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Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) accounts for approximately 30% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases and is the second most common histological type of lung cancer. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive NSCLC accounts for only 2%-5% of all NSCLC cases, and is almost exclusively detected in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Tus, ALK testing is not routinely performed in the LSCC population, and the efficacy of such treatment for ALK-rearranged LSCC remains unknown. Echinoderm microtubule associated protein like 4 (EML4)-ALK (V ) and TP53 co-mutations were identified by next generation sequencing (NGS) in this patient with advanced LSCC. On December 3, 2020, Ensatinib was taken orally and the efficacy was evaluated as partial response (PR). The progression-free survival (PFS) was 9 months. When the disease progressed, the medication was changed to Loratinib. To our knowledge, Enshatinib created the longest PFS of ALK-mutant LSCC patients treated with targeted therapy since literature review. Herein, we described one case treated by Enshatinib involving a patient with both EML4-ALK and TP53 positive LSCC, and the relevant literatures were reviewed for discussing the treatment of this rare disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the absence of halogen ion, the convection-dependent competitive adsorption between bis(3-sulfopropy)-disulfide (SPS) and poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol) copolymer (EO/PO) on unpowered (in open circuit) copper surface is found in sulfuric acid solution. Galvanostatic measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were employed to analyze this particular adsorption behavior, revealing that the adsorption of EO/PO is enhanced by increased local convection intensity. The molecular dynamic simulation demonstrates that the increase of EO/PO adsorption decreases the adsorption of coexisting SPS on copper surface, supporting that the enhanced EO/PO adsorption in strong convection condition leads to the decrease of coexisting SPS adsorption on copper surface with the increase of convection intensity. The study of this convection-dependent competitive adsorption behavior enriches the understanding for the convection-dependent adsorption (CDA) behavior on electrolytic copper 'bottom-up' filling. Besides, the competitive adsorption behavior serves as a powerful handle to manipulate the accumulation of SPS at via or trench bottom before electroplating for improving the efficiency of via or trench filling. For example, the silicon wafer trench filling by copper electroplating is significantly accelerated with the introduction of convection-dependent competitive adsorption. Furthermore, a possible mechanism for accelerating trench filling by pre-adsorption process of SPS together with EO/PO is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, potentiodynamic cathode polarization, chronopotentiometry and galvanostatic measurement (GM) are applied to obtain electrochemical property of three levelers (oligomerswith different ratios of imidazole and 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether, named L1, L2 and L3, respectively) at different rotation speeds. Measured by GM with varied levelers, potential differences (PDs) are confirmed as effective indicators of THs plating and named Δη (caused by self-inhibition of leveler) and Δηr (caused by different convection). The slope of the Tafel curve, obtained by chronopotentiometry, is a bridge to connect PDs to uniformity of THs plating. Also, the multi-physical coupling simulation based on the finite element method is introduced to investigate leveling effect on uniformity. A model based on Haring cell is formulated to predict the relationship between PDs and uniformity. Furthermore, numerical simulation and plating experiment both show that levelers with more negative PDs lead to more uniform conformal THs copper deposition and a systematic relationship between PDs and uniformity of THs plating is established. The weightings of Δη and Δηr are also achieved for THs playing. Finally, the model paves an alternative way to screen for better leveler based on the relationship between PDs and uniformity of THs plating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In May of 2013, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was detected in swine for the first time in North America. It spread rapidly, in part due to contaminated livestock trailers. The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of an accelerated hydrogen peroxide disinfectant for inactivating PEDV in the presence of feces on metal surfaces, such as those found in livestock trailers. Three-week-old barrows were inoculated intragastrically with 5 mL of PEDV-negative feces for the negative control, 5 mL of untreated PEDV-positive feces for the positive control, and 5 mL or 10 mL of PEDV-positive feces that was subjected to treatment with a 1:16 or 1:32 concentrations of accelerated hydrogen peroxide disinfectant for a contact time of 30 min at 20°C. These pigs served as a bioassay to determine the infectivity of virus following treatment. Rectal swabs collected from the inoculated pigs on days 3 and 7 post-inoculation were tested by using PEDV-specific