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This study aimed to describe the component properties of adult stems of different species of bamboo through a literature review. The data of holocellulose (cellulose + hemicellulose), lignin, ashes content, total extractives contents, and elemental chemical composition of bamboo was compared with other lignocellulosic materials. In the final considerations, it was found that there is similarity in the average holocellulose content between the species and genera of bamboo, tree species, and other alternative materials that are used in industrial processes. The lignin content varied among tree species, bamboo, and alternative materials, wherein the bamboo presented the intermediate value. The biomasses show hydrogen/carbon ratios from 0.12 to 0.14, indicating that they are highly carbonized. The average value oxygen/carbon ratios of bamboo was 0.96, which indicates there is a higher hydrophobicity in its surface. The average oxygen value of bamboo species was 44.04%, bottom than that found for wood (47.42%); the high content of oxygen leads to a higher reactivity, wherein fast biomass volatilization occurs during the thermal degradation process. The presence of oxygen decreases the energy density as well as the miscibility in hydrocarbon fuels. The highest average values ​of extractives were found for bamboo, while the other groups of species showed similar values. The highest ash content occurred in the group of species of alternative materials, bamboo also presented high values according to specific standards.

The Preliminary Opinion of the European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS) calls for data protection rights to be integrated in the enforcement of competition law in the EU. The EDPS proposes that the Commission should use its discretion to broaden the notion of consumer welfare to include those rights and apply competition rules based on consumer harm. Nevertheless, even though the Commission can prioritise consumer welfare, it cannot re-interpret this notion nor rely on consumer harm beyond limited situations. The EDPS nonetheless also proposes to safeguard competition on privacy (or data conditions) which, although not completely overlapping with data protection rights, allows the Commission to use its discretion to address many of the EDPS' concerns. Notably, the Commission can prioritise exploitation in digital markets and shape them through competition remedies. It is still unclear whether the Commission will do so, but the German Bundeskartellamt has recently announced an investigation along these lines.

One approach to identifying cancer-specific vulnerabilities and therapeutic targets is to profile genetic dependencies in cancer cell lines. Here, we describe data from a series of siRNA screens that identify the kinase genetic dependencies in 117 cancer cell lines from ten cancer types. By integrating the siRNA screen data with molecular profiling data, including exome sequencing data, we show how vulnerabilities/genetic dependencies that are associated with mutations in specific cancer driver genes can be identified. By integrating additional data sets into this analysis, including protein-protein interaction data, we also demonstrate that the genetic dependencies associated with many cancer driver genes form dense connections on functional interaction networks. We demonstrate the utility of this resource by using it to predict the drug sensitivity of genetically or histologically defined subsets of tumor cell lines, including an increased sensitivity of osteosarcoma cell lines to FGFR inhibitors and SMAD4 mutant tumor cells to mitotic inhibitors.

This article aims to review the clinical features and therapeutic characteristics that may predict treatment response in patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD).

Time-resolved photoacoustic calorimetry TR-PAC was used to investigate the energetics of O–H bonds of phenol, catechol, pyrogallol, and phloroglucinol. Values of −27.1 ± 3.9, −44.1 ± 4.4 and −1.6 ± 3.8 kJ mol−1, respectively, were obtained for the solution-phase acetonitrile O–H bond dissociation enthalpies of the last three compounds relative to the O–H bond dissociation enthalpy in phenol, ΔDHoslnArO–H  DHoslnArO–H − DHoslnPhO–H. A value of 388.7 ± 3.7 kJ mol−1was determined for the PhO–H bond dissociation enthalpy in acetonitrile. Density functional theory MPW1PW91aug-cc-pVDZ calculations and complete basis set CBS-4M calculations were carried out to analyse intramolecular hydrogen bonding and to predict gas-phase O–H bond dissociation enthalpies, DHoArO–H. A microsolvation model, based on the DFT calculations, was used to study the differential solvation of the phenols and their radicals in acetonitrile and to bridge solution- and gas-phase data. The results strongly suggest that ΔDHoslnArO–H  ΔDHoArO–H. Hence, to calculate absolutegas-phase O–H bond dissociation enthalpies in substituted phenols from the corresponding solution-phase values, the solvation enthalpies of the substituted phenols and their radicals are notrequired.

Hartree-Fock, second order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory, and density functional theory calculations were carried out to analyse the complexation of calix[4]arene with cationic species including H + and the alkali metal cations (Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , and Cs + ). Special emphasis has been placed on conformational binding selectivity, and on the structural characterization of the complexes. Li + and Na + cations are located in the calix[4]arene lower rim. The larger cations (K + , Rb + , and Cs + ) complex preferentially with the calix[4]arene cone conformer, and their endo (inclusive) complexation is driven by cation- ~ interactions, leading in the case of K + to a structure that reflects a preferential interaction with two phenol rings. The endo complexation of Cs + with calix[4]arene is in agreement with X-ray diffraction data.

