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ABSTRACTIntroductionQuestions continue to be raised about the validity that is in existence to estimate Db, in professional male footballer players.MethodsPhase 1: n = 28 anthropometric variables were used on n = 206 footballers, using regression analyses to determine standard error of estimate and R2. A cut-off correlation coefficient set at r = 0.950 and 90% R2. Phase 2: all variables (z-scores, $$\bar x$$xˉ = 0.0, SD = ±1.0) to help reduce heteroscedasticity, β, r, t, significance of tand P-values were calculated. Phase 3: a forced stepwise–backwards regression analysis approach with nine predictors which met the acceptance criteria (r = 0.950, R2 = 90% and β weights) was used to develop a ‘best fit’ and a ‘practical’ calibration model. Phase 4: cross-validation of the two newly developed calibration method using LoA.ResultsThe ‘best fit’ model SEM (0.115 g ml−1), the highest R2(6.6%) (P  ≤ 0.005), whereas the ‘practical’ calibration model SEM (0.115 g ml−1), R2(4.7%) (P  ≤ 0.005) with rvalues = 0.271 and 0.596 and R2(%) coefficients = 0.3526 for the ‘best fit’ and ‘practical’ calibration models, respectively (P = 0.01).ConclusionsThe two calibration models supported an ecologically and statistically valid contribution and can provide sound judgements about professional footballers’ body composition.

In this article from CounterPunch, the author describes an incident in Woodland Hills where the Mayor is arrested. The scene is set on Providence Street, a street that blurs the line between commercial and residential areas. The Mayor, a man known by everyone on the Boulevard, is seen arguing with the police about a shopping cart that he claims belongs to him. A sullen old woman also gets involved, claiming that the cart was given to the Mayor by the manager of Whole Foods. The article provides a vivid description of the scene and the interactions between the individuals involved. [Extracted from the article]

California Governor Gavin Newsom has the power to commute the sentences of the approximately 700 individuals on death row in the state, potentially setting in motion a movement towards the abolition of the death penalty in the United States. Newsom has publicly condemned the death penalty, citing its historical links to slavery and its disproportionate impact on marginalized groups. Former Oregon governor Kate Brown has set a precedent by commuting the sentences of all 17 people on her state's death row. However, Newsom's recent activities, including a visit to China, have led to speculation about his presidential ambitions and raised questions about his commitment to addressing the death penalty issue. The author argues that Newsom should take meaningful action to commute the death sentences rather than waiting for a shot at higher office. [Extracted from the article]

Alabama is planning to execute Casey McWhorter, who was involved in a murder when he was just three months past his 18th birthday. The execution is controversial because the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 2005 that defendants under the age of 18 cannot be executed, but McWhorter was technically an adult at the time of the crime. Furthermore, McWhorter's death sentence was not unanimous, as Alabama allows non-unanimous juries to impose death sentences. If McWhorter had chosen to be executed by nitrogen gas, a new method of execution in Alabama, his execution would not be able to proceed due to legal challenges. Critics argue that McWhorter should be given the opportunity to continue growing and making amends for his actions. [Extracted from the article]

In October of 2021, I argued that supposed death penalty abolitionists such as billionaire Richard Branson, his fellow "progressive-minded" billionaires, and, President Biden too for that matter (on behalf of one of the biggest businesses of all, the federal government), should put their money where their mouth is and: Stop investing money in states that perpetuate capital punishment, such as Alabama, until those states stop killing people. JULY 11, 2023 Alabama's addiction to torturing poor people-disproportionately Black and brown people, and more often than not, people who are severely mentally ill-with inhumane correctional institutions, a dysfunctional parole system, and, in some cases, a secretive and sadistic lethal injection protocol, has been going on for so long, overwhelmingly, Alabamians and Americans are desensitized to it. Perhaps unsurprisingly, Barber's attorneys' arguments in this regard have mimicked Huffaker's conclusions, though even more cynically they point out the only publicly released change Alabama has made to its execution protocol since 2022-"the Year of Classic and Continuous Botched Alabama Executions"-is to add additional restraint straps to its execution gurney. [Extracted from the article]

His tattoo complete, the freelance writer has left the tattoo shop and is walking back gingerly towards The Hilton. A few miles away from the tattoo shop, deep maroon, rust-colored steel rises-like a prehistoric monster-from the surrounding foothills right into the sky. Dappled sunlight streaks through the tattoo shop's front window, shining on the bald head of the tattooist as he presses his tattoo gun deeper into the writer's skin. [Extracted from the article]