real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and the proportion of pigs in each group that became infected with PEDV was assessed. None of the pigs used for the bioassay in the 4 treatment groups and the negative control group became infected with PEDV, which was significantly different from the positive control group (P < 0.05) in which all pigs were infected. The results suggest that the application of the accelerated hydrogen peroxide under these conditions was sufficient to inactivate the virus in feces found on metal surfaces. En mai 2013, pour la première fois en Amérique du Nord, le virus de la diarrhée épidémique porcine (VDEP) fut détecté chez le porc. Il se répandit rapidement, en partie à cause des remorques pour animaux contaminées. L'objectif de la présente étude était de tester l'efficacité d'un désinfectant à base de peroxyde d'hydrogène accéléré pour inactiver le VDEP en présence de fèces sur des surfaces métalliques, telles que celles retrouvées dans les remorques pour animaux. Des mâles castrés âgés de 3 semaines ont été inoculés par voie intra-gastrique avec 5 mL de fèces VDEP-négatives pour les témoins négatifs, 5 mL de fèces VDEP-positives non traitées pour les témoins positifs, et 5 mL ou 10 mL de fèces VDEP-positives soumises à un traitement au désinfectant à base de peroxyde d'hydrogène accéléré à une concentration de 1:16 ou 1:32 avec un temps de contact de 30 min à 20 °C. Les porcs ont servi de bioessai afin de déterminer l'infectivité du virus suite au traitement. Des écouvillons rectaux prélevés des porcs inoculés aux jours 3 et 7 post-inoculation ont été testés par réaction d'amplification en chaine en temps réel utilisant la transcriptase réverse et spécifique au VDEP, et la proportion de porcs devenus infectés par le VDEP dans chaque groupe fut déterminée. Aucun des porcs utilisés pour le bioessai dans les quatre groupes de traitement ainsi que dans le groupe témoin négatif ne devint infecté par le VDEP ce qui était significativement différent des animaux du groupe témoin positif (P < 0,05) qui devinrent tous positifs. Ces résultats suggèrent que l'application du peroxyde d'hydrogène accéléré dans les conditions testées était suffisante pour inactiver le virus présent dans les fèces sur les surfaces métalliques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A practical fast microvia fillingmethod in copper electroplating is developed with the aid of bottom-localized pre-adsorption of bis(3- sulfopropy)-disulfide (SPS). The pretreatment initiates with accelerator adsorbed at all copper surface. Subsequently, the adsorbed SPS on board surface is broken down by sodium persulfate, but the function of adsorbed SPS at microvia bottom is mostly retained due to the mass transfer limitation. The pre-adsorbed SPS at microvia bottom improves the accumulation of SPS at microvia bottom in electroplating filling, resulting in the speeding up of microvia filling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mycoplasma genitalium (M. genitalium) has been shown to be involved in chronic nongonococcal urethritis (NGU). However, the prevalence and determinants of this emerging sexually transmissible infection among prostatitis patients remain obscure. Methods: Two hundred and thirty-five patients diagnosed with prostatitis and 152 health controls from sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinics in Shanghai, China, were selected. M. genitalium was detected in the initial voided urine (VB1), midstream of urine (VB2), expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) and the opening urine after massage (VB3) by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) targeting the Mycoplasma genitalium adhesion protein (MgPa). An infection of the prostate was considered positive if a uropathogen was found only in the EPS sample or VB3, or if it was at least four-fold greater in EPS or VB3 than in VB1 or VB2. The prostatitis patients with M. genitalium infection were treated with azithromycin. Results: The prevalence of M. genitalium infection was significantly higher among the prostatitis group than the control group (10 vs 3%, P = 0.005). Among the prostatitis group, M. genitalium infection was significantly associated with those patients who received treatment for genitourinary infection previously than those patients who did not (17 vs 6%; adjusted OR, 4.011; 95% CI, 1.562-10.300). The symptoms were totally or partially improved in 83% per cent (19/23) of prostatitis patients with M. genitalium, positive in EPS and M. genitalium turned negative after azithromycin treatment. Conclusions: M. genitalium was prevalent in the patients with prostatitis, particularly in those who received ineffective antibiotic treatment for the bacterium, and was identified as having a significant association of prostatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new methodology for solving response of a spherical shell based on developed solution structure theorem has been proposed. It can be used to solve the wave equation about the structural dynamic response of a spherical shell under the impact pressure. The proposed method can be used to solve a batch of partial differential equations having the similar governing equation with different initial and boundary conditions. A detailed solving procedure has been provided to