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Carbon monoxide (CO) is a harmful gas with significant impacts on human health and the environment. Its timely detection, especially in the event of thermal runaway in automotive lithium batteries, is crucial to prevent casualties. This paper reviews the progress in the development of efficient, sensitive, and reliable CO sensors, focusing on electrochemical, optical, and resistive sensing materials. Low-dimensional materials have a large specific surface area, providing an abundant number of active sites, which has drawn extensive attention from researchers. According to the different sensor signals, we categorized these sensors into electrical and optical signal sensors. We hope that by systematically introducing the sensing mechanism and sensing performance of these two kinds of sensors, appropriate CO sensors can be developed in different application scenarios so as to realize early warning and monitoring to the maximum extent, reduce industrial losses, and ensure the life and health of personnel.

Natural organisms have evolved multi-scale wet gas sensing interfaces with optimized mass transport pathways in biological fluid environments, which sheds light on developing artificial counterparts with improved wet gas sensing abilities and practical applications. Herein, we highlighted current advances in wet gas sensing taking advantage of optimized mass transport pathways endowed by multi-scale interface design. Common moisture resistance (e.g., employing moisture resistant sensing materials, post-modifying moisture resistant coatings, physical heating for moisture resistance, and self-removing hydroxyl groups) and moisture absorption (e.g., employing moisture absorption sensing materials and post-modifying moisture absorption coatings) strategies for wet gas sensing were discussed. Then, the design principles of bioinspired multi-scale wet gas sensing interfaces were provided, including macro-level condensation mediation, micro/nano-level transport pathway adjustment and molecular level moisture-proof design. Finally, perspectives on constructing bioinspired multi-scale wet gas sensing interfaces were presented, which will not only deepen our understanding of the underlying principles, but also promote practical applications.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)-based therapies have become an attractive topic in disease intervention, especially with some that have been approved by the FDA such as the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (Comirnaty, Pfizer-BioNTech, and Spikevax, Moderna) and Patisiran (siRNA-based drug for liver delivery). However, extensive applications are still facing challenges in delivering highly negatively charged RNA to the targeted site. Therapeutic delivery strategies including RNA modifications, RNA conjugates, and RNA polyplexes and delivery platforms such as viral vectors, nanoparticle-based delivery platforms, and hydrogel-based delivery platforms as potential nucleic acid-releasing depots have been developed to enhance their cellular uptake and protect nucleic acid from being degraded by immune systems. Here, we review the growing number of viral vectors, nanoparticles, and hydrogel-based RNA delivery systems; describe RNA loading/release mechanism induced by environmental stimulations including light, heat, pH, or enzyme; discuss their physical or chemical interactions; and summarize the RNA therapeutics release period (temporal) and their target cells/organs (spatial). Finally, we describe current concerns, highlight current challenges and future perspectives of RNA-based delivery systems, and provide some possible research areas that provide opportunities for clinical translation of RNA delivery carriers.

Mechanical equipment usually runs under normal condition (NC), making it prohibitively challenging to collect sufficient fault samples and the dataset is prone to imbalanced characteristics, which severely limits the performance of intelligent fault diagnosis methods. In view of this, a conditional Wasserstein generative adversarial network with switchable normalization (SN-CWGAN) is proposed. First, self-attention mechanism and dense convolutional network (DenseNet) are integrated into SN-CWGAN to enhance the transmission of key features, so as to obtain more discriminative feature information. Simultaneously, switchable normalization is performed within discriminators to increase the generalization capability of the SN-CWGAN model. Then, a two time-scale update rule (TTUR) is applied to improve the convergence speed and stability of the model during training. Accordingly, the SN-CWGAN model can generate high-quality fault samples to balance the dataset. Finally, the AlexNet classifier is trained on the balanced dataset to realize fault diagnosis. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by two case studies. The diagnostic results and comparative experiments indicate that the proposed method achieves significant improvements in diagnostic accuracy and stability.

Direct coupling of unactivated olefins with primary alkylamines is considered to be an efficient but unknown method for the construction of complex amines. Herein we report a catalytic intermolecular oxidative amination of unactivated olefins with primary aliphatic amines based on the combination of a palladium catalyst, a bidentate phosphine ligand, and duroquinone. A range of secondary allylic amines were obtained in good yields with excellent regio- and stereoselectivity. Mechanistic control experiments revealed that the reaction proceeds by allylic C(sp3)–H activation and nucleophilic amination. The utility of the protocol is further demonstrated with the late-stage modification and streamlined synthesis of drug molecules.