Now, over 30 individuals remain on death row in Alabama because a judge sentenced them to death despite the jury's recommendation." MAY 22, 2023 Unintentionally, in 2006, Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright David Mamet explained howmammoth the stakes will be when the Alabama House of Representatives takes up HouseBill 14-Representative Chris England's latest attempt to reform Alabama's constantly-in-crisis criminal "justice" system. Highlighting the racial injustice of Florida and Alabama's death penalty regimes, Bright continued: "When you have a unanimous jury, it means that every person has the same amount of power. [Extracted from the article]

Byrne, PJ, Moody, JA, Cooper, S-M, Farrell, E, and Kinsella, S. Short-term effects of “composite training” on strength, jump, and sprint performance in hurling players. J Strength Cond Res36(8): 2253–2261, 2022—The purpose of this study was to compare the short-term effects of “composite” training to sprint training on strength, jump, and sprint acceleration performance in hurling players. A randomized counterbalanced group design with baseline test, pretest and post-test measures was used. Twenty-five hurling players volunteered to participate and 21 completed the study. Subjects were divided into a “composite” (COMP group, n= 10) or a sprint training (SPRINT group, n= 11) group. Both groups trained twice per week for 7 weeks with the SPRINT group performing 6 repetitions of 20 m sprints and the COMP group completing 6 repetitions (1 repetition = 3 bounce drop jumps [BDJs] with a 20 m sprint after 15 seconds recovery). Significant differences existed pretraining to post-training for the COMP group for BDJ contact time (−7.25%; p= 0.05) and countermovement jump (CMJ) variables (height: 7.43%, p= 0.006; force: 5.24%, p= 0.05; power: 15.11%, p= 0.001). No significant differences were found between groups at baseline and for group by time interactions. Significant improvements were observed pretraining to post-training in both groups for the following: absolute 3 repetition maximum (3RM) back squat strength (12.73–17.62%, p= 0.01), 5 m (5.74–9.49%, p= 0.006–0.04), 10 m (4.27–5.59%, p= 0.007–0.02), and 20 m (3.35–3.98%, p= 0.003–0.01). In conclusion, “composite” training is effective in enhancing fast stretch-shortening cycle efficiency inducing CMJ force and power augmentation. However, “composite” and sprint training are effective training approaches for enhancing maximal strength and sprint performance in a time efficient manner in hurling players.

ABSTRACTObjectivesOpioid/acetaminophen combinations may be overly prescribed in many post-surgical situations where a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with equal or greater efficacy, fewer central nervous system side effects, and no risk for opioid abuse could be substituted. We compared a single, non-prescription dose of naproxen sodium 440 mg (NapS) against hydrocodone plus acetaminophen 10/650 mg (HYD+APAP) in post-impaction surgery pain.MethodsSingle-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in moderate-severe pain after surgical removal of impacted third molars (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04307940). Patients (n = 212) received NapS, HYD+APAP, or placebo and were assessed over 12 hours. Primary endpoint: summed pain intensity difference from 0 to 12 hours (SPID0-12). Secondary endpoints: pain intensity, pain relief, time to rescue medication, duration of pain at least half gone. Others: onset of pain relief, global assessment of treatment, adverse events.ResultsAll 221 randomized patients formed the safety population and were included in the intention-to-treat sensitivity analysis. Nine patients discontinued treatment or had protocol violations, and 212 patients were included in the per-protocol, primary efficacy population. Both active treatments were significantly more effective than placebo. NapS was significantly more effective than HYD+APAP regarding SPID0-12(p = 0.01; primary endpoint), total pain relief (0–6 and 0–12 hours; p < 0.05), time to rescue medication (p < 0.001), and duration of pain at least half gone (p < 0.001). HYD+APAP was not statistically superior to NapS for any endpoint. More adverse events were reported with HYD+APAP (n = 63) than NapS (n = 2) and placebo (n = 20), including nausea, vomiting, and dizziness.ConclusionIn moderate-to-severe postsurgical dental pain, a single dose of NapS was at least as effective as HYD+APAP in the early hours, significantly more effective at reducing pain intensity and providing greater pain relief over 12 hours, and was better tolerated. When not contraindicated, NapS should be considered a preferred alternative to opioid combinations for acute pain. (ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT04307940; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04307940)