show how to use this method correctly. Finally, a practical example is provided to show how to use the proposed method to solving the elastodynamic response of a spherical shell under inner impact load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider the optimal contract in a monopolistic insurance market when the insurer has ambiguity about the composition of the consumers. When there are only two types of consumers, we find that high-risk consumers are fully insured, whereas low-risk consumers are only partially insured. For an ambiguity averse insurer, as ambiguity increases, the optimal menu of contracts moves toward the one that equalizes the profits earned by the insurer from the two types of consumers. The insurer may offer the same menu of contracts even if her prior belief changes. For an ambiguity seeking insurer, when the degree of ambiguity increases, the optimal menu moves away from the menu that equalizes the profits earned from the two types of consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The load of resources in the block logistics process influences the mid-term planning and scheduling of shipyard management. Therefore, load analysis must be conducted before confirming the plans. However, conducting the analysis using the traditional mathematical model is difficult. This study suggests using the discrete event simulation (DES) method for load analysis in advance. The simulation model of actual shipyard block logistics is established by the DES software. Data on the structure of the product, process, resource, and schedule are clearly defined to match the DES model. Partial results through the simulation are discussed in terms of real production activities. The outputs prove that the proposed simulation model can help planners arrive at reasonable and rational decisions related to shipbuilding plans. This simulation method can contribute in strengthening the competitiveness of shipyards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bath geometry and uniform electrolyte flow are the foundations of a uniform copper electrodeposition for printed circuit boards (PCBs) and electronic packaging applications. In order to achieve requirements for uniform electrodeposit thickness, a revised bath configuration was introduced to achieve copper electrodeposition of through holes (THs). Compared with Haring cell, uniformity of plated through hole (PTH) had been improved, especially for high aspect ratio TH. Furthermore, an electrochemical model for TH filling was constructed by multi-physical coupling technique. The model was utilized to investigate performances of copper electrodeposition, such as electrolyte flow field, resistance, current density distribution and electrodeposit thickness. The results indicated that for high aspect ratio TH filling, electrolyte flow played an increasingly important role in uniform electroplating process, which was in good agreement with the experiments. Furthermore, the effects of forced convection on mass transport during copper electrodeposition were analyzed by electrochemical measurements. The re-optimized bath configuration is effective for uniform TH filling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In frozen soils, a portion of pore water remains unfrozen due to the effects of capillarity, adsorption, and possibly solute. The variation of the amount of unfrozen water and ice in a frozen soil, which is primarily influenced by subzero temperature, has great impacts on the physical and mechanical behavior of the soil and is critical for broad applications ranging from engineering to climate change. In the present study, the various methods that have been used for determining unfrozen water (and ice) content are comprehensively reviewed. Their principles, assumptions, advantages, and limitations are discussed. It is noted that there is yet no perfect way to accurately quantify unfrozen water content in frozen soils. In addition, the soil-freezing characteristic curve (SFCC) of a typical volcanic soil sampled in the Hokkaido prefecture of Japan is investigated. The unfrozen water content of the prepared soil specimens was measured using a cheap moisture sensor, which is based on the frequency domain reflectometry technique. The temperature of the specimens was determined by a rugged temperature sensor. Different numbers of freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles and different freezing/thawing methods (i.e., one- and three-dimensional) were considered, and their effects on the SFCC were investigated. The experimental results suggest that neither the F-T cycles nor the freezing/thawing methods had significant influence on the measured SFCC. The presented comprehensive review and experimental investigations are of importance for both the scientific and engineering communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a veterinary medical study which compares the effects of in vitro administration of isotonic fluid therapy and colloidal fluid therapy in healthy neonatal foals. It examines the efficacy of a synthetic low molecular weight/low molar substitution hydroxyethyl starch solution. The study suggests that the tretrastarch was effective in increasing colloid osmotic pressure (COP) for three-hour after infusion and had no notable adverse clinical effects in healthy foals.

