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High magnetic field NMR spectroscopy featuring the use of superconducting magnets is a powerful analytical technique for the detection of honey adulteration. Such high field NMR systems are, however, typically housed in specialised laboratories, require cryogenic coolants, and necessitate specialist training to operate. Benchtop NMR spectrometers featuring permanent magnets are, by comparison, significantly cheaper, more mobile and can be operated with minimal expertise. The lower magnetic fields used in such systems, however, result in limited spectral resolution, which diminishes their ability to perform quantitative composition analysis. These limitations may be overcome by implementing a recently developed field-invariant model-based fitting method which is defined by the underlying quantum mechanical properties of the nuclear spin system; this method is applied here to quantify the sugar composition of honey using benchtop 1H NMR (43 MHz) spectroscopy. The detection of adulteration of 26 honey samples with brown rice syrup is quantitatively demonstrated to a minimum adulterant concentration of 5 wt%. Honey adulteration with corn syrup, glucose syrup and wheat syrup was also quantitatively detected using this approach. Our NMR detection of adulteration was shown to be invariant with time over 60 days of storage.

Wellbeing declines during adolescence, for which the reasons are unclear. This analysis explored associations between wellbeing and multiple lifestyle, socioeconomic and school-level factors in young people. Data were collected as part of the Wellbeing in School (WiSe) survey of adolescent school children in Northern Ireland at age 13–14 years (N= 1618; 49% female) and 15–16 years (N= 1558; 50.5% female). Wellbeing was assessed using the short-form Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (sWEMWBS), where scores declined between time one (13–14 years) and time two (15–16 years) in both sexes and were significantly lower in females at both timepoints. Multilevel, multivariate modelling was therefore undertaken separately for males and females with sWEMWBS scores as the dependent variable. Physical activity, family affluence, fruit and vegetable intake, social media use, sleep duration, school factors (size and type) and religion were independent variables. More frequent physical activity in both sexes at both timepoints was associated with higher sWEMWBS scores. In females, higher sWEMWBS scores were associated with less social media use at time one (and marginally at time two), greater family affluence at time two, and being Catholic at both timepoints. In males, higher sWEMWBS scores were associated with more frequent fruit and vegetable intake at time one. Mental wellbeing was unrelated to sleep duration or school factors in either sex, at both time points. Efforts to maximize mental wellbeing in adolescents should promote engagement in physical activity and implement sex-specific interventions.

NMR T2relaxation times for fluids in a porous medium are, in principle, proportional to the relevant occupied pore size. Here, we exploit this relationship to monitor the pore size distribution occupied by methane (CH4) at 100 bar and room temperature in both sandstone and carbonate rock cores, while it is displaced by a range of miscible fluids: carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2), nitrous dioxide (N2O), and helium (He). The process is then reversed, with methane being used to displace these injected fluids. Time-resolved T2distributions are thus able to probe the preference of the methane for smaller or larger pores during these core-flooding processes. In the cases of CO2and N2O, methane was found to preferentially occupy larger pores during both injection and displacement for both rock types. In the case of N2, no significant preferential pore size occupation was evident, whereas in the case of He, methane preferentially occupied smaller pores. For the fluids used in this work, preferential occupation of comparatively smaller pores during these displacement experiments correlated with a comparatively greater surface adsorption capacity.