Background:The formation of biomolecular condensates via phase separation has emerged as a fundamental principle underlying the spatiotemporal coordination of biological activities in cells. Aberrant biomolecular condensates often directly regulate key cellular process involved in the pathogenesis of human diseases, including kidney diseases. Summary:In this review, we summarize the physiological roles of phase separation and methodologies for phase separation studies. Taking autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease as an example, we discuss recent advances toward elucidating the multiple mechanisms involved in kidney pathology arising from aberrant phase separation. We suggest that dysregulation of phase separation contributes to the pathogenesis of other important kidney diseases, including kidney injury and fibrosis. Key Messages:Phase separation provides a useful new concept to understand the mechanisms underlying kidney disease development. Targeting aberrant phase-separated condensates offers new therapeutic avenues for combating kidney diseases.

The vehicle supply chain industry is in a stage of rapid development with the popularization of electric vehicles. However, counterfeits, also known as fake products, present a non-negligible effect on vehicle supply chains. Counterfeit vehicular parts have created significant losses in both monetary value and social terms. For example, tainted and sub-standard tires or batteries used in vehicles even have caused traffic accidents or loss of human life. Due to these dominant reasons, many researchers have focused on building anti-counterfeiting supply chain systems. More recently, several blockchain-based solutions have been presented, whereas most of them lack privacy protection. In this paper, aiming at the issue, we propose a reliable and Anti-counterfeiting and Privacy-Preserving Blockchain-based vehicle supply chains, called APPB. APPB is characterized by offering dual advantages, by utilizing the immutability of blockchain and keeping the privacy of product selling information and business relationship. Both security analysis and experimental results are conducted, and the results indicate that APPB can achieve privacy protection and anti-counterfeiting with acceptable efficiency.

Recent studies support a critical role of epigenetics in cyst-associated gene expression and the progression of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), although the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we show that expression of CDYL, a chromodomain Y-like transcription repressor and crotonyl-CoA hydratase, is suppressed in ADPKD kidneys, accompanied by an increase of histone lysine crotonylation (Kcr). Interestingly, CDYL can form biomolecular condensates, which enhance its catalytic activity on histone Kcr. Through a phase separation?mediated mechanism, overexpression of CDYL reduces histone Kcr, inhibits the expression of cyst-associated genes, and slows cyst growth. Thus, our study establishes a prominent role for CDYL nuclear condensation in regulating histone Kcr, the cyst-associated gene expression program, and ADPKD progression.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in electric vehicles, energy storage power stations and other portable devices for their high energy densities, long cycle life, and low self-discharge rate. However, they still face several challenges. Low-temperature environments have slowed down the use of LIBs by significantly deteriorating their normal performance. This review aims to resolve this issue by clarifying the phenomenon and reasons for the deterioration of LIB performance at low temperatures. From the perspective of system management, this review summarizes and analyzes the common performance-improving methods from two aspects including preheating and charging optimization and then depicts the future development of methods in this regard. This review is expected to inspire further studies for the improvement of the LIB performance at low temperatures.

Purpose This investigation aims to explore the protective role of Naringenin (Nar) in bone cancer pain (BCP) via TNF-α-mediated NF-κB/uPA/PAR2 pathway.Methods BCP model was manipulated by the injection of LL2 cells into femur of mice. The levels of TNF-α and uPA in bone tissue and serum were studied by ELISA. The expressions of PAR2, PKC-γ, PKA and TRPV1 were determined by qPCR and western blot. Levels of p-IKKβ, IKKβ, p-p65, p65 were determined by western blot. Levels of p-p65 and uPA in bone tissue were studied by immunohistochemistry. Behavior tests in this investigation included paw withdrawal latency (PWL) and the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT). Radiological analysis and micro-CT were used to study bone structure. The lesions of bone tissue were determined by HE staining. The Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) isolated from mice were used to determine the level of PAR2 pathway.Results Naringenin improved the BCP-induced bone damage based on the increases of BV/TV, Conn. D, BMD and BMC and the decrease of bone destruction score. Naringenin repressed the reductions of PWT and PWL in BCP mice. Naringenin decreased the levels of PAR2, PKC-γ, PKA and TRPV1 of DRG and reduced the levels of p-IKKβ, p-p65, and uPA in serum and bone tissue in BCP. Importantly, naringenin suppressed the enhancement of TNF-α in serum and bone tissue in BCP mice.Conclusion Naringenin alleviated pain sensitization and bone damage of mice with BCP via TNF-α-mediated NF-κB/uPA/PAR2 pathway. We demonstrated a novel pathway for anti-BCP treatment with naringenin.