Layered cylindrical vessels are widely used in process industries. The weld clad is applied before the girth welding of layered-to-layered sections. In this paper, a numerical method was used to predict residual stresses in a layered-to-layered joint with weld clad. The results showed that high residual stresses were generated in the weld and heat affect zone (HAZ), and a discontinuous stress distribution was generated. The through-wall axial residual stress at the weld centerline (WCL) was predominately tensile. The axial residual stress in each layer at the HAZ demonstrated a bending type distribution. The through-wall hoop residual stress at the WCL was predominately compressive in the V-groove zone, and it was tensile in the U-groove zone. The weld clad can decrease the peak residual stress in the tip of the interlayer gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycoplasma (M.) hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae are pathogens known to cause disease in pigs post-weaning. Due to their fastidious nature, there is increased need for culture-independent diagnostic platforms to detect these microorganisms. Therefore, this study was performed to develop and optimize quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays to rapidly detect M. hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae in pen-based oral fluids as well as nasal and tonsillar fluids as proxies for samples used in swine herd surveillance. Two methods of genomic DNA extraction, automated versus manual, were used to compare diagnostic test performance. A wean-to-finish longitudinal study was also carried out to demonstrate the reproducibility of using pen-based oral fluids. Overall, pen-based oral and tonsillar fluids were more likely to be positive for both types of bacteria whereas only M. hyorhinis was detected in nasal fluids. DNA extraction protocols were shown to significantly influence test result. Although the initial detection time somewhat differed, both organisms were repeatedly detected in the longitudinal study. Overall, this study evaluated two qPCR methods for rapid and specific detection of either mycoplasma. Results from the present investigation can serve as a foundation for future studies to determine the prevalence of the two microorganisms, environmental load, and effectiveness of veterinary interventions for infection control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with a study which examined the interobserver variability of radiographic pulmonary nodule diameter measurements in cats and dogs among readers with varying levels of experience. The results show that there was a 16% interobserver variability in diameter measurement for any given nodule. Based on this findings, it is suggested that a serial assessment of radiographic pulmonary nodules by the same clinician may no longer be valid.