Injecting carbon dioxide into geological formations for long‐term storage is considered integral to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Residual trapping of CO2is a primary storage mechanism, whereby CO2ganglia are trapped in the pore space by capillary forces. Experimental knowledge of residual trapping processes in rocks is critical to the development of safe storage strategies. Here we present a quantitative low field 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) core flooding study of CO2residual trapping in three different sandstones. It was found that transverse relaxation (T2) measurements were sensitive to the dissolution of paramagnetic ions from rock matrix minerals after exposure to carbonic acid; this response was observed on time scales relevant to core flooding experiments (i.e., minutes to hours). Subsequently, a brine aging protocol was designed and implemented to minimize this chemical effect, and hence, by applying the well‐known T2‐pore size relationship, changes in T2time distributions during core flooding could be related to displacement of brine from pores of different sizes. Comparison of T2distributions for partially CO2/brine‐saturated cores to previously published data for N2/H2O systems shows an increased displacement of brine from small pores by CO2. Furthermore, results from cyclical brine/CO2injections showed an increase in the total volume of residually trapped CO2and an increase in trapping efficiency; compared to the results observed for N2/H2O, however, the improvement in trapping efficiency with cyclic injection was less pronounced. Potential causes for the observed differences are discussed in the context of effective N2and CO2wetting. NMR T2relaxation enhancement from paramagnetic ion dissolution from rock cores exposed to carbonic acid was measuredCyclical brine/CO2injection increases trapped CO2volumes and trapping efficiencyDifferences in the drainage of different pore size for CO2/brine and N2/water flooding suggest differences in wettability

Dielectric measurements of reservoir rocks are used to estimate important petro‐physical properties such as water‐filled porosity and pore surface textures. However, complex dielectric polarization processes that occur in rocks are strongly dependent on frequency, making physically meaningful interpretation of broadband dielectric data difficult. At high frequency (> 10 MHz) dielectric permittivity primarily relates to the volume fractions of constituents (i.e., saturation, minerals), while at lower frequency (< 10 MHz), interpretation is complicated by interfacial polarization, electro‐diffusion phenomena, and ohmic conduction. The ability to de‐convolve these electrical processes is critical for interpreting petro‐physical properties from broadband dielectric data. Here we demonstrate the application of Tikhonov regularization methods to compute dielectric relaxation time distributions from broadband (40 Hz to 110 MHz) dielectric data for ten shale core samples at varying partial saturation. Furthermore, via the Kramers‐Kronig relation, the contribution from in‐phase conduction currents to the imaginary component of the dielectric response was quantified. The evolution of dielectric polarization processes with increasing moisture content was analyzed directly from changes in relaxation time distributions. It was found that the dominant polarization mechanism, up to a critical partial saturation, occurred as surface polarization within the electrical double layer. Above this critical partial saturation, electro‐diffusion mechanisms acting between the Stern and diffuse layers resulted in a large low frequency response. This work provides valuable insight into dielectric polarization mechanisms in shales and demonstrates such measurements are sensitive to electrical double layer properties and electro‐diffusion length scales that are potentially relevant to characterizing pore‐scale properties in shales. Tikhonov regularization methods were applied to compute dielectric relaxation time distributions from broadband dielectric dataDielectric relaxation time distributions for a range of shale samples were determined as a function of water saturationAbove a critical partial saturation, electro‐diffusion mechanisms dominated the low frequency dielectric permittivity

Visceral leishmaniasis causes considerable mortality and morbidity in many parts of the world. There is an urgent need for the development of new, effective treatments for this disease. Here we describe the development of an anti-leishmanial drug-like chemical series based on a pyrazolopyrimidine scaffold. The leading compound from this series (7, DDD853651/GSK3186899) is efficacious in a mouse model of visceral leishmaniasis, has suitable physicochemical, pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties for further development, and has been declared a preclinical candidate. Detailed mode-of-action studies indicate that compounds from this series act principally by inhibiting the parasite cdc-2-related kinase 12 (CRK12), thus defining a druggable target for visceral leishmaniasis.

The use of pain management drugs has been steadily increasing. As a result, labs are seeing an increase in patient samples that must be screened for a wide variety of drugs to prevent drug abuse and to ensure patient safety and adherence to their medication regiment. Therapeutic drug monitoring can be challenging due to the low cut-off levels, potential matrix interferences and isobaric drug compounds. To address these challenges, many drug testing facilities are turning to liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for its increased speed, sensitivity, and specificity. In this example, a method was developed for a multi-class drug and metabolite screen containing 231 compounds.

