopy structure has remained stable. These observations mirror those observed in hemlock–hardwood and oak–hickory forests regionwide, suggesting that with continued conservation and active management, urban and rural forests may develop in similar patterns. The results of this study support continued investment in the research and management of urban forests as a comprehensive part of regional forest management efforts.

The North American Forest Soils Conference (NAFSC) provides a venue for forest soil scientists and affiliated scientists to share their emerging research results through discourse and thoughtful engagement. My task at the 14th NAFSC was to share my perspective on what it means to be a forest soil scientist and the unique contribution forest soil scientists, and in particular, our contribution to addressing the significant environmental challenges that currently face society. In this context, I provide 10 characteristics of a forest soil scientist and reflect on how we might differ from other branches of our academic tree. Forest soil scientists provide an important and impactful perspective on the role that sustainable forest management plays in climate change mitigation and adaptation and within this charge, they support the conservation and sustainable management of our forest soil resource. The North American Forest Soils Conference is an important venue for advancing important knowledge.Forest soil science plays an important role in addressing global environmental challenges.I present 10 important characteristics of a forest soil scientist.Forest soil science plays an important role in advancing a holistic understanding of soils and soil function.Forest soil science provides a unique perspective on sustainable land management.

Abstract:This article examines heterogeneity in adverse events and conditions and how low-income African American young adults respond. Although nearly all individuals in the sample report at least one instance of adversity, the nature and frequency of adversity varies, as do the responses. Some individuals see their lives and plans derailed; others engage in more protective strategies. For still others, adversity presents a difficult trade-off between surviving and thriving. We formalize this trade-off as an extension of a basic model of costly human capital investments. The model shows that a rational, fully informed individual facing this brutal trade-off, in an effort to survive the fallout of adversity, may optimally choose not to make high-return investments that promote thriving in the future. Improved policy design would recognize this type of trade-off.

DNA origami has been used as biotemplates for growing a range of inorganic materials to create novel organic–inorganic hybrid nanomaterials. Recently, the solution-based silicification of DNA has been used to grow thin silica shells on DNA origami. However, the silicification reaction is sensitive to the reaction conditions and often results in uncontrolled DNA origami aggregation, especially when growth of thicker silica layers is desired. Here, we investigated how site-specifically placed polynucleotide brushes influence the silicification of DNA origami. Our experiments showed that long DNA brushes, in the form of single- or double-stranded DNA, significantly suppress the aggregation of DNA origami during the silicification process. Furthermore, we found that double-stranded DNA brushes selectively promote silica growth on DNA origami surfaces. These observations were supported and explained by coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. This work provides new insights into our understanding of the silicification process on DNA and provides a powerful toolset for the development of novel DNA-based organic–inorganic nanomaterials.

The majority of mental illnesses develop during the teenage years, and such mental health conditions can significantly derail psychosocial development. However, many adolescents are reluctant to pursue mental health services or do not know how to help their peers who may be struggling. Stigma and low mental health knowledge have been identified as leading barriers to such mental health help-seeking. In response, there has been increasing interest in understanding the development of stigma among youth and evidence-base interventions to reduce stigma. The focus of this narrative review was to summarize findings from the adolescent mental illness stigma literature and to link findings to a multidimensional and theoretical model of stigma and adolescent development, with the goals of informing future research and evidence-based stigma reduction practices. Existing evidence suggests that stigma is well-documented among adolescents, but that little consensus exists regarding how to implement successful adolescent-focused mental illness stigma reduction programs. Suggestions for improvement include evaluating the multiple dimensions of mental illness stigma when conducting research, considering the impact of adolescent development on program development and evaluation, using reliable and valid outcome measures, and employing strong research designs (e.g., randomized trials with fidelity checks and long-term follow-ups) to evaluate standardized programs.