The standard molar enthalpies of formation of chloro‐, bromo‐, and iodoacetic acids in the crystalline state, at 298.15 K, were determined as ΔfH$\rm{_{m}^{\,o}}$(C2H3O2Cl, cr α)=−(509.74±0.49) kJ mol−1, ΔfH$\rm{_{m}^{\,o}}$(C2H3O2Br, cr I)=−(466.98±1.08) kJ mol−1, and ΔfH$\rm{_{m}^{\,o}}$(C2H3O2I, cr)=−(415.44±1.53) kJ mol−1, respectively, by rotating‐bomb combustion calorimetry. Vapor pressure versus temperature measurements by the Knudsen effusion method led to ΔsubH$\rm{_{m}^{\,o}}$(C2H3O2Cl)=(82.19±0.92) kJ mol−1, ΔsubH$\rm{_{m}^{\,o}}$(C2H3O2Br)=(83.50±2.95) kJ mol−1, and ΔsubH$\rm{_{m}^{\,o}}$(C2H3O2I)=(86.47±1.02) kJ mol−1, at 298.15 K. From the obtained ΔfH$\rm{_{m}^{\,o}}$(cr) and ΔsubH$\rm{_{m}^{\,o}}$values it was possible to derive ΔfH$\rm{_{m}^{\,o}}$(C2H3O2Cl, g)=−(427.55±1.04) kJ mol−1, ΔfH$\rm{_{m}^{\,o}}$(C2H3O2Br, g)=−(383.48±3.14) kJ mol−1, and ΔfH$\rm{_{m}^{\,o}}$(C2H3O2I, g)=−(328.97±1.84) kJ mol−1. These data, taken with a published value of the enthalpy of formation of acetic acid, and the enthalpy of formation of the carboxymethyl radical, ΔfH$\rm{_{m}^{\,o}}$(CH2COOH, g)=−(238±2) kJ mol−1, obtained from density functional theory calculations, led to DH$\rm{_{}^{\,o}}$(H−CH2COOH)=(412.8±3.2) kJ mol−1, DH$\rm{_{}^{\,o}}$(Cl−CH2COOH)=(310.9±2.2) kJ mol−1, DH$\rm{_{}^{\,o}}$(Br−CH2COOH)=(257.4±3.7) kJ mol−1, and DH$\rm{_{}^{\,o}}$(I−CH2COOH)=(197.8±2.7) kJ mol−1. A discussion of the C−X bonding energetics in XCH2COOH, CH3X, C2H5X, C2H3X, and C6H5X (X=H, Cl, Br, I) compounds is presented.

Here we report ab initio and density functional results for molecular properties of ethyl azidoacetate (N3CH2COOC2H5) and for the corresponding singly ionized structure (N3CH2COOC2H5+). Ab initio ionization energies based on Koopmans’ theorem are in excellent agreement with the experimental data from ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. DFT adiabatic energy differences between neutral and ionized structures are very sensitive to electronic correlation effects and are not in very good agreement with experiment. The results for the structure and vibrational frequencies are compared with the experimental data of related molecular structures.

Study aimThe aim of this prospective study was to compare the results of cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis through laparoscopic and open approach and to assess factors responsible for conversion into laparotomy.Patients and methodsFrom January 1991 to October 1997, 200 patients with calculous acute cholecystitis were operated on in the same center, 100 through laparoscopy and 100 through laparotomy. Choice between these two procedures was only dependent on the disponibility of videolaparoscopic material. Comparison between laparoscopy and laparotomy groups concerned postoperative mortality and morbidity rates, hospital stay duration and late results. Intraoperative conversion into laparotomy occurred in 24 patients and factors responsible for conversion were assessed with univaried and multivaried analysis.ResultsBoth groups were comparable with regard to sex ratio, age, ASA score but associated diseases incidence, plastron, fever above 38 ° C and leucocytosis were significantly more frequent in the laparotomy group and delay between diagnosis and surgery was significantly longer in the laparoscopic group. There were two postoperative deaths in the laparotomy group, 0 in the laparoscopic group (NS). Morbidity rate was higher (32% versus 10%) (p=0.0002) and hospital stay longer (12 ± 10 days, versus 5 ± 3) in the laparotomy group (p=0.00005). Late results were similar in both groups. Conversion rate into laparotomy was 24%. Factors predisposing significantly to conversion were in univaried analysis : plastron, fever above 38 ° C, leucocytosis, delay between diagnosis and surgery above 4 days, presence on ultrasonography of pericholecystic liquid and gallbladder wall edema, presence of ≪Klebsiella≫ in gallbladder bile. With multivaried analysis, leucocytosis and delay between diagnosis and surgery were the only independent factors.ConclusionVideolaparoscopic cholecystectomy is a safe and efficient technique in the treatment of acute cholecystitis, with a lower postoperative morbidity rate and a shorter hospital stay. Conversion rate into laparotomy is significantly dependant on leucocytosis and delay between diagnosis and surgery. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be performed as soon as possible in acute cholecystitis.