Capillary trapping of a non‐wetting phase arising from two‐phase immiscible flow in sedimentary rocks is critical to many geoscience scenarios, including oil and gas recovery, aquifer recharge and, with increasing interest, carbon sequestration. Here we demonstrate the successful use of low field 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance [NMR] to quantify capillary trapping; specifically we use transverse relaxation time [T2] time measurements to measure both residual water [wetting phase] content and the surface‐to‐volume ratio distribution (which is proportional to pore size] of the void space occupied by this residual water. Critically we systematically confirm this relationship between T2and pore size by quantifying inter‐pore magnetic field gradients due to magnetic susceptibility contrast, and demonstrate that our measurements at all water saturations are unaffected. Diffusion in such field gradients can potentially severely distort the T2‐pore size relationship, rendering it unusable. Measurements are performed for nitrogen injection into a range of water‐saturated sandstone plugs at reservoir conditions. Consistent with a water‐wet system, water was preferentially displaced from larger pores while relatively little change was observed in the water occupying smaller pore spaces. The impact of cyclic wetting/non‐wetting fluid injection was explored and indicated that such a regime increased non‐wetting trapping efficiency by the sequential occupation of the most available larger pores by nitrogen. Finally the replacement of nitrogen by CO2was considered; this revealed that dissolution of paramagnetic minerals from the sandstone caused by its exposure to carbonic acid reduced the in situbulk fluid T2relaxation time on a timescale comparable to our core flooding experiments. The implications of this for the T2‐pore size relationship are discussed. Framework established to validate correlation of T2times with pore size distributionsLow field NMR T2times can be used as a rapid method to quantify pore scale residual trapping at reservoir conditionsCyclical water/nitrogen injection regimes can increase residual trapping efficiency in sandstones

For the less invasive innominate osteotomy for the treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip, we aim to report radiological outcomes, complication rates and reoperation rates for patients whose bone grafts were secured using bioabsorbable pins. A retrospective study of all patients who underwent less invasive innominate osteotomy for persistent or delayed diagnosis developmental dysplasia of the hip over a period of 2 years from 2008 to 2010 was carried out. A total of 59 hips were identified as having had their bone graft secured with two bioabsorbable pins made from copolymers of L-lactic acid, D-lactic acid and trimethylene carbonate. The average angular correction of the acetabular index in the bioabsorbable group at late follow-up was 16.48° (P<0.0001). Seven percent of patients from the bioabsorbable pin group went on to require reoperation for persistent dysplasia. No patient required reoperation due to implant failure. There was no incidence of postoperative wound infection or other complication requiring medical or surgical intervention. These results demonstrate that the use of bioabsorbable pins to secure the bone graft is as effective and safe as metal fixation.

Danirixin (GSK1325756) is a small, high-affinity, selective and reversible CXCR2 antagonist in development for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The objective of the study was to evaluate the relative bioavailability, including the inter-subject variability, of a conventional immediate-release (IR) formulation and two prototype bioenhanced formulations of danirixin during gastric acid suppression in a healthy, elderly population. A single-centre, crossover study in healthy male and female volunteers aged 65–80 years was conducted. Subjects were randomised to receive danirixin 50 mg IR in the fed and fasted states and danirixin 50 mg Bioenhanced Formulation 1 and 2 in the fasted state. All subjects also received omeprazole 20 mg each morning beginning 4 days prior to the first treatment period and continuing through danirixin dosing in the final treatment period. Twenty subjects were randomised and completed the study. Bioenhanced Formulation 2 in the fasted state demonstrated the highest adjusted geometric means for AUC(0–t), AUC(0–inf), AUC(0–24)and Cmax. Danirixin IR demonstrated adjusted means that were higher in the fed state compared with the fasted state. For all formulations tested, there was substantial inter-subject variability (CVb >100 % for all formulations). The overall incidences of adverse events (AEs) were 10 % for danirixin IR (both in the fed and fasted states) and 15–20 % for the bioenhanced formulations. The majority of AEs were mild in intensity. There were no serious AEs. Concomitant use of omeprazole resulted in large inter-subject variability in the exposure to danirixin. Bioenhanced formulation strategies could not overcome the effect of omeprazole on exposure and variability between subjects.