This study investigates the search capability, stability, and computational efficiency of four improved penalty-free constraint-handling techniques (CHTs), including the death penalty, the Deb rule, the filter method, and the mapping strategy, in structural optimization using harmony search (HS). The first three general-purpose CHTs have been improved by hybridizing with a structural analysis filter strategy to enhance their computational efficiency based on the characteristics of structural optimization and the solution updating rule of the HS. This study also has modified the mapping operator of the mapping strategy to handle size and shape optimization with Euler buckling constraints. Four numerical examples examine the performances of these CHTs. The comparative results show that the mapping strategy exhibits apparent superiority both in search capability and stability among the four. However, it also demands the most computational cost, and the improved Deb rule becomes the most competitive method while considering computational efficiency. The difference between the death penalty and the Deb rule method is that the feasible solution initialization process required by the death penalty method will deteriorate its computational efficiency in problems with small feasible space. The filter method always reserves some infeasible solutions to guide the search in the iteration process. However, its performances are inferior to the other three approaches in four benchmark problems.

Various biomaterial scaffolds have been developed for improving stem cell anchorage and function in tissue constructs for in vitro and in vivo uses. Growth factors are typically applied to scaffolds to mediate cell differentiation. Conventionally, growth factors are not strictly localized in the scaffolds; thus, they may leak into the surrounding environment, causing undesired side effects on tissues or cells. Hence, there is a need for improved tissue construct strategies based on highly localized drug delivery and a homeostatic microenvironment. This study developed an injectable nanomatrix (NM) scaffold with a layer-by-layer structure inside each nanosized fiber of the scaffold based on controlled self-assembly at the molecular level. The NM was hierarchically assembled from Janus base nanotubes (JBNTs), matrilin-3, and transforming growth factor β-1 (TGF-β1) via bioaffinity. JBNTs, which form the NM backbone, are novel DNA-inspired nanomaterials that mimic the natural helical nanostructures of collagens. The chondrogenic factor, TGF-β1, was enveloped in the inner layer inside the NM fibers to prevent its release. Matrilin-3 was incorporated into the outer layer to create a cartilage-mimicking microenvironment and to maintain tissue homeostasis. Interestingly, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) had a strong preference to anchor along the NM fibers and formed a localized homeostatic microenvironment. Therefore, this NM has successfully generated highly organized structures via molecular self-assembly and achieved localized drug delivery and stem cell anchorage for homeostatic tissue constructs.

Abstract: Articular cartilage injury, as a hallmark of arthritic diseases, is difficult to repair and causes joint pain, stiffness, and loss of mobility. Over the years, the most significant problems for the drug-based treatment of arthritis have been related to drug administration and delivery. In recent years, much research has been devoted to developing new strategies for repairing or regenerating the damaged osteoarticular tissue. The RNA interference (RNAi) has been suggested to have the potential for implementation in targeted therapy in which the faulty gene can be edited by delivering its complementary short interfering RNA (siRNA) at the posttranscriptional stage. The successful editing of a specific gene by the delivered siRNA might slow or halt osteoarthritic diseases without side effects caused by chemical inhibitors. However, cartilage siRNA delivery remains a challenging objective because cartilage is an avascular and very dense tissue with very low permeability. Furthermore, RNA is prone to degradation by serum nucleases (such as RNase H and RNase A) due to an extra hydroxyl group in its phosphodiester backbone. Therefore, successful delivery is the first and most crucial requirement for efficient RNAi therapy. Nanomaterials have emerged as highly advantage tools for these studies, as they can be engineered to protect siRNA from degrading, address barriers in siRNA delivery to joints, and target specific cells. This review will discuss recent breakthroughs of different siRNA delivery technologies for cartilage diseases. Lay Summary: Articular cartilage breakdown is a hallmark of osteoarthritis, which is difficult to repair and treat. Currently, there is no disease-modifying therapeutic approved by FDA to treat osteoarthritis. In recent years, RNAi drugs have been suggested to have the potential for repairing or regenerating the damaged articular cartilage. However, the effective delivery of small RNAs remains a significant challenge. To overcome these obstacles, nanomaterial delivery systems including polymers, lipids, peptides, and oligonucleotide nanoparticles have been developed to enhance the effectiveness of RNAi drugs. Here, we review recent progress in using nanomaterials to deliver small RNAs for cartilage disease therapeutics. In the future, nanomaterials can be specifically designed to form small-sized delivery vehicles with excellent penetration properties. RNAi therapeutics based on these nanomaterials will have great promise to treat cartilage diseases.

