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Background: Increases in fatal synthetic opioid overdoses over the past 8 years have left states scrambling for effective means to curtail these deaths. Many states have implemented policies and increased service capacity to address this rise. To better understand the effectiveness of policy level interventions we estimated the impact of the presence of naloxone access laws (NALs) on synthetic opioid fatalities at the state level.Methods: A multivariable longitudinal linear mixed model with a random intercept was used to determine the relationship between the presence of NALs and synthetic opioid overdose death rates, while controlling for, Good Samaritan laws, opioid prescription rate, and capacity for medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD), utilizing a quadratic time trajectory. Data for the study was collected from the National Vital Statistics System using multiple cause-of-death mortality files linked to drug overdose deaths.Results: The presence of an NAL had a significant (univariate P-value = .013; multivariable p-value = .010) negative relationship to fentanyl overdose death rates. Other significant controlling variables were quadratic time (univariate and multivariable P-value < .001), MOUD (univariate P-value < .001; multivariable P-value = .009), and Good Samaritan Law (univariate P-value = .033; multivariable P-value = .018).Conclusion: Naloxone standing orders are strongly related to fatal synthetic opioid overdose reduction. The effect of NALs, MOUD treatment capacity, and Good Samaritan laws all significantly influenced the synthetic opioid overdose death rate. The use of naloxone should be a central part of any state strategy to reduce overdose death rate.

There is growing evidence that pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) prevents HIV acquisition. However, in the United States, approximately only 4% of people who could benefit from PrEP are currently receiving it, and it is estimated only 1 in 5 physicians has ever prescribed PrEP. We conducted a scoping review to gain an understanding of physician-identified barriers to PrEP provision. Four overarching barriers presented in the literature: Purview Paradox, Patient Financial Constraints, Risk Compensation, and Concern for ART Resistance. Considering the physician-identified barriers, we make recommendations for how physicians and students may work to increase PrEP knowledge and competence along each stage of the PrEP cascade. We recommend adopting HIV risk assessment as a standard of care, improving physician ability to identify PrEP candidates, improving physician interest and ability in encouraging PrEP uptake, and increasing utilization of continuous care management to ensure retention and adherence to PrEP.

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) has been shown to be an effective method of HIV prevention for men who have sex with-men (MSM) and -transgender women (MSTGWs), serodiscordant couples, and injection drug users; however fewer than 50 000 individuals currently take this regimen. Knowledge of PrEP is low among healthcare providers and much of this lack of knowledge stems from the lack or exposure to PrEP in medical school. We conducted a cross sectional survey of medical schools in the United States to assess the degree to which PrEP for HIV prevention is taught. The survey consisted Likert scale questions assessing how well the students were prepared to perform each skill associated with PrEP delivery, as well as how PrEP education was delivered to students. We contacted 141 medical schools and 71 responded to the survey (50.4%). PrEP education was only reported to be offered at 38% of schools, and only 15.4% reported specific training for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) patients. The most common delivery methods of PrEP content were didactic sessions with 11 schools reporting this method followed by problem-based learning, direct patient contact, workshops, and small group discussions. Students were more prepared to provide PrEP to MSM compared to other high-risk patients. Few medical schools are preparing their students to prescribe PrEP upon graduation. Further, there is a need to increase the number of direct patient contacts or simulations for students to be better prepared.

This investigation examined the acquisition of five complex English syntactic structures by Egyptian and Israeli adult learners at different levels of proficiency. Carol Chomsky's methodology, as adapted by d'anglejan and Tucker, served to assess comprehension of these structures. The responses of the Egyptians and Israelis, which were similar to one another as well as to those of the French Canadians previously studied by d'anglejan and Tucker, suggest that first and second language learners of English encounter some of the same difficulties. Their responses also suggest that the creative construction hypothesis can be applied to second as well as to first language acquisition.

