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A commercial process for vepdegestrant (1), the most advanced PROTAC protein degrader in human clinical trials, has been developed to support clinical and commercial needs. The process features an efficient convergent synthetic strategy through the final reductive amination of two advanced chiral intermediates, as well as several highly efficient telescoped processes and robust crystallization for purity control. The final commercial process of vepdegestrant (1) consists of seven proposed regulatory GMP steps with five isolations in an overall yield of 29%.

The high-entropy strategy has gained increasing popularity in the design of functional materials due to its four core effects. In this study, we introduce the concept of a “high-entropy magnet (HEM)”, which integrates diverse magnetic compounds within a single phase and is anticipated to demonstrate unique magnetism-related properties beyond that of its individual components. This concept is exemplified in AB2-type layered Kagome intermetallic compounds (Ti,Zr,Hf,Nb,Fe)Fe2. It is revealed that the competition among individual magnetic states and the presence of magnetic Fe in originally nonmagnetic high-entropy sites lead to intricate magnetic transitions with temperature. Consequently, unusual transformations in thermal expansion property (from positive to zero, negative, and back to near zero) are observed. Specifically, a near-zero thermal expansion is achieved over a wide temperature range (10–360 K, αv= −0.62 × 10–6K–1) in the A-site equal-atomic ratio (Ti1/5Zr1/5Hf1/5Nb1/5Fe1/5)Fe2compound, which is associated with successive deflection of average Fe moments. The HEM strategy holds promise for discovering new functionalities in solid materials.

Cancer constitutes a significant threat to patients’ lives worldwide. Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) that boost antitumor immunity by targeting immune checkpoint components, has emerged as a promising strategy for its treatment in recent years. However, the objective response rates of the ICIs are unsatisfactory. As the primary route, systemic administration of ICIs is often accompanied by immune-related adverse events. Local delivery of ICIs serves as a potential therapeutic strategy that can improve the efficacy while simultaneously reducing side effects through precise drug release at the tumor site. Initial validation of direct local application of ICIs for tumors in clinical trials has indicated reduced side effects and improved efficacy, while low bioavailability remains a challenge. Furthermore, research on various carriers, including nanoparticles, microneedles, hydrogels, combined platforms, and implantable devices for local release of ICIs has exhibited applying potential in treating murine tumors, among which combined platforms such as combined hydrogel system hold the highest promise due to their encompassment of the advantages of multiple carriers. These carriers, by incorporating ICIs and other therapeutics, could manage cancers more potently, which needs to be confirmed in clinical trials after the refinement of their biocompatibility. This review summarizes the latest research advancements regarding local administration of ICIs, with a particular focus on the carriers for local delivery as well as the combination therapies, thus providing novel insights and research guidance for scholars to enhance the efficacy of locally delivered ICIs on managing multiple cancers in the future.

Conventional policy for configuring an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) typically requires channel state information (CSI), thus incurring substantial overhead costs and facing incompatibility with the current network protocols. This paper proposes a blind beamforming strategy in the absence of CSI, aiming to boost the minimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) among all the receiver positions, namely the coverage enhancement. Although some existing works already consider the IRS-assisted coverage enhancement without CSI, they assume certain position-channel models through which the channels can be recovered from the geographic locations. In contrast, our approach solely relies on the received signal power data, not assuming any position-channel model. We examine the achievability and converse of the proposed blind beamforming method. If the IRS has N reflective elements and there are U receiver positions, then our method guarantees the minimum SNR of $\Omega (N^{2}/U)$ —which is fairly close to the upper bound $O(N+N^{2}\sqrt {\ln (NU)}/\sqrt [{4}]{U})$ . Aside from the simulation results, we justify the practical use of blind beamforming in a field test at 2.6 GHz. According to the real-world experiment, the proposed blind beamforming method boosts the minimum SNR across seven random positions in a conference room by 18.22 dB, while the position-based method yields a boost of 12.08 dB.

Energy harvesting wireless sensor nodes collect energy in a nonlinear dynamic change, resulting in low ability to dynamically match the collected and consumed energy of the node in the process of maintaining energy neutral operation (ENO).To address this problem, the concept of battery ENO (BENO) is proposed by analyzing the battery energy buffer characteristics, and the dual-actor critic energy harvesting wireless sensor node adaptive energy management (DAC) method is proposed based on BENO. The method designs a dual-actor critic structure, senses ENO through the battery energy neutral value, and dynamically adjusts the duty cycle based on this value, in order to achieve the purpose of improving the ability of dynamically matching the collected energy with the consumed energy. The experiments are carried out on three datasets with different energy harvesting capabilities, and compared and analyzed with three classical algorithms, RLman, AQL and FQL. The experimental results show that compared with the other three classical algorithms, DAC sacrifices a small amount of duty cycle, but effectively improves the stability of battery energy, and improves the energy utilization and ENO performance. The BENO concept and the DAC methodology can provide guidance and references for the research of energy management in energy-harvesting wireless sensor nodes.