It is well acknowledged to all that an active equalization strategy can overcome the inconsistency of lithium-ion cell's voltage and state of charge (SOC) in series-connected lithium-ion battery (LIB) pack in the electric vehicle application. In this regard, a novel dual threshold trigger mechanism based active equalization strategy (DTTM-based AES) is proposed to overcome the inherent inconsistency of cells and to improve the equalization efficiency for a series-connected LIB pack. First, a modified dual-layer inductor equalization circuit is constructed to make it possible for the energy transfer path optimization. Next, based on the designed dual threshold trigger mechanism provoked by battery voltage and SOC, an active equalization strategy is proposed, each single cell's SOC in the battery packs is estimated using the extended Kalman particle filter algorithm. Besides, on the basis of the modified equalization circuit, the improved particle swarm optimization is adopted to optimize the energy transfer path with aiming to reduce the equalization time. Lastly, the simulation and experimental results are provided to validate the proposed DTTM-based AES.

A variety of engineered nanoparticles, including lipid nanoparticles, polymer nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, and biomimetic nanoparticles, have been studied as delivery vehicles for biomedical applications. When assessing the efficacy of a nanoparticle-based delivery system, in vitrotesting with a model delivery system is crucial because it allows for real-time, in situquantitative transport analysis, which is often difficult with in vivoanimal models. The advent of tissue engineering has offered methods to create experimental models that can closely mimic the 3D microenvironment in the human body.

Small interfering RNA (siRNA), a promising revolutionary therapy, faces delivery obstacles due to its poor targeting, strong charge negativity and macromolecular nature. Clinical-approved siRNAs can now only be delivered to the liver mediated by the chemically conjugated N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) ligand, the conjugate can be effectively uptaken into cells through interaction with asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) highly expressed on liver hepatocytes. To further explore an efficient non-hepatic targeted delivery strategy, in this study, we designed a delivery system that chemically conjugated p53 siRNA to renal tubular cell-targeting peptides for targeting the kidney, which was suitable for industrial transformation. Results showed that peptide-siRNA conjugate could specifically enter renal tubular epithelial cells and silence targeted genes. In cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) mice, peptide-siRNA conjugate blocked the p53-mediated apoptotic pathway and alleviated renal damage. The innovative proposed system to conjugate kidney-targeting peptides with siRNA achieved the efficient kidney-targeted delivery of siRNA and provided a prospective choice for treating AKI.

Natural organisms have evolved various biological ion channels to make timely responses toward different physical and/or chemical stimuli, giving guidance to construct artificial counterparts and expand the corresponding applications. They have also shown promising potential to overcome disadvantages of traditional electronic devices (e.g., energy-consuming operation and adverse humidity interference). Herein, we constructed a green alga-inspired nanofluidic system based on a Janus dual-field heterogeneous membrane (i.e., J-HM), which can function underwater as an artificial visual platform for light perception through enhanced active ion transport. The J-HM was obtained through sequentially assembled MXene and Cu-HHTP (i.e., a metal–organic framework based on the reaction between 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene hydrate (HHTP) and Cu2+) building units. Due to the formed temperature gradient and intramembrane electric field caused by the localized thermal excitation and efficient charge separation of J-HM under illumination, thermo-osmotic and photo-driven forces are generated for preferential cation transport from Cu-HHTP to MXene. Furthermore, unidirectional active transport can be enhanced by self-diffusion under a concentration gradient. Then, the corresponding underwater light perceptions at various light illumination conditions are explored, showing nearly a linear correlation with the light intensity. Finally, it is demonstrated that the visual platform can achieve object shape, definition, and distance recognition using a defined pixelated matrix, giving impetus to develop ionic signal transmission based sensing systems.