Clouds profoundly influence weather and climate. The brightness and lifetime of clouds is determined by cloud droplet number concentration, in turn dictated by the number of available seed particles. The formation of cloud droplets on non-volatile atmospheric particles is well understood. However, fine particulate matter in the atmosphere ranges widely in volatility. Co-condensation of semi-volatile compounds with water increases a particle’s propensity for cloud droplet formation, with potential consequences for feedbacks between the terrestrial biosphere and climate. Here we systematically study cloud droplet formation, using a cloud parcel model extended to include co-condensation of semi-volatile organic compounds under a broad variety of realistic conditions. As an air parcel rises and cools, the concentration of organic vapour that it can hold declines. Thus, the simulated organic vapours become increasingly saturated as they ascend, and so condense on growing particles as they swell into cloud droplets. We show that condensation of increasingly volatile material adds to the soluble mass of these droplets and facilitates the uptake of additional water, which leads, in turn, to a substantial increase in the number of viable cloud droplets. We suggest that the co-condensation of semi-volatile organic compounds with water vapour has a substantial impact on the radiative properties of clouds.

The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of children whose fractures were manipulated with nitrous oxide with those fractures manipulated under a general anesthetic.

This article presents the findings of a randomized controlled trial evaluation of the effects of a revised version of the volunteer mentoring programme, Time to Read. Participating children received two 30-minute mentoring sessions per week from volunteer mentors who carried out paired reading activities with the children. The current trial involved 512 children aged eight to nine years from 50 primary schools. The programme was found to be effective in improving decoding skills (d=+.15), reading rate (d=+.22) and reading fluency (d=+.14) and there was some evidence of a positive effect in relation to the children’s aspirations for the future (d=+.11). However, no evidence was found of the programme having an effect on reading comprehension or reading confidence and enjoyment of reading. The article concludes by suggesting that mentoring programmes using non-specialist volunteers can be effective in improving foundational reading skills but would appear to be less effective in terms of improving higher-order skills such as comprehension. The article also suggests that such programmes are likely to be most effective if concentrating on core reading activities rather than attempting to address reading outcomes indirectly through improving children’s confidence or wider enjoyment of reading.

This article presents the findings of a large-scale survey (n = 1049) of ethnic awareness and attitudes among three to four-year-old children in Northern Ireland. In drawing upon and applying Bourdieu’s notion of habitus, the article demonstrates how, even at this age, the children are already beginning to embody and internalize the cultural habits and dispositions of their respective ethnic groups; namely the Protestant and Catholic communities. This is illustrated in the present article in relation to the children’s attitudes towards particular national flags and awareness of specific sports associated with their respective communities. Informed by the work of Bourdieu, the article concludes by arguing for the need for greater use of quantitative methods in conjunction with in-depth qualitative and ethnographic research to help further our understanding of the influence of ethnicity in young children’s lives.

Femoral head incongruency at skeletal maturity is associated with the development of osteoarthritis in early adulthood. Containment of the femoral head provides a larger surface area for remodelling of the collapsed femoral head and the development of spherical congruency. Triple pelvic osteotomy has a role to play in Legg–Calve–Perthes' disease by improving femoral head containment and preventing subluxation. This is traditionally a two-incision approach with significant associated morbidity. In our unit we perform triple osteotomies through a single anterolateral incision. To retrospectively review the clinical and radiographic outcome of children who had triple osteotomies performed through a single incision over a 4-year period. In our unit from 2003 to 2006 we performed eight triple osteotomies through a single incision in children aged between 6 and 12 years with Legg–Calve–Perthes' disease. The procedure was performed through a single anterolateral incision made beneath the middle of the iliac crest and carried forward according to Salter's osteotomy. Image intensification was used to confirm iliac, pubic and ischial cuts. After performing a standard Salter's osteotomy the acetabular fragment was free to rotate anteriorly and laterally. None of the children were casted and all were allowed immediate mobilization nonweight bearing with crutches for 6 weeks. Clinical results and hip function were measured preoperatively and postoperatively using the modified Harris hip score. The average length of hospital stay was 4.7 days. None of the children had a nonunion. The centre edge angle of Wiberg was measured on all preoperative and postoperative anteroposterior pelvic radiographs. In all our patients there was an improvement in the centre edge angle of Wiberg and in the modified Harris hip score. The preoperative modified Harris hip scores ranged from 38 to 60 and postoperatively ranged from 77 to 92. The preoperative centre edge angle of Wiberg ranged from 9 to 24 whereas postoperative scores ranged from 25 to 46. Triple osteotomy has been advocated in Legg–Calve–Perthes' disease after the closure of the triradiate cartilage. Using a single incision is a safer alternative to the traditional two-incision approach. We believe that the single incision approach reduces operative time and potential morbidity associated with the steel triple osteotomy with comparable clinical and radiographic outcomes.

