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•In a statewide cohort, time to resolution of iron deficiency was 1.9 years, and 58% of patients did not achieve resolution within 3 years.•Greater awareness of nonanemic iron deficiency and diagnostic ferritin levels is needed, particularly in females and Black individuals.

Introduction: Iron deficiency can have clinical consequences even without anemia, including fatigue, exercise intolerance and mood disorders. The time from laboratory diagnosis to resolution of iron deficiency has not been previously evaluated.

IMPORTANCE: Increased use of benzodiazepines has resulted in increasing rates of misuse and adverse effects associated with these drugs. Little is known about the initial exposure and source of benzodiazepines among those who use them persistently. OBJECTIVE: To examine the frequency of use and persistent use of benzodiazepines among patients undergoing major and minor surgical procedures. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cohort study included 2?509?599 adult patients who underwent 1 of 11 common surgical procedures in the United States from 2009 to 2017 and were recorded in the MarketScan database. The rates of perioperative and persistent benzodiazepine use were examined in benzodiazepine-naive patients. Data analysis was conducted from July to November 2020. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Receipt of a perioperative benzodiazepine prescription and persistent use (ie, fill of a second prescription 90-180 days after surgery) among those who received a benzodiazepine perioperatively. RESULTS: Among 2?509?599 included patients, the mean (SD) age was 54.4 (15.3) years, and 1?596?137 (63.6%) were women. Perioperative benzodiazepine use was noted in 63?931 patients (2.6%). The median (interquartile range) benzodiazepine supply was 10 (5-23) days. Among benzodiazepine-naive patients prescribed a perioperative benzodiazepine, the rate of persistent benzodiazepine use was 19.5% (95% CI, 19.2%-19.8%). During the 90 to 180–day period after surgery, 7013 of 12?468 patients (56.2%) received 1 prescription for benzodiazepines while 5455 (43.8%) received 2 or more prescriptions. Among patients prescribed a benzodiazepine, persistent use was more common in Medicaid recipients (vs patients with commercial insurance: adjusted rate ratio [aRR], 1.29; 95% CI, 1.03-1.62), patients 70 years or older (vs those aged 40-49 years: aRR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.05-1.23), in women (vs men: aRR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.06-1.15), in patients with more medical comorbidities (eg, Elixhauser comorbidity score =3 vs 0: aRR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.04-1.19), and in those with diagnoses of anxiety, depression, insomnia or substance use disorder (eg, with vs without anxiety: aRR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.37-1.50). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this study, a relatively small percentage of surgical patients were prescribed benzodiazepines in the perioperative period; however, 1 in 5 of these patients went on to persistent benzodiazepine use.