The solution chemistry of the hydrolytic, early-transition-metal ions Ti4+and Sc3+represents a coordination chemistry challenge with important real-world implications, specifically in the context of 44Ti/44Sc and 45Ti/NatSc radiochemical separations. Unclear speciation of the solid and solution phases and tertiary mixtures of mineral acid, organic chelators, and solid supports are common confounds, necessitating tedious screening of multiple variables. Herein we describe how thermodynamic speciation data in solution informs the design of new solid-phase chelation approaches enabling separations of Ti4+and Sc3+. The ligands catechol (benzene-1,2-diol) and deferiprone [3-hydroxy-1,2-dimethyl-4(1H)-pyridone] bind Ti4+at significantly more acidic conditions (2–4 pH units) than Sc3+. Four chelating resins were synthesized using either catechol or deferiprone with two different solid supports. Of these, deferiprone appended to carboxylic acid polymer-functionalized silica (CA-Def) resin exhibited excellent binding affinity for Ti4+across a wide range of HCl concentrations (1.0–0.001 M), whereas Sc3+was only retained in dilute acidic conditions (0.01–0.001 M HCl). CA-Def resin produced separation factors of >100 (Ti/Sc) in 0.1–0.4 M HCl, and the corresponding Kdvalues (>1000) show strong retention of Ti4+. A model 44Ti/44Sc generator was produced, showing 65 ± 3% yield of 44Sc in 200 μL of 0.2 M HCl with a significant 44Ti breakthrough of 0.1%, precluding use in its current form. Attempts, however, removed natSc in loading fractions and a dilute (0.4 M HCl) wash and recovered 80% of the loaded 45Ti activity in 400 μL of 6 M HCl. The previously validated 45Ti chelator TREN-CAM was used for comparative proof-of-concept reactions with the CA-Def eluent (in HCl) and literature-reported hydroxamate-based resin eluents (in citric acid). CA-Def shows improved radiolabeling efficiency with an apparent molar activity (AMA) of 0.177 mCi nmol–1, exceeding the established methods (0.026 mCi nmol–1) and improving the separation and recovery of 45Ti for positron emission tomography imaging applications.

Mobile technologies, including apps, have become increasingly popular, and are being used to support daily activities among a variety of individuals. While the use of mobile technologies will not eliminate barriers often faced by individuals with disabilities, these systems have the potential to help minimize some of these barriers. As the popularity of apps is increasing, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability, internal consistency, and social validity among novice raters on two app evaluation rating scales. A total of 17 adults, with and without identified disabilities, evaluated apps using two team-designed app rating scales. Overall, findings indicated that the ratings completed during the pilot phase by the research team were more reliable than those completed by novice raters during the testing phase; that the dimension of individualization was the most reliable among team raters and novice participants without disabilities; and that the highest level of inconsistency in the reliability was among novice participants with disabilities. Practical implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed.

Purpose: This study aims to investigate student mentors' perceptions of peer mentor relationships in a health professions education program. Design/methodology/approach: The design uses embodied hermeneutic phenomenology. The data comprise 10 participant interviews and visual “body maps” produced in response to guided questions. Findings: The findings about student mentors' perceptions of peer mentor relationships include a core theme of nurturing a trusting learning community and five related themes of attunement to mentees, commonality of experiences, friends with boundaries, reciprocity in learning and varied learning spaces. Originality/value: The study contributes original insights by highlighting complexity, shifting boundaries, liminality, embodied social understanding and trusting intersubjective relations as key considerations in student peer mentor relationships.

Decision makers in the Columbia River Basin (CRB) are currently challenged with identifying and characterizing the extent of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination and human exposure to PFAS. This work aims to develop and pilot a methodology to help decision makers target and prioritize sampling investigations and identify contaminated natural resources. Here we use random forest models to predict ∑PFAS in fish tissue; understanding PFAS levels in fish is particularly important in the CRB because fish can be a major component of tribal and indigenous people diet. Geospatial data, including land cover and distances to known or potential PFAS sources and industries, were leveraged as predictors for modeling. Models were developed and evaluated for Washington state and Oregon using limited available empirical data. Mapped predictions show several areas where detectable concentrations of PFAS in fish tissue are predicted to occur, but prior sampling has not yet confirmed. Variable importance is analyzed to identify potentially important sources of PFAS in fish in this region. The cost-effective methodologies demonstrated here can help address sparsity of existing PFAS occurrence data in environmental media in this and other regions while also giving insights into potentially important drivers and sources of PFAS in fish.