Automated software fault localization has become one of the hot spots on which researchers have focused in recent years. Existing studies have shown that learning-based techniques can effectively localize faults leveraging various information. However, there exist two problems in these techniques. The first is that they simply represent various information without caring the contribution of different information. The second is that the data imbalance problem is not considered in these techniques. Thus, their effectiveness is limited in practice. In this paper, we propose HetFL, a novel heterogeneous graph-based software fault localization technique to aggregate different information into a heterogeneous graph in which program entities and test cases are regarded as nodes, and coverage, change histories, and call relationships are viewed as edges. HetFL first extracts textual and structure information from source code as attributes of nodes and integrates them to form an attribute vector. Then, for a given node, HetFL finds its neighbor nodes based on the types of edges and aggregates corresponding neighbor nodes to form type vectors. After that, the attribute vector and all the type vectors of each node are aggregated to generate the final vector representation by an attention mechanism. Finally, we leverage a convolution neural network (CNN) to obtain the suspicious score of each method. To validate the effectiveness of HetFL, experiments are conducted on the widely used dataset Defects4J (v1.2.0). The experimental results show that HetFL can localize 217 faults within Top-1 that is 25 higher than the state-of-the-art technique DeepFL, and achieve 6.37 and 5.58 in terms of MAR and MFR which improve DeepFL by 9.0% and 5.6%, respectively. In addition, we also perform experiments on the latest version of Defects4J (v2.0.0). The experimental results show that HetFL has better performance than the baseline methods.

This paper introduces a wireless DC motor drive system designed to overcome wire cut issues during rotation. The system employs a dual-bridge structure that integrates power supply and motor control functions, eliminating the need for a separate motor drive inverter. A control strategy is proposed, which involves a fixed primary-side frequency and duty cycle, along with a fixed secondary-side off-time. This strategy effectively eliminates the requirement for communication between the primary and secondary sides, while ensuring soft switching for active rectifiers across various load conditions. In addition, the paper investigates the impact of frequency deviation on the inverter's soft switching behavior, establishing a parameter boundary for achieving soft switching. By considering the speed-torque relationship for different mechanical loads, the paper offers valuable guidelines for designing single-stage wireless DC motor drive systems. To validate the analysis, a 200 W prototype is constructed, and its performance is evaluated. The prototype achieves a maximum DC/DC efficiency of 96.56%, providing practical evidence in support of the presented findings.

ABSTRACTObjective: To explore the diagnostic value of ultrasound and nerve electromyography (EMG) in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and its severity in the elderly. Methods: The data of 140 elderly CTS patients were retrospectively analyzed. The data of 80 patients with other diseases with similar symptoms and high suspicion of CTS during the same period were retrospectively analyzed. Pearson method was used to analyze the correlation between cross-sectional area (CSA) and motor nerve conduction velocity (MCV), distal motor latency (DML), compound muscle action potential (CMAP), sensory conduction velocity (SCV), middle-latency (ML) and sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) levels. The value of CSA, MCV, DML, CMAP, SCV, ML and SNAP in the diagnosis of CTS and its severity was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: CSA in mild, moderate and severe groups was positively correlated with DML (P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with CMAP (P < 0.001). The area under the curve (AUC) values of CSA, MCV, DML, CMAP, SCV, ML and SNAP in the diagnosis of normal people and mild CTS were 0.877, 0.787, 0.921, 0.730, 0.860, 0.688 and 0.904. The AUC values of CSA, DML, CMAP, SCV, ML and SNAP in the diagnosis of mild and moderate CTS were 0.863, 0.890, 0.760, 0.848, 0.850 and 0.739, respectively. The AUC values of CSA, MCV, DML and CMAP in the diagnosis of mild and moderate CTS were 0.683, 0.660, 0.870 and 0.693. Conclusion: Ultrasound and nerve EMG are effective in the diagnosis of CTS.