Modern suspension bridges exhibit a trend of lighter structures, more diversified structural forms, and longer spans, the latter already exceeding two kilometers. Bridge performance under dead and live loads depends on their structural and main cable systems, while cable-supported bridges especially rely on the design analysis and construction control of the main cable. This literary survey systematically analyzes the research progress and state-of-the-art status quo in the structural systems and design theories of suspension bridges, focusing on the structural systems, main cable shape analyses, live load effect analyses, and emerging lucrative research directions. More than 100 reliable references have been surveyed. (1) Multi-span or multi-main cable schemes appeal to increasing attention, which may become a better choice in terms of structural systems in scenarios with extremely long spans and heavy loads. The cable layouts, such as spatial main cables and hybrid cable-stayed suspension systems have also become feasible approaches for enhancing structural stiffness. (2) The shape-finding analysis during the construction phase is more complex and has more essential factors than that of the completed bridge state. Refined theories combining analytical methods and finite element methods are more suitable for the shape-finding analysis of complex cable systems than any single theory of the two, especially for novel cable systems. (3) The live load effect analysis methods based on traditional deflection theory or modified/improved deflection theories still have wide applications, but the refined theory of treating hangers as discrete members is also constantly developing, which is expected to provide new ideas for more complex structural analysis under the different types of live loads and their distribution forms.

Enamides and their derivatives are prominent bioactive pharmacophores found in various bioactive molecules. Herein we report a palladium-catalyzed oxidative N-α,β-dehydrogenation of amides to produce a range of enamides with high yields and excellent tolerance toward different functional groups. Mechanistic studies indicate that the reaction involves allylic C(sp3)–H activation followed by β-H elimination. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated through late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules and the synthesis of valuable compounds through product elaboration.

Underwater superoleophobic surfaces have attracted great attention due to their broad applications such as anti-oil adhesion, oil capture and transportation, and oil/water separation. However, it is often fairly complex and time-consuming, involved in the construction of micro/nanostructures and the regulation of chemical compositions; there is an urgent need to develop new strategies to conquer these problems. Inspired by the strong anchoring capability and easy accessibility of plant polyphenols, we can readily and rapidly fabricate tannic acid (TA) coated copper surfaces with the excellent underwater super oil-repellent property. To achieve the optimal condition for TA modification, the influence of immersion time, TA concentration, and pH value on underwater–oil wettability and adhesion has been systematically explored. Furthermore, the underwater super oil-repellent feature can be widely achieved for different oils and on various metal sheets, suggesting the potential applications for plenty of fields such as anti-oil pollution.

In this paper we present the enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry mission—eXTP. eXTP is a space science mission designed to study fundamental physics under extreme conditions of density, gravity and magnetism. The mission aims at determining the equation of state of matter at supra-nuclear density, measuring effects of QED, and understanding the dynamics of matter in strong-field gravity. In addition to investigating fundamental physics, eXTP will be a very powerful observatory for astrophysics that will provide observations of unprecedented quality on a variety of galactic and extragalactic objects. In particular, its wide field monitoring capabilities will be highly instrumental to detect the electro-magnetic counterparts of gravitational wave sources. The paper provides a detailed description of: (1) the technological and technical aspects, and the expected performance of the instruments of the scientific payload; (2) the elements and functions of the mission, from the spacecraft to the ground segment.

In biomineralization and bioinspired mineralization, substrates and additives function synergistically in providing structural control of the mineralized layers including their orientation, polymorph, morphology, hierarchical architecture, etc. Herein, a novel type of granular aragonitic CaCO3–poly(acrylic acid) substrate guides the mineralization of prismatic CaCO3thin films of distinct morphology and polymorph in the presence of different additives including organic compounds and polymers. For instance, weakly charged amino acids lead to columnar aragonite overlayers, while their charged counterparts and organic acids/bases inhibit the overgrowth. Employment of several specific soluble polymer additives in overgrowth instead results in calcitic overlayers with distinct hierarchical architecture, good hardness/Young’s modulus, and under-water superoleophobicity. Interestingly, self-organized patterns in the CaCO3–poly(l-glutamic acid) overlayer are obtained under proper mineralization conditions. We demonstrate that the granular seed comprised of mineralized and polymeric constituents is a versatile platform for obtaining prismatic CaCO3thin films, where structural control can be realized by the employment of different types of additives in overgrowth. We expect the methodology to be applied to a broad spectrum of bioinspired, prismatic-type crystalline products, aiming for the development of high-performance hybrids.