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research / Revue Canadienne de Recherche Vétérinaire is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Parasite (1252607X) is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Microplastics have become a potential hazard to the quality and safety of aquatic products although there are few reports on microplastics distribution related to water depth, feeding habits and diets in aquaculture ponds. In this study, five aquaculture fish species (Ctenopharyngodon idella , Hypophthalmichthys molitrix , Cirrhinus molitorella , Oreochromis niloticus and Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) were selected and their accumulation of microplastics was measured and classified. We found that the water depth, feeding habits and diets led to large differences in microplastics accumulation. The bottom-dwelling omnivorous fish had the largest ingestion of microplastics and ranked as P. fulvidraco > O. niloticus > C. molitorella ，the herbivore C. idella in the middle benthic layer and the upper-layer filter-feeder H. molitrix had the lowest ingestion. The detection frequency in the gastro-intestinal tracts for C. idella , H. molitrix , C. molitorella , O. niloticus , and P. fulvidraco were 93. 33%, 91.67%, 87.50%, 92.86%, and 90.91%, and detection frequencies for gills were 86.67%, 100%, 87.5%, 100%, and 81.82%, respectively. Fibers presented the dominant shape (91.92%) and blue was the primary particle color in the majority of the samples (77.39%) and 0.5–2 mm particles dominated. The plastics were composed of olefins, acrylic, rayon, polyester, polyethylene and polypropylene. Our study first reported the relationship between MPs accumulation and water depth, feeding habits and diets in aquaculture ponds, which also has a certain correlation with the fish size. [Display omitted] • First report of the relationship between MPs accumulation and water depth, feeding habits and diets. • The bottom-dwelling omnivorous fish had the largest ingestion of MPs accumulation. • Fish size and diets were linked to differences in MPs accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new trichostome ciliate, Balantidium honghuensis n. sp., was isolated from the recta of Rana nigromaculata and R. limnocharis during parasite surveys in Honghu Lake, Hubei Province, central China in summer of 2010 and 2011. Its detailed morphometric characters based on LM and SEM studies were described herein. The organism is oval in shape and thickly ciliated. The vestibulum is "V" shaped and occupies about 1/3 to 2/5 of the body length. The vestibular and nearby regions possess strong peripheral fibers which form a marked axial fiber about the cytopharynx. More than 10 contractile vacuoles are distributed along the periphery of the latter body. Comparisions were made between this new species and B. sinensis Nie, 1935. They were discriminated from each other in terms of general body forms, body size, and vestibulum shapes. Besides, special attention was paid to its high-speed daughter swarmers which we believed to be the infective stage of B. honghuensis. Possible infection routes of anura amphibian balantidia were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research / Revue Canadienne de Recherche Vétérinaire is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The interaction between nitrotetrazolium blue chloride (NTBC) and copper surface was investigated using atomic force microscope (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS). NTBC was employed as a leveler in the through-hole (TH) electroplating experiments. The electrochemical behaviors of NTBC were evaluated using rotating disk electrode. The results indicate that NTBC is an effective leveler used for TH electroplating. NTBC could be adsorbed on copper surface to form an adsorption layer. The adsorption behavior of NTBC on copper surface indicates that NTBC could inhibit the copper electrodeposition, which provides favorable conditions used as a leveler. In the TH electroplating experiments, a fiat copper plating with uniform thickness in the TH was obtained when 3 ppm NTBC was added. The addition of NTBC could increase the cathodic polarization, which is attributed to the adsorption of NTBC on the cathode in the process of TH electroplating. The increase of potential difference at 100 and 1000 rpm with the addition of NTBC proves that NTBC is an effective additive used for TH electroplating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study that evaluates the bactericidal effect of shock waves (SWs) on gram-negative or gram-positive monocultured biofilms grown on an orthopedic implant in vitro. The study cultured cortical bones individually with Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus epidermidis to produce a biofilm. It reveals no bactericidal effects on monocultured biofilms on cortical bone screws treated with shock waves.

The article discusses about the dynamic aircraft-taxiing model and its application in hub airports. The study used a system composing of solutions including a dynamic aircraft-taxiing model, a surface operations observer, and a surface conflict controller to assess 3 aircraft trajectory record fragments from the Chengdu Shuangliu airport in Nanjing, China. Results showed that mean aircraft waiting times were reduced and mean taxiing speed grew, proving that the method can enhance traffic flow.

The article evaluates various ribonucleic acid (RNA) extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols for the detection of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in porcine oral fluids. The study found that inhibition of PCR reactions was reduced by use of a higher concentration of PCR enzymes. Results also imply that laboratories should not assume that methods optimized for detection of virus in serum will perform equally with porcine oral fluids.