Magneto-acousto-electrical tomography (MAET) is a hybrid imaging method that combines the high spatial resolution of ultrasonography with the high contrast of electrical impedance tomography (EIT). While most previous studies on MAET have focused on two-dimensional imaging, our recent research proposed a novel three-dimensional (3D) MAET method using B-mode and translational scanning. This method has been the first to reconstruct a 3D volume image of conductivity interfaces. However, this method has its limitations in mapping irregular shapes of conductivity. To address this challenge, we propose a 3D magneto-acousto-electrical computed tomography (3D MAE-CT) method utilizing an ultrasound linear array transducer in this work. Both phantom and in vitro experiments were conducted to validate our proposed method. The results from the phantom experiments demonstrate that our method can map the 3D volume conductivity with high spatial resolution. The oblique angles extracted from the 3D image closely match practical value, with the relative error ranging between −2.80% and 4.07%. Furthermore, the in vitro experiment successfully obtained a 3D image of a chicken heart, marking the first MAET 3D conductivity image of a tissue sample to date.

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved impressive performance in many tasks on graph data. Recent studies show that they are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Deliberate and unnoticeable perturbations on topology structure could render them near-useless in applications. How to design effective methods to improve the robustness of GNNs is a crucial problem. To solve this problem, some works attempt to design more robust GNN models, while others attempt to remove perturbations from the poisoned graph. Different from the previous works, this paper proposes a general framework termed as GraphReshape to enhance the robustness of GNNs via directly correcting the shifted classification boundary of GNN models in the presence of adversarial attacks. GraphReshape consists of two modules: locating tractive nodes that could correct GNNs and reshaping local structure to improve their representations in the latent space. Extensive experiments on four real-world datasets show that GraphReshape achieves significant performance gain compared with state-of-the-art baselines against different adversarial attacks.

The high thermal conductivity and inviscid flow characteristics of superfluid helium in the 2 K temperature make it the best coolant for cooling superconducting magnets. The application of superfluid helium cooling system can increase the critical current density of superconductors, obtain higher magnetic field strength, and have superior material properties This paper designed a 2 K superfluid helium system. Through reliability analysis, the system has a design life of 8118 hours, a reliability of 80.8% in 3 months, a reliability of 38.8% in 1 year, and an availability of 90.7% in 1 year, as well as 87.5% availability of 2 years. According to the probability importance of distribution, the long-term focus should be on the maintenance and repair of 2 K heat exchanger, vacuum pump, and liquid nitrogen thermal shield.

Mammalian hair cells (HCs) are arranged spirally along the cochlear axis and correspond to different frequency ranges. Serving as primary sound detectors, HCs spatially segregate component frequencies into a topographical map. HCs display significant diversity in anatomical and physiological characteristics, yet little is known about the organization of the cochleotopic map of HCs or the molecules involved in this process. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we determined the distinct molecular profiles of inner hair cells and outer hair cells, and we identified numerous position-dependent genes that were expressed as gradients. Newly identified genes such as Ptn, Rxra, and Nfe2l2were found to be associated with tonotopy. We employed the SCENIC algorithm to predict the transcription factors that potentially shape these tonotopic gradients. Furthermore, we confirmed that Nfe2l2, a tonotopy-related transcription factor, is critical in mice for sensing low-to-medium sound frequencies in vivo. the analysis of cell-cell communication revealed potential receptor-ligand networks linking inner hair cells to spiral ganglion neurons, including pathways such as BDNF-Ntrk and PTN-Scd4, which likely play essential roles in tonotopic maintenance. Overall, these findings suggest that molecular gradients serve as the organizing principle for maintaining the selection of sound frequencies by HCs.

The cryogenic technology was widely used in superconducting devices to provide supercritical helium or superfluid helium. As a vital constituent of the helium cryogenic system, the cryogenic distribution system plays an indispensable role in supplying helium to superconducting devices. HL-3 Tokamak has established the 500 W@4.5 K cryogenic system to provide supercritical helium through the cryogenic distribution system. To maintain the stable operation of the cryogenic distribution system, the FMECA analysis(Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis) has evaluated 17 failure models and proposed mitigation measures to reduce risks. Meanwhile, the reliability analysis was conducted to analyze the reliability and availability of the cryogenic distribution system. The research results indicated that the reliability of this helium cryogenic distribution valve system was 96.7% in 3 months, 95.9% in 6 months, as well as the availability was 99.93% in 3 months, 99.91% in 6 months, which could maintain the stable operation.

