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Polymorphisms of the oxytocin receptor gene ( OXTR ) have been hypothesized to correlate with social behavior in humans and other mammals. We examined the relationships between owner-assessed personality and OXTR polymorphisms in cats, which have long history of domestication by humans. We analyzed the exon1 region of OXTR in 94 DNA samples (57 males and 37 females) and found 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms. We focused on the G738A polymorphism. Questionnaires containing 30 questions with 6-point scales were completed by the cats' owners. Factor analysis for the scores identified 4 factors, which we named “Openness,” “Friendliness,” “Roughness,” and “Neuroticism.” A generalized linear mixed model analysis revealed that cats with the A allele in the single nucleotide polymorphism G738A showed significantly higher roughness scores than cats without the A allele. After dividing cats into 4 sex × neutering groups, only neutered females showed the significant difference between the A allele carriers and non- A allele carriers in roughness scores. Age also affected personality: younger cats showed much higher openness scores, whereas older cats showed higher roughness scores. This study shows that genetic variation in cats may be linked to their personality traits, a finding that may be useful from the viewpoint of companion animal welfare; for example, to match potential good owners and cats using genetic information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recognizing invisible entities from auditory information is advantageous to animals in various situations including predator avoidance and foraging. In 2 experiments we asked whether cats could predict the presence of an unseen object on hearing noise it made, based on a causal-logical rule. After observing an experimenter shaking an opaque container for 15 seconds (observation phase), the cats freely explored the environment for 15 seconds (response phase). Experiment 1 tested 3 conditions. In the first, “contingent noise” condition, the object inside the container made a rattling noise when shaken. In the second, “irrelevant noise” condition, white noise accompanied the shaking action. In the third, “no noise” condition, the shaking action was silent. Experiment 2 tested a “noncontingent noise” condition, in which the rattling noise and movement of the container were out of synchrony. In both experiments cats looked at the container for longer in the “contingent noise” condition than the other conditions. These results suggest that cats used a causal-logical understanding of auditory stimuli to predict the presence of invisible objects. This ability may be related to the ecology of cats' natural hunting style. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]