The recently completed replacement of New York City’s 108-year-old Third Avenue Bridge required complex staged construction and the use of a temporary structure to limit disruptions to bridge and marine traffic.

Neonatal brachial plexus palsy results from damage to the infant's brachial plexus that most commonly occurs during delivery. The mechanism of injury is traction to the plexus during labor. Nerve damage sustained with these injuries ranges from axonotmesis to complete avulsion of nerve roots from the spinal cord. Although many children who are affected recover excellent function, a significant proportion with more severe plexus injuries are left with permanently impaired function.

Patient safety is a fundamental requirement of modern health-care systems and the application of information technology (IT) to this activity should have improvements in the area as one of its goals. Indeed, ensuring that the diagnostic IT strategy is optimized, for example, the use of IT in service redesign or data analysis, forms one of the main platforms for the National Framework for Service Improvement in Radiology. This paper presents both the concept behind and the results of a project that has been under way in the UK involving St Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust and IRS Ltd concerned with implementing effective IT-driven scientific support in the field of medical radiation protection. Locally developed software is employed in assessing, managing, and analysing patient dose data arising from X-ray examinations performed in the busy department of a large district general hospital (DGH). Such data are analysed in a variety of ways, for example, over time and according to location (department or X-ray room). This analysis not only provides a measure of performance against nationally agreed dose reference levels (DRLs) but also enables a detailed analysis of any variations as well as the establishment of local DRLs (performance indicators). This process provides quantitative input to management strategies aimed at service improvement. Such strategies are geared towards the support of the Ionizing Radiations (Medical Exposures) Regulations 2000 as well as implementation of quality-management principles at the heart of radiology practices.

A personal narrative is presented which explores the author's experiences of attending the 4th annual conference on Virginia Woolf held in New York in June 1994.

The authors have found retroplacement, combined with preoperative and postoperative orthoptic exercises, more uniformly satisfactory than any other muscle operation in the treatment of esotropia and exotropia. The final effect of this operation can be foretold more accurately than that of resection. The technique here described includes muscle stump fixation with two doubly armed removable silk sutures, to spread the muscle and insure broad attachment of the retroplaced tendon. The exact distance of the proposed retroplacement of the muscle is measured from the muscle attachment with an especially constructed millimeter rule of rustless steel. The indications, results, and disadvantages of this operation are discussed in detail. Read before the ophthalmological section of the Baltimore Medical Society, February 28, 1929.

In the following paper the authors point out some reasons why glasses that correct errors of refraction do not always provide visual comfort for the wearer. Read before the Canadian Medical Association, June 23, 1932, in Toronto, Canada. From the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary and the Lighthouse Eye Clinic.

Three cases are described in which patients were hospitalized for massive intestinal bleeding. In each case the results of roentgenography were either negative or misleading, and the preoperative diagnosis was a probable bleeding duodenal ulcer, although the presence of tumor was considered. One patient also showed signs of intussusception. At laparotomy in each case the lesion proved to be a benign tumor, and excellent results followed resection. These observations are in accord with existing records of more than 1,400 cases of benign tumors in the small intestine. Many are asymptomatic, and less than 8% of all patients in whom such lesions were found by the surgeon had been given diagnoses before operation.