The separation of methane from natural gas poses a significant and crucial challenge in the industry. Currently, the capture of CH4from natural gas is dominated by distillation, which is an energy consuming process. Here, we present CALF-20, a metal–organic framework with a three-dimensional pore structure, for separating C2H6/CH4and CH4/N2mixtures. Interestingly, CALF-20 shows a satisfactory CH4uptake of 1.11 mmol/g and C2H6/CH4selectivity of 22.7 (298 K, 100 kPa). CH4/N2selectivity on CALF-20 at 0.5 kPa reaches 15.0. In addition, breakthrough experiments demonstrated that CALF-20 could effectively separate CH4/N2and C2H6/CH4mixtures. Molecular simulations highlight the crucial role of strong C–H···N and C–H···π interactions between adsorbates and the CALF-20 framework in achieving the highly selective separation of CH4/N2and C2H6/CH4mixtures. CALF-20 exhibits superior persistent reusability, outstanding water and moisture stability, and low ligand cost ($53/kg). This study demonstrates CALF-20 as a highly promising material for industrially separating CH4/N2and C2H6/CH4mixtures.

Nanocluster catalysts typically face challenges in balancing stability with catalytic efficiency. This study introduces a unique bismuth-oxo cluster, solely protected by two ring-opened calixarenes, which demonstrates not only enhanced structural stability but also superior catalytic performance in the sustained conversion of CO2to HCOOH via electrocatalysis. For the first time, we reveal that under specific solvothermal conditions, tert-butylcalix[8]arene (TBC[8]) can undergo in situ oxidative cleavage of its C–C bond, leading to ring-opened polyphenolic molecules. These molecules serve as protective ligands for the bismuth-oxo cluster, bestowing exceptional structural stability and offering a more flexible and diverse configuration compared to intact TBC[8]. This adaptability promotes the exposure of active bismuth sites on the cluster surface, enhancing catalytic efficiency. Notably, the Bi10cluster, featuring a monobismuth active site, achieves an exceptional formate production efficiency of 98.79% at −1.25 V vs RHE while maintaining superb durability over 8 h. The stability and catalytic processes of Bi10surpass those of the Bi13cluster, which is structurally reinforced by two intact TBC[8] molecules and stabilized by four benzoic ligands. Through in situ infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations, we demonstrate that the monobismuth active site in Bi10more effectively stabilizes the *OCHO intermediate, thereby promoting the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2to HCOOH compared to Bi13. This comparative performance underscores the potential of ring-opened calixarene ligands in enhancing the functionality of nanocluster catalysts.

Porphyry copper deposits are economically significant sources of Cu and Mo, formed when metal-rich fluids precipitate at shallow levels, exsolving from underlying magmatic reservoirs at depth. However, the origin and evolution of these metal-rich fluids, whether through episodic enrichment from multiple pulses or a single continuous fluid-release event, remain a subject of controversy. To gain deeper insights into these processes, data on cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging, in situ trace elements, and Sr isotopes of newly discovered scheelite (Sch 1, Sch 2, and Sch 3) found in three generations of vein types within the giant Qulong porphyry Cu-Mo mineralization system are presented. The anhedral Sch 1 occurs in quartz + magnetite + anhydrite + chalcopyrite veins, exhibiting no obvious zoning in the CL image. These scheelite samples show high concentrations of Mo, Nb, Ta, and 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.70688 to 0.71109. Moreover, they demonstrate enriched rare earth elements (REE) and negative Eu anomalies in the chondrite-normalized pattern, indicative of their formation in relatively oxidized metal-rich fluids during the early high-temperature alteration stage. Among the discovered scheelite varieties, the most volumetrically significant is the subhedral Sch2, which occurs in veins composed of quartz + pyrite + chalcopyrite. In its central region (Sch 2a), Cu-rich cores are dispersed, surrounded by an oscillatory Cu-poor mantle and rim (Sch 2b and 2c), as observed in the CL image. When compared to Sch 1, Sch 2 exhibits lower levels of REE, Nb, Ta, Mo, and 87Sr/86Sr ratios (ranging from 0.70502 to 0.70578), but higher Cu concentration and positive Eu anomalies. The gradual decrease in Cu content from the core to rim in Sch2, along with its rim’s intergrowth with sulfide, suggests the precipitation of Cu during the second pulse of fluids. Euhedral Sch 3 is found in relatively moderate-temperature mineral assemblages within quartz + galena + sphalerite + molybdenite veins. It displays an oscillatory pattern with a Mo-rich core (Sch 3a), an extremely Mo-rich mantle (Sch 3b), and a Mo-poor rim (Sch 3c) in the CL image. Sch 3 shows lower REE, Cu, and Pb contents but variable Mo concentrations in different domains while consistently recording 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.70498 to 0.70542. These characteristics indicate the precipitation process of Mo and Pb during the third pulse of fluid evolution. The observed shift in mineral assemblages, metal contents, and Sr isotopic components from Sch 1 to Sch 3 reflects the occurrence of different fluid pulses within a cooling porphyry Cu-Mo mineralization system. Overall, the three generations of scheelite found at the Qulong porphyry Cu-Mo deposit indicate the occurrence of multiple pulsed flows of magmatic fluids, revealing a more complex fluid evolution for porphyry Cu deposits than previously recognized. Notably, Sch 1 exhibits relatively high 87Sr/86Sr ratios, similar to the post-ore mafic porphyries, which are higher compared to Sch 2 and Sch 3, showing 87Sr/86Sr ratios similar to the pre- and syn-ore host granite and porphyry. This result implies that mafic magma has significantly contributed to the formation of the first pulse of magmatic fluids, whereas syn-ore granitic magma contributed to the ore fluids responsible for forming the veins containing Sch 2 and Sch 3 in the later stage. Therefore, we propose that volatiles from mafic magma, injected into the porphyry metallogenic system, play a crucial role in the formation of porphyry Cu deposits. Additionally, for the first time, the presence of Cu-Mo-W metal endowment in the porphyry Cu deposits of the Gangdese magmatic belt is identified, providing valuable new insights into the metallogeny of porphyry Cu deposits and offering promising opportunities for tungsten exploration in the collision zone.

