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We present experimental and numerical results obtained at LULI (Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers intenses) on propagation and energy deposition of laser-generated fast electrons into conical targets. The experimental measurements were performed by means of several diagnostics in order to assess the predicted benefit of conical targets over standard planar ones. Various configurations have been tried, regarding the laser parameters with the aim of optimizing the laser-to-target coupling. Our best results have been obtained when the laser was frequency-doubled at 0.53 μm, corresponding to interaction conditions without laser pedestal due to the ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission). Our data pinpoint the detrimental influence of the pre-plasma generated by the laser pedestal at 1.057 μm, whose confinement is enhanced in conical geometry as evidenced by shadowgraphic measurements which is also confirmed by 2D Cu-Katransverse images obtained from Cu cones. The consequence is the filling of the cone, preventing the laser beam from efficiently reaching the cone tip. These experimental results are compared to 2D PIC simulations modeling of the laser-cone interaction.

Obtaining keV ion temperatures at solid density, i.e. ''warm dense matter'', in the laboratory would be of great interest to measure opacity and equations of state of matter under extremes conditions. Here we report a new means to effectively confine the energetic electrons and localize the energy deposition to a small, more uniformly heated, volume at the tip of nanofabricated micro-cone targets. This is achieved with very high contrast laser irradiation, which interacts with the cone wall to generate strong (~10 MG) localized resistive magnetic fields within the target bulk. Temperatures of up to ~200 eV are observed, with an input laser energy of 10 J. This new means has been investigated both experimentally and with Particle-In-Cell simulations.

With the addition of recent PW shots, the propagation of short-pulse laser generated electron beams have been studied using laser pulse energies from 30 J to 300 J, generating currents up to ∼15 MA in solid Al:Cu targets. This is ∼5% of the current that will be required in an ignition pulse. To this level, the current appears to simply scale with laser power, the propagation spread not change at all. The resistance of the aluminum does not seem to play a role in the propagation characteristics, though it might in setting the current starting parameters. We do find that at the highest currents parts of these targets reach temperatures high enough to modify the Cu-K$_{\alpha }$emission spectrum rendering our Bragg imaging mirrors ineffective; spectrometers will be needed to collect data at these higher temperatures.

We investigate energy transfer from laser-generated hot electrons to thermal cold electrons in solid targets at relativistic laser intensities, using analytical methods and numerical particle simulations. We find that (1) there can be a competition between two interdependent processes, i.e. energy transfer via a collisionless Langmuir turbulence and binary Coulomb collisions, and (2) there can be a significant effect of collisions in slowing down or even completely suppressing Langmuir turbulence, depending on the plasma parameters of the background plasma.

This paper considers recent transfeminist critical creative work through an affective trope contingently named here as that belonging to the “transfeminist kill/joy,” after Sara Ahmed's framing of the “feminist killjoy.” The trope of the transfeminist kill/joy can been read as a set of proliferating dialectics expressed as the rage that comes into being through living the violent effects of transphobia and trans-misogyny and through the practice of transformational love as a struggle for existence. The texts under consideration here work both to spoil feelings of political and social well-being or pleasure that are contingent upon the tacit absence or explicit exclusion of trans women in feminist conceptual and physical spaces and to re-structure, claim, and repair feminist happiness as a reparative impulse that holds these political affects in tension as creative potential.

Ultra-intense short-pulse lasers are important tools for creating short-lived high energy plasmas, however to date, it has not been possible, with this method, to create several hundred eV solid density matter because of the rapid transport of the laser-generated hot electrons throughout the target volume. We propose a new way to isochorically heat matter at solid density to extreme temperatures by magnetic confinement of laser-generated hot electrons for several picoseconds by application of a multi-MG external field. In advance of an experiment at the Nevada Terawatt Facility (NTF), using a 100 TW-class laser, which will be synchronized to a 1MA Z-pinch machine, we have performed theoretical studies using a collisional particle-in-cell codes PICLS, which is optimized for a study of isochoric heating of solid density plasmas.

A relativistic binary collision model is implemented in the particle-in-cell simulation code PICLS. Its applicability ranges from the non-relativistic to the ultra-relativistic regime. Using this model we have simulated a recent experiment on cone-guided fast-ignition experiment [Kodama et al., Nature 418, 933 (2002)] and found that there are three important heating process by fast electrons, fast ions and heat conduction from the cone.

