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A peripheral nerve can be injured in different ways, varying from a simple nerve compression, a complete transection or laceration and also as traction lesions such as brachial plexus injuries (including avulsion of spinal nerve roots). A thorough history and examination of the patient is crucial to make a correct diagnosis of the lesion, so that the correct treatment can be initiated immediately. Basic knowledge of factors influencing results is essential for all surgeons dealing with these injuries. The macro- and microanatomy of the nerves, and neurobiological events in neurons and Schwann cells after injury are important when assessing the possibilities for repair and reconstruction of nerve injuries (early and late) and to understand the principles for rehabilitation are vital. Focus should also be on the individual patient's ability to cope with the injury. Future research includes pharmacological treatment strategies as an adjunct to surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]