To meet the demand for longer driving ranges and shorter charging times of power equipment in electric vehicles, engineering fast-charging batteries with exceptional capacity and extended lifespan is highly desired. In this work, we have developed a stable ultrafast-charging and high-energy-density all-nanofibrous covalent organic framework (COF) battery (ANCB) by designing a series of imine-based nanofibrous COFs for the cathode, separator, and anode by Schiff-base reactions. Hierarchical porous structures enabled by nanofibrous COFs were constructed for enhanced kinetics. Rational chemical structures have been designed for the cathode, separator, and anode materials, respectively. A nanofibrous COF (AA-COF) with bipolarization active sites and a wider layer spacing has been designed using a triphenylamine group for the cathode to achieve high voltage limits with fast mass transport. For the anode, a nanofibrous COF (TT-COF) with abundant polar groups, active sites, and homogenized Li+flux based on imine, triazine, and benzene has been synthesized to ensure stable fast-charging performance. As for the separator, a COF-based electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) composite nanofibrous separator (BB-COF/PAN) with hierarchical pores and high-temperature stability has been prepared to take up more electrolyte, promote mass transport, and enable as high-temperature operation as possible. The as-assembled ANCB delivers a high energy density of 517 Wh kg–1, a high power density of 9771 W kg–1with only 56 s of ultrafast-charging time, and high-temperature operational potential, accompanied by a 0.56% capacity fading rate per cycle at 5 A g–1and 100 °C. This ANCB features an ultralong lifespan and distinguished ultrafast-charging performance, making it a promising candidate for powering equipment in electric vehicles.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used as nanoagents in biomedical fields, while it is still challenging to improve their loading capacity and biocompatibility in microcarrier delivering systems. Herein, the physicochemical properties of AgNPs were manipulated by forming biomolecular corona derived from bovine serum albumin (AC), and three organisms at various trophic levels: Chlorella sp.(BC1), Daphnia magna(BC2), and zebrafish (BC3). Proteins were identified by chemical composition analysis as the dominant components adsorbed on the surface of AgNPs. Proteomics indicated that AgNPs preferred to bind with low molecular weight (<50 kDa) and hydrophobic proteins with more positively charged residues. Consequently, AC and BC3 displayed stronger adsorption affinity on the surface of AgNPs than BC1 and BC2. Modifications by AC and BC3 effectively alleviated the oxidative stress and cell cycle arrest of AgNPs due to their superior antioxidative ability. However, BC3 with lower hydrophobicity enabled AgNPs to be more biocompatible than AC at subcellular level. Moreover, AC could significantly improve the loading capacity of AgNPs by Chlorellathrough enhancing caveolin-mediated endocytosis. Notably, owing to the adsorption of abundant Ca2+-binding proteins, BC3-AgNPs could also be internalized by microalgae via Ca2+-dependent clathrin-mediated endocytosis, which makes it a promising approach to deliver AgNPs. The results of this study would provide insights into the development of an efficient strategy to deliver AgNPs based on the microalgae carrier without altering its original properties and functionality.