It is widely accepted that proton or light ion beams may have a high potential for improving cancer cure by means of radiation therapy. However, at present the large dimensions of electromagnetic accelerators prevent particle therapy from being clinically introduced on a broad scale. Therefore, several technological approaches among them laser driven particle acceleration are under investigation. Parallel to the development of suitable high intensity lasers, research is necessary to transfer laser accelerated particle beams to radiotherapy, since the relevant parameters of laser driven particle beams dramatically differ from those of beams delivered by conventional accelerators: The duty cycle is low, whereas the number of particles and thus the dose rate per pulse are high. Laser accelerated particle beams show a broad energy spectrum and substantial intensity fluctuations from pulse to pulse. These properties may influence the biological efficiency and they require completely new techniques of beam delivery and quality assurance. For this translational research a new facility is currently constructed on the campus of the university hospital Dresden. It will be connected to the department of radiooncology and host a petawatt laser system delivering an experimental proton beam and a conventional therapeutic proton cyclotron. The cyclotron beam will be delivered on the one hand to an isocentric gantry for patient treatments and on the other hand to an experimental irradiation site. This way the conventional accelerator will deliver a reference beam for all steps of developing the laser based technology towards clinical applicability.

How can a better understanding of wound biofilms change your clinical practice? And what is the likely impact on clinical outcomes? At this year's JWC lecture, sponsored by sorbion, two of the world's leading microbiologists, Steve Percival and Randy Wolcott, answered these questions. Steve Percival explained what a wound biofilm is, and what diagnostic and management techniques can be used to overcome it. Randy Wolcott described the astonishing success this can bring, with healing rates of up 90% being recorded in patients with recalcitrant chronic wounds

Biofilms have only recently become a topic of interest in wound care, and are attracting much debate. While the concept is gaining acceptance among clinicians, there is uncertainty as to whether wound biofilms cause chronicity and how their management can be incorporated into routine wound care. Sorbion Aktiengesellschaft sponsored a round table discussion to explore these questions

In March, the third annual JWCconference was held. Its theme was twofold: how to fulfil the requirements of the quality agenda and, in so doing, show that tissue viability is worthy of further investment, placing it firmly on the map

Abstract: Obtaining keV ion temperatures at solid density, i.e. “warm dense matter”, in the laboratory would be of great interest to measure opacity and equations of state of matter under extremes conditions. Here we report a new means to effectively confine the energetic electrons and localize the energy deposition to a small, more uniformly heated, volume at the tip of nanofabricated micro-cone targets. This is achieved with very high contrast laser irradiation, which interacts with the cone wall to generate strong (~10 MG) localized resistive magnetic fields within the target bulk. Temperatures of up to ~200 eV are observed, with an input laser energy of 10 J. This new means has been investigated both experimentally and with Particle-In-Cell simulations.

Abstract: We present experimental and numerical results obtained at LULI (Laboratoire pour l’Utilisation des Lasers intenses) on propagation and energy deposition of laser-generated fast electrons into conical targets. The experimental measurements were performed by means of several diagnostics in order to assess the predicted benefit of conical targets over standard planar ones. Various configurations have been tried, regarding the laser parameters with the aim of optimizing the laser-to-target coupling. Our best results have been obtained when the laser was frequency-doubled at 0.53 μm, corresponding to interaction conditions without laser pedestal due to the ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission). Our data pinpoint the detrimental influence of the pre-plasma generated by the laser pedestal at 1.057 μm, whose confinement is enhanced in conical geometry as evidenced by shadowgraphic measurements which is also confirmed by 2D Cu-Ka transverse images obtained from Cu cones. The consequence is the filling of the cone, preventing the laser beam from efficiently reaching the cone tip. These experimental results are compared to 2D PIC simulations modeling of the laser-cone interaction.

The increasing business orientation of the NHS poses a challenge to wound-care practitioners. At a recent JWC conference, speakers and delegates discussed how we can adapt to this new climate to protect and expand tissue viability services

Three-dimensional hybrid simulation of a plasma current-carrying column reveal two different regimes of sausage and kink instability development. In the first regime, with small Hall parameter, development of instabilities leads to the appearance of large-scale axial perturbations and eventually to bending of the plasma column. In the second regime, with a four-times-larger Hall parameter, small-scale perturbations dominate and no bending of the plasma column is observed. Simulation results are compared with laser probing experimental data obtained during wire array implosions on the Zebra pulse power generator at the Nevada Terawatt Facility.