Background: This study aimed to compare acceleration and deceleration demands of intercounty Camogie players, and differences across playing positions and halves of play.Hypothesis: The middle 3 positions will have greatest accelerations and decelerations variables across match play and halves of play.Study Design: Nonrandomized, repeated measures design.Level of Evidence: Level 4.Methods: Global positioning systems (GPS) (10 Hz) collected data from 28 participants during 18 competitive matches across 2 seasons; 206 individual player datasets were analyzed.Results: Half-backs (P< 0.05; effect size [ES], -1.75) and midfielders (P< 0.05; ES, -1.68) covered significantly greater total number of accelerations than full-forwards. In acceleration zone 4, midfielders (P< 0.05; ES, = -1.67) and half forwards covered a significantly greater number than full-forwards (P< 0.01; ES, = -1.41). Midfielders accumulated a significantly greater distance in acceleration zone 4 than full-backs (P< 0.05; ES, = -0.57). Significant decrements were observed between halves in total number of accelerations (P <0.01; ES, = 0.49), accelerations in zones 1 to 4 (P <0.01; ES, 0.16-0.43), total distance of accelerations, and acceleration distance in zones 2 to 4 (P <0.05; ES, 0.25; P <0.01; ES, 0.45; P <0.01; ES, 0.38). There were significant decrements in the total number of decelerations (P <0.01; ES, 0.43), number of decelerations in zones 2 (P <0.05; ES, 0.25), 3 (P <0.01; ES, 0.45), and 4 (P <0.01; ES, 0.38), and total deceleration distance (P <0.01; ES, 0.16).Conclusion: Half-backs and midfielders covered significantly greater total number of accelerations than full-forwards. Significant decrements in several acceleration and deceleration variables were observed between halves.Clinical Relevance: Players competing in intercounty Camogie should receive progressive exposure to acceleration and deceleration-based movement demands to prepare players for intercounty Camogie match play.

This article discusses the potential use of nitrogen gas as a method of execution in Alabama. Kenneth Smith, who was sentenced to death for a murder-for-hire scheme, is set to be the first test subject for this form of execution. Critics, including an anesthesiologist and a law professor, have raised concerns about the potential risks and inhumanity of this method. They argue that exposure to nitrogen gas can cause severe hyperventilation and stroke, and that there is a risk of the gas escaping and endangering those in the vicinity. The article also highlights efforts by advocates for justice and prison reform to prevent the implementation of this method. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the case of Peter Park, a teenager who recently passed the bar exam in California and has been sworn in as a deputy district attorney for Tulare County. While Park's academic achievement is impressive, the author argues that having a teenage prosecutor is a bad idea. The author believes that teenagers lack the emotional intelligence and life experience necessary to be effective prosecutors, and that Park's appointment sets a dangerous precedent for the justice system. The author also raises concerns about Park's ability to relate to diverse groups of people and exercise discretion in important matters. [Extracted from the article]

This article, titled "The Mayor of Woodland Hills," tells the story of a man who goes by the name "The Mayor" and his experiences living on the streets of Woodland Hills, California. The Mayor, a veteran who lost his legs in combat, navigates the city in a wheelchair and has self-appointed himself as the Mayor of the area. Despite facing insults and threats, The Mayor manages to receive occasional donations from passersby, which he sometimes shares with other homeless individuals. The article highlights the resilience and untouchable nature of The Mayor, who finds solace and purpose in his role as a community figure. [Extracted from the article]

Aims and methodWe conducted a secondary analysis of data from the National Audit of Psychosis to identify factors associated with use of community treatment orders (CTOs) and assess the quality of care that people on CTOs receive.ResultsBetween 1.1 and 20.2% of patients in each trust were being treated on a CTO. Male gender, younger age, greater use of in-patient services, coexisting substance misuse and problems with cognition predicted use of CTOs. Patients on CTOs were more likely to be screened for physical health, have a current care plan, be given contact details for crisis support, and be offered cognitive–behavioural therapy.Clinical implicationsCTOs appear to be used as a framework for delivering higher-quality care to people with more complex needs. High levels of variation in the use of CTOs indicate a need for better evidence about the effects of this approach to patient care.