The escalating concern of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), particularly at contaminated sites, has prompted extensive investigations. In this study, samples of multimedia including air, rhizosphere soil, and tissues of wheat at various growing stages were collected near a mega fluorochemical industrial park in China. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was predominant in both air and soil with a strong correlation, highlighting air deposition as an important source in the terrestrial system. PFAS concentrations in wheat decreased in the stem and ear but increased in the leaves as wheat matured. Specifically, perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) dominated in the aboveground tissues in the full-life-cycle, except that PFOA surpassed and became predominant in leaves during the filling and maturing stages, hinting at an airborne source. For all PFAS, both bioaccumulation factors and translocation factors (TFs) were inversely correlated with the carbon chain length during the full-life-cycle. The obtained TF values were considerably higher than those obtained from ambient sites reported previously, further suggesting an unneglectable foliar uptake from air, which was estimated to be 25% for PFOA. Moreover, spray irrigation remarkably enhanced the absorption of PFAS in wheat via foliar uptake relative to flood irrigation. The estimated daily intake of PFBA via wheat consumption and air inhalation was 0.50 μg/kg/day for local residents, at least one magnitude higher than the corresponding threshold, suggesting an alarmingly high exposure risk.

The expression of aflDgene plays a significant role in the biosynthesis of aflatoxin, aflDstructural genes can be served as a good biomarker of aflatoxigenic strains. The detection of the aflDgene is a promising method to control the further spread of aflatoxins. In this research, a rapid fluorescence biosensor targeting aflatoxigenic biosynthesis-related genes aflDwas developed based on nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (NCQDs) and AuNPs as fluorescence donors and quenchers respectively. This sensor was fabricated by immobilization of NCQDs and AuNPs on the two ends of hairpin DNA. In the absence of the aflDgene, NCQDs were closed to AuNPs to trigger the fluorescence resonance energy transfer leading to a quenching and showed the fluorescent signal “off”. In the presence of the aflDgene, NCQDs and AuNPs were separated by the target aflDgene complementary matching with the loop of the hairpin structure, which caused to the recovery of fluorescence signal and performance the fluorescent signal “on”. It was shown that the biosensor provided an excellent limit of detection (LOD) of 1.95 nM (3σ / k) with a liner range of 10–150 nM. Besides, this biosensor performed the satisfied selectivity through the comparison between aflDgene and mismatched DNA sequences. The feasibility of this biosensor was examined in rice contaminated by Aspergillus flavus. Therefore, it could potentially be used as a feasible tool for preventing aflatoxin in grain and its products.

Localization is becoming a fundamental requirement for various applications. For many Global Navigation Satellite Systems degraded environments, such as urban and indoor, localization based on the fingerprints of wireless signals has attracted increasing attentions. In this study, a fingerprint, which is based on the multipath channel features of massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signals, is designed and named as angle delay power spectrum (ADPS). The ADPS is constructed by using the proposed angle domain Fourier transform and delay domain Fourier transform. It can exhibit the signatures of arrival angle and delay of the received signals in the multipath channel more clearly. Next, an adjustable weight weighted K-nearest neighbor (AWKNN) algorithm along with a cosine similarity criterion is utilized to perform the pattern matching localization with the ADPS fingerprints. By introducing the adjustable ability for the K value of the traditional WKNN methods, the AWKNN can obtain a better positioning accuracy. Simulation and real-test results based on public databases prove the superiority of the proposed method to the traditional ones.

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks will become the core infrastructure of space-air–ground integrated networks in 6G wireless technology, providing ubiquitous broadband internet services for global users in a cost-effective manner. However, timing synchronization is a significant problem in large-scale multisatellite (MSAT) communications. Due to the different propagation delays, signals transmitted from multiple satellites to a user terminal are always misaligned. In this paper, we study asynchronous satellite-terrestrial interference in LEO MSAT systems, aiming to mitigate asynchronous interference through cooperative beamforming. Specifically, we derive an MSAT coherent transmission model and analyse the power degeneration of interference due to the offset sample time. We also derive the closed-form expression for the achievable rate by considering asynchrony and propose a cooperative beamforming algorithm based on the weighted minimum mean square error (WMMSE) criterion. To realize accurate timing advance (TA), we design a delay estimation method based on pseudorandom code. Finally, we approximate the achievable rate under an imperfect TA and propose a timing-error–robust algorithm. The simulation results show that the proposed asynchronous algorithm achieves a 21.47% performance improvement over the conventional algorithm, indicating that by exploiting time asynchrony, we can naturally eliminate some interference and achieve substantial performance improvements.