The article discusses a study which investigated the mechanism by which the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (FN) is regulated by local shear stress patterns. The dependence of FN on platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM)-1 mechanotransduction, as well as its role in sustaining an atheroprone/proinflammatory phenotype are examined. The researchers found that atheroprone fluid shear stress induced FN gene expression and assembly into matrix fibrils.

LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 with a well-ordered layered structure, which is confirmed by X-ray diffraction, was synthesized by the sol-gel method. The electrochemical performance of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn113O2 was investigated in a 2 M LiNO3 aqueous solution and in an organic solution. LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 showed a much better rate capability in the aqueous solution than in the organic solution; both charge and discharge processes were finished in a few seconds. The cycle performance of the LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 electrode with different charge/discharge rates from 80 to 200C was tested, and it exhibited good cycle performance in the aqueous solution with only 9.1% capacity loss after 1000 cycles at 80C (charge and discharge processes both within 20 s). The diffusion coefficients of lithium ion in the bulk of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 in the aqueous and organic solutions were calculated to be 1.39 X 10-1s and 1.51 X 10-10 cm2/s, respectively, by slow scan cyclic voltammetry. The electrochemistry impedance spectrum indicates that Ret in the aqueous solution is less than I Ω, which is 1-2 magnitude lower than in the organic solution. The fast and stable interfacial charge transfer in the aqueous solution should lead to improved electrochemical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The function of angiotensin peptides is dependent upon the action of several aminopeptidases (APs) termed angiotensinases. Soluble (SOL) and membrane (MEM)-bound alanyl-AP (AlaAP) and cystinyl-AP (CysAP) are involved in the metabolism of angiotensins and related to the modulation of behavior and memory. To study the interactions between angiotensinase activity in the hippocampus and behavioral lateralization, Wistar rats were selected on the basis of their performance in the paw preference test (left-handed, ambidextrous and right-handed) and the activities of SOL-AlaAP/CysAP and MEM-AlaAP/CysAP were measured in the both hippocampuses. We observed that: (1) the left hippocampus had higher activities of SOL-AlaAP/CysAP and MEM-AlaAP/CysAP than the right hippocampus; (2) rats showed significant differences in the activities of SOL-AlaAP/CysAP and MEM-AlaAP/CysAP in the hippocampus depending on the behavioral lateralization detecting by paw preference; (3) in three groups of rats, hemispheric dominance – %R/T [%R/T=right hemisphere/(right hemisphere+left hemisphere)×100] activities of MEM-AlaAP, SOL-CysAP and MEM-CysAP was significantly different whereby %RT was lower in left-handed, higher in ambidextrous and intermediate in right-handed rats; (4) individual %R/T activities of SOL-CysAP and MEM-CysAP in the hippocampus were positively correlated with paw preference scores. Finally, we used the passive avoidance behavior test to demonstrate the differences of long-term memory among the three groups. These results suggested that the asymmetric activity of angiotensinase in the rat hippocampus may be associated with both the direction and the intensity of behavioral lateralization as expressed by paw preference. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study investigated the effects of current density and dilution rates on the removal of ammonia from artificial urine by electrolytic oxidization using titanium electrodes coated with ruthenium and iridium (RuO2-IrO2-TiO2/Ti). With a total electrode area of 160 cm2 dipped into 1.0 L urine, a current density of 50 mA cm-2, and an electrolysis time of 180 min, 22.19% of ammonia was removed, and the energy consumption per unit of removed ammonia was found to be 56.90 kWh kg-1. When urine was 10-fold diluted with tap water, removal efficiency and energy consumption were increased to 71.80 % and 500.75 kWh kg-1, respectively. With increase of current density or dilution multiples, ammonia removal efficiency, energy consumption and removal rate increased while the current efficiency decreased. The reported ammonia removal followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. Hence, it can be concluded that electrolytic oxidization exhibited a potential to remove ammonia from source-separated urine through a de-central manner and a completely automated technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]