Energy levels, radiative transition probabilities and autoionization rates for 1s22s22p63l'nl(n= 3-12, l? n? 1) and 1s22s22p64l'nl(n= 4-7, l? n? 1) states in Mg-like iron (Fe14+) are calculated by the Hartree-Fock-relativistic method (Cowan code) and the relativistic many-body perturbation theory method (RMBPT code). Autoionizing levels above three thresholds 1s22s22p63s, 1s22s22p63p and 1s22s22p63d are considered. It is found that configuration mixings [3sns + 3pnp + 3dnd] and [3snp + 3pns + 3pnd + 3dnp] play an important role for all atomic characteristics. Branching ratios relative to the first threshold and intensity factors are calculated for satellite lines, and dielectronic recombination (DR) rate coefficients are determined for the excited 444 odd-parity and 419 even-parity states. It is shown that the contribution of the highly-excited states is very important for calculation of total DR rates. Contributions from the excited 1s22s22p63l'nlstates with n? 12 and 1s22s22p64l'nlstates with n? 7 to DR rate coefficients are estimated by extrapolation of all atomic parameters. The total DR rate coefficient is derived as a function of electron temperature.

With the addition of recent PW shots, the propagation of short-pulse laser generated electron beams have been studied using laser pulse energies from 30?J to 300?J, generating currents up to ?15?MA in solid Al:Cu targets. This is ?5% of the current that will be required in an ignition pulse. To this level, the current appears to simply scale with laser power, the propagation spread not change at all. The resistance of the aluminum does not seem to play a role in the propagation characteristics, though it might in setting the current starting parameters. We do find that at the highest currents parts of these targets reach temperatures high enough to modify the Cu-K? emission spectrum rendering our Bragg imaging mirrors ineffective; spectrometers will be needed to collect data at these higher temperatures.

We investigate energy transfer from laser-generated hot electrons to thermal cold electrons in solid targets at relativistic laser intensities, using analytical methods and numerical particle simulations. We find that (1) there can be a competition between two interdependent processes, i.e. energy transfer via a collisionless Langmuir turbulence and binary Coulomb collisions, and (2) there can be a significant effect of collisions in slowing down or even completely suppressing Langmuir turbulence, depending on the plasma parameters of the background plasma.

Energies of the 4s2npj(n= 4-8), 4s2ns1/2(n= 5-8), 4s2ndj(n= 4-7), 4s2nfj(n= 4-5) and 4s25gjstates in neutral gallium are obtained using a relativistic many-body perturbation theory (RMBPT) method. First-, second-, third- and all-order Coulomb energies and first-order Breit and second-order Coulomb-Breit corrections are calculated. Reduced matrix elements, oscillator strengths, transition rates and lifetimes are determined for the 130 possible electric-dipole transitions. Hyperfine constants Aare determined for 28 4s2nljstates in 69Ga I and 71Ga I isotopes. All above-mentioned properties are obtained in the relativistic single-double (SD) approximation, where single and double excitations of Dirac-Fock wavefunctions are included to all orders of perturbation theory. Using SD wavefunctions, accurate values are obtained for energies of the lowest states and for the possible electric-dipole matrix elements between these states. With the aid of the SD wavefunctions, we also determine transition rates, oscillator strengths and lifetimes. These calculations provide a theoretical benchmark for comparison with experiment and theory.