As the cornerstone for evaluating the storage capacity of shale reservoirs and assessing the viability of shale gas exploitation, shale pores play a very important role in shale reservoirs. Based on drilling well and test data, deep learning, and artificial intelligence for image analysis, the types, characteristics, structures, and vertical heterogeneity of shale pores were studied. Additionally, we conducted a comprehensive investigation into the sedimentary environment characteristics and their influence on the heterogeneity of shale reservoir pores in the Longmaxi Formation using associated geochemical analyses. The results revealed that the sedimentary environment underwent significant changes in the Longmaxi Formation, characterized by a sea level fall, accelerated sedimentation rates, weakened reducing conditions, decreased palaeoproductivity, and increased terrigenous influx, which led to a decrease in the frequency of organic matter (OM) pores, paralleled by a gradual increase in inorganic pores. In the S1l11−1, S1l11−2, S1l11−3sections of the Long11 sub-member, OM pores constitute the primary pore type. Conversely, in the S1l11−4section and the Long12 sub-member, inorganic pores prevail as the primary pore type. Furthermore, the strongly anoxic sections are also pay zones that are not only enriched in OM but also concentrated with OM pores. The S1l11−1and S1l11−2sections are characterized by anoxic conditions, with total organic carbon (TOC) content exceeding 4% and abundant biogenic silica. Notably, an increased terrigenous influx adversely impacts the development and preservation of pores in the Long11 sub-member while exerting a dual effect in the Long12 sub-member. The increased terrigenous influx dilutes the OM and decreases the probability of intergranular pores and intragranular pores filled by OM. Moreover, more brittle mineral particles were deposited, which promotes the development and preservation of intergranular and intragranular pores.

Molecular mechanics calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations based on force fields are used to measure the interactions between organic cations and AFX. The lowest-energy organic structure-directing agent (OSDA)–AFX structures are obtained by using the simulated annealing combined with MD, and the binding energies of 81 organic cations to AFX are calculated. It is found that the chemical properties of the organic cations play a minor role in determining the binding energies, which are determined largely by the relative molecular masses of the organic cations. The calculated deformation energies of the organic cations indicate that a more negative binding energy does not necessarily imply that the organic cation better fits the zeolite pore. With 19 organic cations validated by available experimental observations, another 16 organic cations that can be synthesized and are found to have comparable or more negative binding energies as well as relatively small deformation energies are newly proposed as potential OSDA candidates.

Digital reconstruction of the intricate 3D morphology of individual neurons from microscopic images is a crucial challenge in both individual laboratories and large-scale projects focusing on cell types and brain anatomy. This task often fails in both conventional manual reconstruction and state-of-the-art artificial intelligence (AI)-based automatic reconstruction algorithms. It is also challenging to organize multiple neuroanatomists to generate and cross-validate biologically relevant and mutually agreed upon reconstructions in large-scale data production. Based on collaborative group intelligence augmented by AI, we developed a collaborative augmented reconstruction (CAR) platform for neuron reconstruction at scale. This platform allows for immersive interaction and efficient collaborative editing of neuron anatomy using a variety of devices, such as desktop workstations, virtual reality headsets and mobile phones, enabling users to contribute anytime and anywhere and to take advantage of several AI-based automation tools. We tested CAR’s applicability for challenging mouse and human neurons toward scaled and faithful data production.

Biochar (BC) with root pore channel structure was used as the carrier, and bimetallic organic framework (CuCo-MOF) as the main active site. The CuCo-MOF was successfully dispersed in the internal channels of BC by in situ reaction, forming a composite catalyst (BC/CuCo-MOF(10 %)) with unique reaction channels. The degradation efficiency of ciprofloxacin (20 mg/L) in only 25 min was 96.4 %, and its catalytic performance was superior to that of the single BC and CuCo-MOF. On the one hand, abundant CuCo-MOF reaction sites were distributed in the relatively closed porous reaction channel of BC, which accelerated the mass transfer process (short mass transfer distance) during the CIP degradation process and improved the CIP degradation performance. On the other hand, highly conductive BC facilitates electron transfer between Cu2+/Cu+species and HSO5-, accelerating the redox cycle of Cu2+/Cu+, thereby improving catalytic activity. Besides, the composite catalyst was still able to achieve a degradation efficiency of 87.6 % for CIP after five cyclic degradation experiments. The concentrations of Cu and Co ions in the reaction solution were only 0.04 and 0.03 mg/L. Therefore, the composites have excellent catalytic activity and stability. Both non-radical 1O2and radicals (SO4·-and ·OH) were involved in the reaction, and the non-radical 1O2pathway played a dominant role in the CIP degradation process.