Finding the electromagnetic (EM) counterpart of binary compact star merger, especially the binary neutron star (BNS) merger, is critically important for gravitational wave (GW) astronomy, cosmology and fundamental physics. On Aug. 17, 2017, Advanced LIGO and Fermi/GBM independently triggered the first BNS merger, GW170817, and its high energy EM counterpart, GRB 170817A, respectively, resulting in a global observation campaign covering gamma-ray, X-ray, UV, optical, IR, radio as well as neutrinos. The High Energy X-ray telescope (HE) onboard Insight-HXMT (Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope) is the unique high-energy gamma-ray telescope that monitored the entire GW localization area and especially the optical counterpart (SSS17a/AT2017gfo) with very large collection area (~1000 cm2) and microsecond time resolution in 0.2-5 MeV. In addition, Insight-HXMT quickly implemented a Target of Opportunity (ToO) observation to scan the GW localization area for potential X-ray emission from the GW source. Although Insight-HXMT did not detect any significant high energy (0.2-5 MeV) radiation from GW170817, its observation helped to confirm the unexpected weak and soft nature of GRB 170817A. Meanwhile, Insight-HXMT/HE provides one of the most stringent constraints (~10‒7to 10‒6erg/cm2/s) for both GRB170817A and any other possible precursor or extended emissions in 0.2-5 MeV, which help us to better understand the properties of EM radiation from this BNS merger. Therefore the observation of Insight-HXMT constitutes an important chapter in the full context of multi-wavelength and multi-messenger observation of this historical GW event.

CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a transcription regulator with a complex role in gene regulation. The recognition and effects of CTCF on DNA sequences, chromosome barriers, and enhancer blocking are not well understood. Existing computational tools struggle to assess the regulatory potential of CTCF-binding sites and their impact on chromatin loop formation. Here we have developed a deep-learning model, DeepAnchor, to accurately characterize CTCF binding using high-resolution genomic/epigenomic features. This has revealed distinct chromatin and sequence patterns for CTCF-mediated insulation and looping. An optimized implementation of a previous loop model based on DeepAnchor score excels in predicting CTCF-anchored loops. We have established a compendium of CTCF-anchored loops across 52 human tissue/cell types, and this suggests that genomic disruption of these loops could be a general mechanism of disease pathogenesis. These computational models and resources can help investigate how CTCF-mediated cis-regulatory elements shape context-specific gene regulation in cell development and disease progression.

Being one of the core power units of electric vehicles, the lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are broadly concerned. However, in the cases of abuses, LIBs may counter thermal runaway, threatening the personal and property safety of users. In order to avoid the occurrence of thermal runaway, the battery thermal management system (BTMS) has been introduced to improve the safety, optimize the efficiency and prolong the service life of lithium-ion batteries. In this review, feasible thermal management schemes of LIBs system were summarized chronically, different thermal management schemes were evaluated, and case studies were made. The schemes of controlling the internal reaction control in the battery are highlighted as well. This review offers a comprehensive view of BTMS and proposes a promising future for the employment of lithium-ion batteries.

Controllable impact spreading behavior is critical for effective thermal management of spray cooling. However, splash and retraction are common problems on hydrophobic (HPB) and hydrophilic (HPL) surfaces. Herein, by regulation of surface wettability, we report a controllable ultrafast impact superspreading behavior (superspreading time of ∼3.0 ms) without splash and retraction on superamphiphilic (SAPL) silicon surfaces. Analysis of dynamic wetting processes combined with observation of lateral force microscopy images on SAPL surfaces reveals the existence of a precursor film at the spreading edge induced by heterogeneous surface wettability at nanoscale. Further study indicates that the inhibition of splash results from the high liquid flux in precursor film, which suppresses the interposition of air at the spreading edge. The reduction of Laplace forces owing to the presence of precursor film inhibits retraction at the spreading frontier. Taking advantage of this impact superspreading behavior on SAPL surfaces, effective heat dissipation is demonstrated, offering uniform and high heat flux for the spray cooling process.