Milk obtained from cows on 2 subtropical dairy feeding systems were compared for their suitability for Cheddar cheese manufacture. Cheeses were made in a small-scale cheesemaking plant capable of making 2 blocks (about 2kg each) of Cheddar cheese concurrently. Its repeatability was tested over 10 separate cheesemaking days with no significant differences being found between the 2 vats in cheesemaking parameters or cheese characteristics. In the feeding trial, 16 pairs of Holstein?Friesian cows were used in 2 feeding systems (M1, rain-grown tropical grass pastures and oats; and M5, a feedlot, based on maize/barley silage and lucerne hay) over 2 seasons (spring and autumn corresponding to early and late lactation, respectively). Total dry matter, crude protein (kg/cow.day) and metabolisable energy (MJ/cow.day) intakes were 17, 2.7, and 187 for M1 and 24, 4, 260 for M5, respectively. M5 cows produced higher milk yields and milk with higher protein and casein levels than the M1 cows, but the total solids and fat levels were similar (P > 0.05) for both M1 and M5 cows. The yield and yield efficiency of cheese produced from the 2 feeding systems were also not significantly different. The results suggest that intensive tropical pasture systems can produce milk suitable for Cheddar cheese manufacture when cows are supplemented with a high energy concentrate. Season and stage of lactation had a much greater effect than feeding system on milk and cheesemaking characteristics with autumn (late lactation) milk having higher protein and fat contents and producing higher cheese yields.

Ion acceleration by lasers is one of the most important innovations in laser-plasma research in recent years. A mechanism that has gained great attention due to the remarkable properties of the accelerated beam is laser acceleration of protons from the rear surface of solid targets. A striking prediction is that these protons are capable of generating images of micro-structures present on this surface. These images might be useful to measure properties of the accelerated beam. In this article, we address the physics of the generation of images of surface structures imprinted into the target back surface with laser-accelerated protons.

The acceleration of ions by ultra-intense lasers has attracted great attention due to the unique properties and the unmatched intensities of the ion beams. In the early days the prospects for applications were already studied, and first experiments have identified some of the areas where laser accelerated ions can contribute to the ongoing inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research. In addition to the idea of laser driven proton fast ignition (PFI) and its use as a novel diagnostic tool for radiography the strong dependence on the electron transport in the target was found to be helpful in investigating the energy transport by electrons in fast ignitor scenarios. More recently an additional idea has been presented to use laser accelerated ion beams as the next generation ion sources, and taking advantage of the luminosity of the beams, to develop a test bed for heavy ion beam driven inertial confinement fusion physics. We review our recent experiments and simulations relevant to ICF research presenting a possible scenario for PFI as well as the prospects for next generation ion sources.

Due to their particular properties (low emittance, short duration, and large number density), the beams of multi-MeV protons generated during the interaction of ultraintense (I > 1019 W/cm2) short pulses with thin solid targets are suited for use as a particle probe in laser-plasma experiments. When traversing a sample, the proton density distribution is, in general, affected by collisional stopping, scattering and deflections via electromagnetic fields, and each of these effects can be used for diagnostic purposes. In particular, in the limit of very thin targets, the proton beams represent a valuable diagnostic tool for the detection of quasi-static electromagnetic fields. The proton imaging and deflectometry techniques employ these beams, in a point-projection imaging scheme, as an easily synchronizable diagnostic tool in laser- plasma interactions, with high temporal and spatial resolution. By providing diagnostic access to electro-magnetic field distributions in dense plasmas, this novel diagnostics opens up to investigation a whole new range of unexplored phenomena. Several transient processes were investigated employing this technique, via the detection of the associated electric fields. Examples provided in this paper include the detection of pressure-gradient electric field in extended plasmas, and the study of the electrostatic fields associated to the emission of MeV proton beams in high-intensity laser-foil interactions.

This article discusses punk genealogy which serves a different function and has different goals than other poetic forms. The value of the work requires a new criterion which inflected poetic principles with standards articulated through the range of punk practices. The author is interested in poetry published by a dyke/queer generation for whom punk signifies one of many possible resistant responses to mainstream culture.

Transition rates, oscillator strengths and line strengths are calculated for electric-dipole (E1) transitions between odd-parity 2s22p53s, 2s22p53d and 2s2p63p states and even-parity 2s22p53p, 2s2p63s and 2s2p63d states in Ne-like ions with the nuclear charges ranging from Z= 14 to 100. Relativistic many-body perturbation theory (RMBPT), including the Breit interaction, is used to evaluate retarded E1 matrix elements in length and velocity forms. The calculations start from a 1s22s22p6Dirac-Fock potential. First-order RMBPT is used to obtain intermediate coupling coefficients and second-order RMBPT is used to calculate transition matrix elements. Contributions from negative-energy states are included in the second-order E1 matrix elements to ensure the gauge independence of transition amplitudes. Transition energies used in the calculation of oscillator strengths and transition rates are from second-order RMBPT. Lifetimes of the 16 even-parity and 18 odd-parity levels are given for Z= 14-100. Transition rates, line strengths and oscillator strengths are compared with critically evaluated experimental values and with results from other recent calculations. These atomic data are important in the modelling of L-shell radiation spectra of heavy ions generated in electron beam ion trap experiments and in L-shell diagnostics of plasmas.