SOMMARIOQuest' articolo delinea il contesto sociolinguistico della pianifizione linguistica in Israele. Il presenta una revista delle ricerche che toccano direttamente alia pianifizione linguistica e anche delle ricerche che si trattano degli attitudini verso le lingue diverse, della scelta di lingua, delle regole di parlare, e delle variera derebreo. Finalmente, la revista indica qualchi lacune in questa lettera-tura.RESUMOLa lingvo en la fandpoto: La socilingvistika kunteksto de la israela lingvoplanado.La jena artikolo priskribas la socilingvistikan fonon de la lingvoplanado en Israelo. Gi resumas kaj recenzas la pristudojn de la linvgoplanado kaj anka la stujojn pri la sintenoj al diversaj limgvoj, pri la elekto de iu lingvo en iu situacio, pri la regulaoj de la parolado, kaj pri la variapj de la hebrea lingvo. La artikolo fine indikas mankojn kaj bezonojn en la gisnuna esplorliteraturo.La nuntempa Israeli estas kvazaù paradizo de la socilingvistika esploristo, pro la granda lingva diverseco de la lando, la "revivigo" de la hebrea, kaj la konsiderinda grado de lingvoplanado, kiu okazas tie.Aliaj gravaj lingvoj en Israelo krom la hebrea estas la araba, la cefa lingvo de la ne-juda enlogantaro; la angla, cefa lingvo de la interstataj kontaktoj de Israelo; la jida, lingvo, kiu devis cedi multajn rolojn al la hebrea, sed kiu ankora estas tolerata kiel humura, sentimenta kaj tradicia lingvo; kaj amaso de aliaj lingvoj de enkigrintoj, kiuj lastupe kaj lageneracie transiras de sia tradicia lingvo al la hebrea, la cefa stata kaj socia lingvo. La studoj pri sinteno al diversaj lingvoj indikas interalie, kiu parolas hebree au angle kun eksteruloj. La stato atendas, ke la judoj el anglalingvaj landoj, enmigrintaj en Israelon, retenu la anglan kaj instruu gin al siaj infanoj, kiel grava nacia ilo de ekstera komunikado; male, la stato kuragigas parolantojn de la jida ktp. rapide transiri al la hebrea.Inter la gisnun nesufiôe esploritaj temoj estas tiu de la lingvoelekto, kiam judoj kaj araboj interparolas (cu hebree, arabe, au angle?); kiuspeca arabe lernas la hebrean? Kiuspeca iosraela judo lernas la araban? Jen unu el la multaj esplorendaj temoj por la estonteco.

SOMMARIO Quest' articolo delinea il contesto sociolinguistico della pianifizione linguistica in Israele. Il presenta una revista delle ricerche che toccano direttamente alia pianifizione linguistica e anche delle ricerche che si trattano degli attitudini verso le lingue diverse, della scelta di lingua, delle regole di parlare, e delle variera derebreo. Finalmente, la revista indica qualchi lacune in questa lettera-tura. RESUMO La lingvo en la fandpoto: La socilingvistika kunteksto de la israela lingvoplanado. La jena artikolo priskribas la socilingvistikan fonon de la lingvoplanado en Israelo. Gi resumas kaj recenzas la pristudojn de la linvgoplanado kaj ankaŭ la stujojn pri la sintenoj al diversaj limgvoj, pri la elekto de iu lingvo en iu situacio, pri la regulaoj de la parolado, kaj pri la variapj de la hebrea lingvo. La artikolo fine indikas mankojn kaj bezonojn en la gisnuna esplorliteraturo. La nuntempa Israeli estas kvazaù paradizo de la socilingvistika esploristo, pro la granda lingva diverseco de la lando, la "revivigo" de la hebrea, kaj la konsiderinda grado de lingvoplanado, kiu okazas tie. Aliaj gravaj lingvoj en Israelo krom la hebrea estas la araba, la cefa lingvo de la ne-juda enlogantaro; la angla, cefa lingvo de la interstataj kontaktoj de Israelo; la jida, lingvo, kiu devis cedi multajn rolojn al la hebrea, sed kiu ankoraŭ estas tolerata kiel humura, sentimenta kaj tradicia lingvo; kaj amaso de aliaj lingvoj de enkigrintoj, kiuj laŭstupe kaj laŭgeneracie transiras de sia tradicia lingvo al la hebrea, la cefa stata kaj socia lingvo. La studoj pri sinteno al diversaj lingvoj indikas interalie, kiu parolas hebree au angle kun eksteruloj. La stato atendas, ke la judoj el anglalingvaj landoj, enmigrintaj en Israelon, retenu la anglan kaj instruu gin al siaj infanoj, kiel grava nacia ilo de ekstera komunikado; male, la stato kuragigas parolantojn de la jida ktp. rapide transiri al la hebrea. Inter la gisnun nesufiôe esploritaj temoj estas tiu de la lingvoelekto, kiam judoj kaj araboj interparolas (cu hebree, arabe, au angle?); kiuspeca arabe lernas la hebrean? Kiuspeca iosraela judo lernas la araban? Jen unu el la multaj esplorendaj temoj por la estonteco.

A paper and pencil test, devised to assess knowledge of morphological rules, was administered to 140 deaf students, aged 7 to 19, and to 176 hearing students, aged 7 to 18. Although the hearing subjects' performance was strikingly superior, patterns of item difficulty were similar for both groups. Scores were related to reading achievement, although a subsidiary investigation indicated that difficulties in reading test items did not depress test score. The tendency to base responses on irregular models increased with age. Deaf children’s low scores on conventional indices of verbal development may reflect their inadequate knowledge of English formational rules.