We analyzed temporal and spectral properties, focusing on the short bursts, for three anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs) and soft gamma repeaters (SGRs), including SGR 1806-20, 1E 1048-5937, and SGR 0501+4516. Using the data from XMM-Newton, we located the short bursts by the Bayesian blocks algorithm. The short bursts' duration distributions for three sources were fitted by two lognormal functions. The spectra of shorter bursts (< 0.2 s) and longer bursts ([?]0.2 s) can be well fitted in a two blackbody components model or optically thin thermal bremsstrahlung model for SGR 0501+4516. We also found that there is a positive correlation between the burst luminosity and the persistent luminosity with a power law index g = 1.23 +- 0.18. The energy ratio of this persistent emission to the time averaged short bursts is in the range of 10-103, being comparable to the case in Type I X-ray burst.

We analyzed temporal and spectral properties, focusing on the short bursts, for three anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs) and soft gamma repeaters (SGRs), including SGR 1806?20, 1E 1048?5937, and SGR 0501+4516. Using the data from XMM-Newton, we located the short bursts by the Bayesian blocks algorithm. The short bursts' duration distributions for three sources were fitted by two lognormal functions. The spectra of shorter bursts (< 0.2 s) and longer bursts (?0.2 s) can be well fitted in a two blackbody components model or optically thin thermal bremsstrahlung model for SGR 0501+4516. We also found that there is a positive correlation between the burst luminosity and the persistent luminosity with a power law index ? = 1.23 ± 0.18. The energy ratio of this persistent emission to the time averaged short bursts is in the range of 10-103, being comparable to the case in Type I X-ray burst.

Catalytic fixation of greenhouse gas CO2into value-added chemicals under mild conditions was deemed as an effective pathway for carbon emissions mitigation, though facing big challenges. Herein, a novel hydroxyl-ionic liquid functionalized metalloporphyrin (ZnTpyp-IL) catalyst bearing hydrogen bond donor (HBD), Lewis acidic and nucleophilic sites was fabricated and invested in the CO2cycloaddition without additive or solvent. The integration of ionic liquid endowed the framework with strong surface affinity to enrich CO2molecules, while the cooperative interplay of multiple active sites further promoted the high-selective conversion of epichlorohydrin (ECH). Under optimal conditions (100 °C, 1 MPa, 4 h), the yield of corresponding chloropropene carbonate (CPC) reached 97.1 % (turnover frequency (TOF) = 52.4 h-1), far superior to that of bare Tpyp (17.4 %). The preliminary kinetic studies revealed the lower activation energy (59.54 kJ/mol) needed to be overcome in the ring-opening process over ZnTpyp-IL. Moreover, a plausible dual-activation mechanism of hydrogen bonds and Zn centers for epoxides was proposed based on the density functional theory calculation (DFT) to explain the acceleration of rate-determining step. Coupled with the satisfactory reusability and substrate expansibility, the developed ZnTpyp-IL demonstrated its great potential as robust heterogeneous catalyst in the efficient utilization of C1resource.

As the energy density of lithium-ion batteries continues to increase, battery safety issues characterized by thermal runaway have become increasingly severe. Battery safety issues have severely restricted the large-scale application of power batteries. Among them, the flammable liquid organic electrolyte is one of the main reasons for the safety hazards of battery thermal runaway. This article reviews the flame-retardant mechanism and research progress of phosphorus-based flame-retardant additives, nitrogen-based flame-retardant additives, and halogen-based flame-retardant additives. The design strategies of conventional flame-retardant additives and intelligent flame-retardant additives in lithium-ion batteries are summarized. Finally, a development direction and research prospects of flame-retardant additives in lithium-ion battery electrolytes are prospected.

With the development of biomedical techniques, a new generation of gene delivery systems were investigated, characterized and developed. Many of them were also filed as patents. Such advanced gene delivery techniques have greatly improved gene therapy from in vitro, in vivo to clinics. In this review, three most significant gene delivery systems (physical transfection techniques, virus based delivery vectors and chemically engineered delivery systems) will be studied and their advantages, limitations, patents and applications will be discussed.