Abstract:Using in-depth interview data from families and service providers, we examine the success of the Creating Moves to Opportunity (CMTO) program in Seattle, focusing on how it reduced many of the learning, compliance, and psychological costs of using housing vouchers so that participants could expand their residential choices. CMTO's approach of combining information and flexible financial resources with personalized high-quality assistance bolstered participants' confidence, agency, and optimism for their housing searches in high-opportunity neighborhoods. Accessible, collaborative, pertinent communication from program staff was central to addressing both the psychological costs of the federal Housing Choice Voucher program and families' experiences in housing and social services. These results provide evidence to inform housing policy as well as to enrich broader scholarship on program take-up, implementation research, and the role of Navigators and service quality in addressing administrative burdens low-income families face while using other social programs.

AbstractEmpirical research in education has largely adopted quantitative approaches to measure teachers’ and students’ perceptions of fairness and justice in classroom contexts. The purpose of this study is to understand the validity evidence of fairness and justice instruments including how fairness and justice have been conceptualized in measures. Through a systematic review method, 96 quantitative studies were identified and their measurement instruments were analyzed based on five validity criteria: (a) framework and conceptualization of construct, (b) response processes, (c) internal structure, (d) internal consistency reliability, and (e) relationship to other variables. Results showed that most studies conceptualized classroom fairness and justice from organizational and social psychological theories with only a few conducting rigorous statistical analyses to support their validity interpretations. Findings are critically discussed and point to the need to develop a theory of fairness and justice rooted in classroom contexts.Impact StatementBy reviewing the quality of classroom fairness instruments, this study provides guidance to school psychologists, teachers, and educational researchers with the choice of reliable instruments to promote fairer school culture and climate that supports students’ academic engagement and motivation as well as mental health at schools.Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/2372966X.2021.2000843.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/2372966X.2021.2000843 .

•Online learning modules are effective at teaching students wound care basics.•Students find online learning modules acceptable.•Embedded photos in learning modules help facilitate understanding.

As an innovative propulsion technique, combustion mechanism of laser-augmented chemical propulsion has still to be ascertained. Benefiting from high nitrogen content and thermal stability, 5-aminotetrazole is a suitable ingredient for LACP. Under a flowing nitrogen environment, two kinds of unique burning surfaces were observed to occur for 5-ATZ, used as a single reacting propellant ingredient with the addition of carbon, under laser ablation. Both surfaces are hollow structures and differ by the possible presence of edges. Using micro computed tomography, the 3D perspective structures of both surfaces were revealed. Resorting to various characterization methods, a unified formation mechanism for both surfaces is proposed. This mechanism specifically applies to laser ablation, but could be crucial to common burning mechanisms in LACP.

Young people who first meet criteria for a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder are considered by the field to be experiencing first-episode psychosis(FEP). Early intervention for psychosis saves lives, and specialized early intervention programs have proliferated over the past two decades. However, critical gaps in such care related to access, equity, and inclusion are still being addressed. Within this article, we first provide a composite clinical vignette from our clinical and research experiences, followed by background and history on the early-stage psychosis field. We then focus on discussing evidence-based clinical practices in this area and gaps in current services—especially related to targeting intersectional stigma and related stressors in care. Psychosis is among the most stigmatized and misunderstood health conditions in the world and many young people diagnosed with FEP experience internalized (or self-) stigma(i.e., incorporating negative mental illness stereotypes into one’s identity). Internalized stigma can prevent youth from fully engaging in care and has been consistently associated with a host of negative outcomes, including symptom severity, social isolation, suicidality, and functional deficits. Specific assessment and intervention tools are shared and discussed throughout.