Truncus arteriosus (common arterial trunk) is known to be associated with interrupted aortic arch in 10% to 15% of cases. However, the association of either of these lesions with a hypoplastic left ventricle is rare. The combination of all three of these lesions along with an intact interventricular septum is virtually unknown with only two cases reported in the literature. We report such a case with its anatomical and surgical management aspects.

Alabama is planning to use nitrogen gas to execute death row inmates, despite the American Veterinary Medical Association advising against its use to kill rats. The author argues that even the most heinous criminals should be considered as human beings, and spiritual advisors should not be subjected to the risks associated with nitrogen gas exposure. The author highlights the important role that spiritual advisors play in providing counsel and support to death-sentenced prisoners, and criticizes Alabama's protocol for not respecting their work. The author also questions the likelihood of a successful nitrogen gassing execution and raises concerns about Alabama's history of botched executions. [Extracted from the article]

In so doing, TDCJ attorneys violated rules of professionalconduct by: (1) abusing the litigation process by causingunnecessary and unwarranted proceedings in the Texas Courtof Criminal Appeals and the Texas Supreme Court, and (2) notcorrecting factual misimpressions made in litigation about thestatus--expired or unexpired--of the dose of the pentobarbitalwith which TDCJ would ultimately execute Fratta. Indeed,ultimately the Texas Lawyer's Creed is a lofty legal desire--ahoned and honeyed hankering for lawyers to conductthemselves more honorably--idealistic language devoid ofreal-world meaning, because, in practice, it has no teeth--noconsequences for the attorneys who violate it, even in themost serious of legal matters. And what about the Texas Disciplinary Rules of ProfessionalConduct, which are supposed to police lawyers--lawyers whoseconduct is antithetical to being "an officer of the legal systemand a public citizen having special responsibility for the quality ofjustice?". [Extracted from the article]

If a nitrogen gassing execution ever takes place inthis country, and worse, should nitrogen gassing executionsbecome routine, the direction of our American spirit, our verymorality, will be worse than sullied; it will be irretrievably lost. *Note: This piece originally appeared on Jurist: Alabama's Planto Execute Prisoners With Nitrogen Gas Is Immoral. [Extracted from the article]

(In May 1999, D.C.'s non-voting Congresswoman Eleanor Holmes Norton wrote with respect to the District's disenfranchisement that, "[t]his unseemly state of affairs cannot endure whether in a free country or a despotic nation.") That's one reason why good people everywhere, people who want our country to move away from mass incarceration, and toward decarceration, are so aghast - and angry - with President Biden's recent betrayal of D.C.'s Black youth. [Extracted from the article]

In the "land of the free" and "home of the brave", and perhaps nowhere more than in Alabama, the overuse of incarceration - physically and psychologically ripping families apart instead of doing more to address the root causes of crime - has to change. Having represented Chris as an Assistant Federal Defender, I wrote and published online a comprehensive - and I would submit compelling - "Open Letter to the Alabama Board of Pardons and Paroles" for Chris. Specifically, on Wednesday, March 22nd, there will be a vote in the Alabama House of Representatives on House Bill ("HB") 16: sensical and just parole board reform legislation England has authored. [Extracted from the article]

Malcolm X Would Call Biden a "Pretender Public Defender" But the not unrelated point I want to impress upon you today is: If Malcolm X were still alive, he would point out that when Biden was sparring with Kamala Harris to be the Democratic candidate for president, Biden trumpeted his brief tenure as a public defender. Malcolm X, one of the most effective critics white America has ever known, who decried "straight-jacketed thinking, and straight-jacketed societies", believed: "In our mutual sincerity we might be able to show a road to the salvation of America's very soul.". [Extracted from the article]

The extent of structural cardiac remodelling in response to endurance training is maturity dependent. In adults, this structural adaptation is often associated with the adaptation of left ventricular (LV) twist mechanics. For example, an increase in LV twist often follows an expansion in end-diastolic volume, whereas a reduction in twist may follow a thickening of the LV walls. Whilst structural cardiac remodelling has been shown to be more prominent post-peak height velocity (PHV), it remains to be determined how this maturation-dependent structural remodelling influences LV twist. Therefore, we aimed to (I) compare LV-twist mechanics between trained vs. untrained children pre- and post-PHV, and (ii) investigate how LV structural variables relate to LV-twist mechanics pre- and post-PHV.