During the 82 years since ulcerative colitis was originally described, little has been learned regarding its etiology. Medical treatment, combined on occasion with psychotherapy,1 has been effective in controlling the disease in 50% to 80% of patients. In the others, some form of operative surgery has been necessary to eradicate the disease. During the past seven years we have had occasion to treat, surgically, 33 such patients. Our experience with this group, including the indications for operation and the results, form the basis for this article.Ulcerative colitis may occur at any age, having been reported in the newborn2 and the aged. In this series, the youngest patient operated on was 12 years of age and the oldest was 65. Sixty-one per cent of the patients were less than 40 years old at the time of operation. There were 14 men and 19 women in the group. INDICATIONS

We describe preliminary results from an optical scattering instrument designed to assess the shapes and sizes of microscopic atmospheric cloud particles, especially the smallest ice crystals, that can profoundly affect cloud processes and radiative properties. The new instrument captures high-resolution spatial light scattering patterns from individual particles down to ~1 μm in size passing through a focused laser beam. Its significance lies in the ability of these patterns to provide morphological data for particle sizes well below the optical resolution limits of current cloud particle probes.

Atmospheric ice particles exist in a variety of shapes and sizes. Single hexagonal crystals like common hexagonal plates and columns are possible, but more frequently, atmospheric ice particles are much more complex. Ice particle shapes have a substantial impact on many atmospheric processes through fall speed, affecting cloud lifetime, to radiative properties, affecting energy balance to name a few. This publication builds on earlier work where a technique was demonstrated to separate single crystals and aggregates of crystals using particle imagery data from aircraft field campaigns. Here data from 10 field programs have been analyzed and ice particle complexity parameterized by cloud temperature for arctic, midlatitude (summer and frontal), and tropical cloud systems. Results show that the transition from simple to complex particles can be as small as 80 µm or as large as 400 µm depending on conditions. All regimes show trends of decreasing transition size with decreasing temperature. Ice particles and snow in clouds can take on many shapes.  These shapes can be very simple such as the typical hexagonal shape so often associated with ice particles.  In most cases though, ice particles are much more complicated in appearance.  The shape and size of ice particles in clouds are very important for climate modeling as sunlight can reflect or pass through ice particles.  In this study, we use a technique to evaluate the shapes of ice particles from data collected during aircraft field projects.  The technique determines a “complexity” value.  We evaluated data from numerous field projects around the world and found that larger ice particles are more complex than small ice particles.  We also found that the typical switch from simple to complex ice particles happens at smaller sizes at colder temperatures.  We provide relationships to estimate the transition size for clouds around the world. Ice particle complexity is parameterized by temperature and cloud typeTen data sets show common trends by cloud type

Provides tips on reinvigorating board leadership. Need of informing the board members on various motivational factors; Awareness on the principles of corporate governance; Creation of effective strategic plans.

A GLC procedure was developed for phenacemide and was shown to be less time consuming than the official assay without sacrificing accuracy. The procedure involves extraction from powdered tablets and addition of pentylenetetrazol as the internal standard. The amount of phenacemide is determined by comparison of the ratio of the area under the curves to that of a standard.

There is growing evidence linking early social and emotional wellbeing to later academic performance and various health outcomes including mental health. An economic evaluation was designed alongside the Roots of Empathy cluster-randomised trial evaluation, which is a school-based intervention for improving pupils' social and emotional wellbeing. Exploration of the relevance of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and Child Health Utility 9D (CHU9D) in school-based health economic evaluations is warranted. The SDQ is a behavioural screening questionnaire for 4–17-year-old children, consisting of a total difficulties score, and also prosocial behaviour, which aims to identify positive aspects of behaviour. The CHU9D is a generic preference-based health-related quality of life instrument for 7–17-year-old children.