Due to the unique properties of the recently discovered sheath laser-ion source the investigation of super-intense, quasi-neutral ion beams interacting with plasma has become of substantial interest. Novel experiments in parameter regimes that bear relevance for future ion based fast ignition concepts can be envisioned. Simulations in three spatial dimensions of protons, charge and current neutralized by co-moving electrons, interacting with a low density plasma are presented. Quasi-neutral beam propagation and normalized proton beam momentum growth are discussed.

Intense beams of protons and heavy ions have been observed in ultra-intense laser–solid interaction experiments. Thereby, a considerable fraction of the laser energy is transferred to collimated beams of energetic ions (e.g. up to 50 MeV protons; 100 MeV fluorine), which makes these beams highly interesting for various applications. Experimental results indicate a very short-pulse duration and an excellent beam quality, leading to beam intensities in the TW range. To characterize the beam quality and its dependence on laser parameters and target conditions we performed experiments using the 100 TW laser system at Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses at the Ecole Polytechnique, France, with focused intensities exceeding 10¹⁹ W cm⁻². We found a strong dependence on the target rear surface conditions allowing to tailor the ion beam by an appropriate target design. We also succeeded in the generation of heavy ion beams by suppressing the proton amount at the target surface. We will present recent experimental results demonstrating a transverse beam emittance far superior to the accelerator based ion beams. Finally, we will discuss the prospect of laser accelerated ion beams as new diagnostics in laser–solid interaction experiments. Special fields of interest are proton radiography, electric field imaging, and relativistic electron transport inside the target.

AbstractHigh-energy and high-intensity lasers are essential for pushing the boundaries of science. Their development has allowed leaps forward in basic research areas, including laser–plasma interaction, high-energy density science, metrology, biology and medical technology. The Helmholtz International Beamline for Extreme Fields user consortium contributes and operates two high-peak-power optical lasers using the high energy density instrument at the European X-ray free electron laser (EuXFEL) facility. These lasers will be used to generate transient extreme states of density and temperature to be probed by the X-ray beam. This paper introduces the ReLaX laser, a short-pulse high-intensity Ti:Sa laser system, and discusses its characteristics as available for user experiments. It will also present the first experimental commissioning results validating its successful integration into the EuXFEL infrastructure and viability as a relativistic-intensity laser driver.

Utz et al., in a study of identical twins discordant for MS, showed that antigen-stimulated T cells from the MS twins have a major shift in their T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires when compared with the healthy twins. We hypothesized that a shift in the TCR repertoire precedes the onset of MS and tested this hypothesis by studying unstimulated naïve T cells because the TCR repertoires of these cells are largely unaffected by disease.

Abstract: The development of a high density cryogenic pure positron plasma trap at the LLNL positron beam facility opens new possibilities for antihydrogen research. We discuss a planned measurement of the three-body collisional recombination rate in magnetized plasmas, a possible antihydrogen atomic beam experiment, and other applications of pure positron plasmas.

Gaucher disease, the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (EC 3.2.1.45), is frequently encountered in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. Carrier screening for Gaucher disease by enzyme analysis performed during a routine pregnancy indicated that both Ashkenazi parents were carriers. Screening for four common Gaucher mutations was subsequently performed on fetal and parental DNA. None of the common Ashkenazi mutations were identified. However, when exons 9–11 were amplified and digested withNciI to detect the L444P mutation, it appeared that the mother and the fetus had an unusual allele and that the expected paternal allele was not present. When the fetal amniocytes were found to have less than 2% of the normal glucocerebrosidase activity and a fetal sonogram revealed hydrops fetalis, the pregnancy was terminated. The diagnosis of severe type 2 Gaucher disease was confirmed at autopsy. Ultrastructural studies of epidermis from the fetus revealed the characteristic disruption of lamellar bilayers, diagnostic for type 2 Gaucher disease. In subsequent studies of the fetal DNA, long-template polymerase chain reaction amplification revealed one appropriately sized band (∼6.5 kb) and one smaller (∼5.2 kb) band. Sequencing of the ∼5.2-kb fragment identified a novel fusion allele resulting from recombination between the glucocerebrosidase gene and its pseudogene beginning in intron 3. This fusion allele was inherited from the father. The result was confirmed by Southern blot analysis using the enzymeSstII. Sequencing of the 6.5-kb fragment identified a previously described, although rare, T-to-G splice junction mutation in intron 10 of the maternal allele, which introduced anNciI site. The couple had a subsequent pregnancy which was also found to be affected. This case study identifies a novel recombinant allele and an unusual splice junction mutation, and demonstrates that even in the Ashkenazi population, screening for common mutations may not accurately identify the most severe forms of the disease.