The putrid stink of Texas's death penalty--with its rancid racism, rotten dehumanization, and moral depravity--is about to get worse. Despite a mental-gymnastics-inducing headline--"Inmates allege Texas plans to use unsafe execution drugs"--Associated Press (AP) reporter Juan Lozano helpfully explains: "Texas plans to use expired and unsafe drugs to carry out executions early this year in violation of state law, three death row inmates allege[.]" Darklock's homespun wisdom is equally helpful when considering, as Lozano reports, the "15-page declaration submitted in support of the death row inmates' lawsuit" by Michaela Almgren, a pharmacology professor at the University of South Carolina. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the 7th in the Woods Show of Pacific Logging Congress that was held in Molalla, Oregon from September 25-27, 2014.

We sought to identify the demographic, clinical, and psychological factors associated with parents’ attendance at clinical genetics services for congenital heart disease.

Purpose:We sought to identify the demographic, clinical, and psychological factors associated with parents’ attendance at clinical genetics services for congenital heart disease.Methods:A survey assessing access to cardiac genetics services and a range of other variables was sent to the families of 213 children diagnosed with congenital heart disease between the years 2000 and 2009 at the Sydney Children’s Hospital, Australia.Results:Of the 114 respondents, 22% had accessed cardiac genetics services. Variables strongly associated with service attendance included presence of a syndrome associated with congenital heart disease (odds ratio = 17.93; P < 0.001) and antenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease (odds ratio = 4.13; P = 0.02). Most participants (87%) perceived genetic factors as “quite” or “extremely important” in the development of congenital heart disease, and many (73%) believed that receiving information about congenital heart disease and genetics was “quite” or “extremely important”; however, only 36% of participants could recall receiving information of this nature. Forty-two percent of parents reported current concerns about their child’s health, and a substantial subset reported levels of depression (26%), anxiety (27%), and stress (32%) warranting clinical attention.Conclusion:There is a strong desire among parents of children with congenital heart disease for greater information about the role of genetic factors; however, most families do not access cardiac genetics services and report limited recall of information gathered from other sources.Genet Med 16 6, 460–468.

Purpose. This study investigates cardiovascular disease risk factor response in adolescents following introduction of brisk walking into curriculum lessons.Design. Quasi-experimental.Setting. School-based.Subjects. An intervention group consisted of 115 (aged 12.4 ± 0.5 y) year eight participants, and 77 (aged 12.1 ± 1.1 y) year seven and year nine participants formed a control.Intervention. An 18-week cross-curricular physical activity intervention was implemented in one secondary school.Measures. Adiposity variables, blood pressure, lipids, lipoproteins, glucose, insulin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, high-molecular-weight adiponectin, aerobic fitness, physical activity behavior, and diet were assessed preintervention and postintervention.Analysis. Dependent and independent t-tests.Results. Prevalence of elevated waist circumference (9.8% vs. 6.9%), systolic blood pressure (3.3% vs. 0%), triglycerides (2.5% vs. 1.2%), and reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol (3.7% vs. 2.7%) decreased in the intervention group. Significant improvements in high density lipoprotein cholesterol to total cholesterol ratio (mean ± SD: 2% ± 4% [confidence interval (CI)0.05= 1% to 2%], t80= −3.5, p = .001) and glucose (−.1 ± .4 mmol/L [CI0.05= −.2% to 0%], t79= 3.2, p = .002) were evident for the intervention group.Conclusion. The Activity Knowledge Circuit may prove to be a sustainable, effective, and cost-effective strategy to engage schoolchildren in physical activity on a daily basis. A longer-duration intervention is required to fully understand risk factor response in adolescents.

Ambrosiaster’s multiple versions of his Questions and Commentaries offer evidence for discerning developments in his thought and for dating more precisely the different redactions of the Pauline commentary. This article examines the revisions Ambrosiaster made in his commentaries on the Corinthian correspondence and the minor epistles with a view to identifying lines of connection between the unknown exegete and his world. Significant for this purpose are the revisions revealing a heightened concern for Donastism, Manicheanism, the pneumatological controversy, and the debate between Jerome and Helvidius. To account for these revisions we propose a date of 384 for the gamma recension of the commentary on the minor Pauline epistles.

The purpose of this srudy was to present a method for Assessing a reliability based upon Bland and Altman’s (1999) suggestions for the non-parametric treatment of comparison data and the proposals of Nevill et al. (2001) who recommended that 95% of differences should be recorded within a reference value thought to be of ‘no practical importance’. In this study, it is shown how the analyst can apply the method when individual sport performance indicators are treated as individual variables. A simple notation analysis test-retest ‘experiment’ is described, and the intraobserver data collected by one subject was used for illustrative purposes to explain how the necessary graphical, point estimate and confidence interval computations are made. The notational analyses of a further three volunteer subjects are considered in order to investigate the sensitivity of the method. The method is a simple measure of absolute agreement that is sensitive enough to distinguish between the successes and errors made by expert, experienced and improving sport performance analysts. The method is also free from the assumptions of normality, does not depend upon high within-systems variance and it can be applied successfully to individual performance indicators in the development of sport performance analysts and analysis systems.

ObjectiveThis study considers the physical activity (PA) and dietary habits of British young people according to socio-economic status (SES).MethodsThe PA and dietary habits of 98 boys and 101 girls (12.9 0.3 years) from two Welsh secondary schools (school 1 and school 2) were examined. Free school meal eligibility and Census 2001 data were used as indicators of SES. School 1 was designated high SES, while school 2 represented low SES. Participants were classified according to SES. Physical activity was estimated by seven-day recall and questionaire; dietary patterns were assessed using a seven-day food diary and questionnaire.ResultsTwo-thirds of all participants had not taken part in vigorous activity over the last week. Furthermore, 83.8 per cent of participants did not meet the Health Education Authority's5recommendation of one hour per day moderate activity. Boys were more active than girls, (P ≤ 0.05), but SES did not influence time spent in activity. Ninety-four percent of participants were taken to school via motorized transport. There were no significant differences in fat intake between the sexes or across SES. In addition, 93 per cent of the participants, irrespective of SES, exceeded the 10 per cent saturated fat cut off point recommended by the World Health Organization12ConclusionPhysical activity and dietary patterns are modifiable through suitable lifestyle changes. The present data support the notion that preventative strategies for combating chronic diseases should begin early in life and across socio-economic statuses.

This study assesses the prevalence of recently identified coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors in young people of differing socioeconomic status (SES). From November 2001 through March 2002, 100 boys and 108 girls, of age 12.9 ± 0.3 years, selected from differing SES were assessed for CHD risk factors. Measurements included fibrinogen (Fg), homocyst(e)ine (Hcy), and C‐reactive protein (CRP). Fibrinogen was significantly greater among boys from a higher SES compared with those from a low SES (P≤ 0.05). Differences according to sex (P≤ 0.05) were identified for Fg and CRP. The data indicate the prevalence of recently identified CHD risk factors in this cohort of British schoolchildren. For the purpose of this article, the phrase “young people” embraces both children and adolescents. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 17:809–813, 2005.© 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis experience many nasal and concomitant nonnasal symptoms. Many patients also experience headaches and facial pain, pressure, or discomfort. Standard over-the-counter therapy with antihistamines and nasal decongestants often does not completely relieve all symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis.

The current study evaluated factors influencing survival in patients diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐related primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), with a focus on the effects of therapeutic radiotherapy (RT) and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).A retrospective chart review of patients with a diagnosis of HIV‐related PCNSL at one of five university hospitals between 1987 and 1998 was performed. Clinical details including antiretroviral agent use, brain imaging scan results, RT use, and survival outcomes were recorded.One hundred eleven patients with HIV‐related PCNSL were identified. The annual incidence decreased significantly between 1992 and 1995 and between 1996 and 1998 (P = 0.04). The median survival period was 50 days (mean, 109 days; range, 4–991 days), with improved survival for patients diagnosed after 1993. Patients treated with two or more antiretroviral agents had improved survival (P = 0.01), as did patients who received RT (P < 0.0001). For patients who received RT, completion of the prescribed course and treatment to ≥ 30 Gray (Gy) independently predicted a more favorable outcome. RT used in conjunction with antiretroviral therapy involving two or more agents had an additive positive effect on survival. For patients who did not receive RT, poor performance status and encephalopathy predicted a shorter survival duration.The results of the current study suggest that HAART and treatment with RT to ≥ 30 Gy improve survival for patients with HIV‐related PCNSL. This combination of therapies may provide a standard of care as the basis for further trials of chemotherapy, novel adjunctive treatment, and quality of life assessment. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.