A model of energy gain induced by fast ignition of thermonuclear burn in compressed deuterium-tritium fuel, is used to show the potential for 300× gain with a driver energy of 1 MJ, if the National Ignition Facility (NIF) were to be adapted for fast ignition. The physics of fast ignition has been studied using a petawatt laser facility at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Laser plasma interaction in a preformed plasma on a solid target leads to relativistic self-focusing evidenced by x-ray images. Absorption of the laser radiation transfers energy to an intense source of relativistic electrons. Good conversion efficiency into a wide angular distribution is reported. Heating by the electrons in solid density CD2produces 0.5 to 1 keV temperature, inferred from the D-D thermo-nuclear neutron yield.

Photo essay with text on a variety of flower arrangements and the containers used for them, including a hollowed out watermelon, a simple ceramic pitcher, and an antique watering can.

A three day symposium was held at Seven Springs, Champion, Pa. for the purpose of discussing at one time and place recent work that has been conducted on structural stability in superalloys. Twenty papers were presented covering the theoretical basis for stability predictions, observed stability in selected alloys, and considerations for further work in the area of alloy stability. The symposium was sponsored jointly by the AIME High Temperature Alloys Committee, ASTM-ASME Joint Committee, and the ASM Research Applications Program Committee.

A relativistic binary collision model is implemented in the particle-in-cell simulation code PICLS. Its applicability ranges from the non-relativistic to the ultra-relativistic regime. Using this model we have simulated a recent experiment on cone-guided fast-ignition experiment [Kodama et al., Nature?418, 933 (2002)] and found that there are three important heating process by fast electrons, fast ions and heat conduction from the cone.

Ultra-intense short-pulse lasers are important tools for creating short-lived high energy plasmas, however to date, it has not been possible, with this method, to create several hundred?eV solid density matter because of the rapid transport of the laser-generated hot electrons throughout the target volume. We propose a new way to isochorically heat matter at solid density to extreme temperatures by magnetic confinement of laser-generated hot electrons for several picoseconds by application of a multi-MG external field. In advance of an experiment at the Nevada Terawatt Facility (NTF), using a 100 TW-class laser, which will be synchronized to a 1MA Z-pinch machine, we have performed theoretical studies using a collisional particle-in-cell codes PICLS, which is optimized for a study of isochoric heating of solid density plasmas.

In order to understand the transport of fast electrons within solid density targets driven by an optical high power laser, we have numerically investigated the dynamics and structure of strong self-generated magnetic fields in such experiments. Here we present a systematic study of the bulk magnetic field generation due to the ponderomotive current, Weibel-like instability and resistivity gradient between two solid layers. Using particle-in-cell simulations, we observe the effect of varying the laser and target parameters, including laser intensity, focal size, incident angle, preplasma scale length, target thickness and material and experimental geometry. The simulation results suggest that the strongest magnetic field is generated with laser incident angles and preplasma scale lengths that maximize laser absorption efficiency. The recent commissioning of experimental platforms equipped with both optical high power laser and X-ray free electron laser (XFEL), such as European XFEL-HED, LCLS-MEC and SACLA beamlines, provides unprecedented opportunities to probe the self-generated bulk magnetic field by X-ray polarimetry via Faraday rotation with simultaneous high spatial and temporal resolution. We expect that this systematic numerical investigation will pave the way to design and optimize near future experimental setups to probe the magnetic fields in such experimental platforms.