Cancer metabolic reprogramming has been considered an emerging hallmark in tumorigenesis and the antitumor immune response. Like cancer cells, immune cells within the tumor microenvironment or premetastatic niche also undergo extensive metabolic reprogramming, which profoundly impacts anti-tumor immune responses. Numerous evidence has illuminated that immunosuppressive TME and the metabolites released by tumor cells, including lactic acid, Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), fatty acids (FAs), cholesterol, D-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid (2-HG), adenosine (ADO), and kynurenine (KYN) can contribute to CD8+T cell dysfunction. Dynamic alterations of these metabolites between tumor cells and immune cells can similarly initiate metabolic competition in the TME, leading to nutrient deprivation and subsequent microenvironmental acidosis, which impedes immune response. This review summarizes the new landscape beyond the classical metabolic pathways in tumor cells, highlighting the pivotal role of metabolic disturbance in the immunosuppressive microenvironment, especially how nutrient deprivation in TME leads to metabolic reprogramming of CD8+T cells. Likewise, it emphasizes the current therapeutic targets or strategies related to tumor metabolism and immune response, providing therapeutic benefits for tumor immunotherapy and drug development in the future.

Naturally derived compounds show promise as treatments for microbial infections. Polyphenols, abundantly found in various plants, fruits, and vegetables, are noted for their physiological benefits including antimicrobial effects. This study introduced a new set of acylated phloroglucinol derivatives, synthesized and tested for their antifungal activity in vitro against seven different pathogenic fungi. The standout compound, 3-methyl-1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl) butan-1-one (2b), exhibited remarkable fungicidal strength, with EC50values of 1.39 μg/mL against Botrytis cinereaand 1.18 μg/mL against Monilinia fructicola, outperforming previously screened phenolic compounds. When tested in vivo, 2bdemonstrated effective antifungal properties, with cure rates of 76.26% for brown rot and 83.35% for gray mold at a concentration of 200 μg/mL, rivaling the commercial fungicide Pyrimethanil in its efficacy against B. cinerea. Preliminary research suggests that 2b’s antifungal mechanism may involve the disruption of spore germination, damage to the fungal cell membrane, and leakage of cellular contents. These results indicate that compound 2bhas excellent fungicidal properties against B. cinereaand holds potential as a treatment for gray mold.

Combination therapy is increasingly favored by pharmaceutical companies and researchers as an effective way to quickly discover new drugs with excellent efficacy, especially in the treatment of complex diseases. Previously, we successfully developed a computational screening method to identify such combinations, although it fell short in elucidating their synergistic mechanisms. In this work, we have transitioned to a highest single agent (HSA) synergy model for network screening, which streamlines the discovery of promising combinations and facilitates the investigation of their synergistic effects. Through this refined approach, the trimebutine–methoxsalen combination emerged as a promising candidate for heart failure (HF) treatment, exhibiting significant in vitrocardioprotective effects and effectively mitigating isoproterenol (ISO)-induced structural remodeling in the mouse heart. Further mechanistic studies have demonstrated that trimebutine and methoxsalen could synergistically inhibit intracellular calcium overload in myocardial cells and reduce the production of ROS, thus exerting cardioprotective effects. Overall, this study introduces an advanced computational strategy that not only identifies a novel combination therapy against HF but also sheds light on its underlying synergistic mechanisms.

Targeting at a volume-limited hybrid integrated satellite communication (SATCOM) system, this brief presents a broadband 11.7-17.7 GHz CMOS receiver (RX). Different from multi-channel phased-array systems, in this presented single-channel RX design, the LNA and mixer leverage large-size devices combining with broadband impedance matching methodology, gain tuning, and layout optimization to achieve a relatively high linearity and input dynamic range performance. Meanwhile, based on the Hartley architecture, the mixer achieves improved large signal handling capabilities and significant image rejection performance over broadband bandwidth with low design complexity. Implemented in a 65-nm CMOS process, the broadband RX achieves S11<−10dB from 11.4 to 18.5 GHz, a maximum −2.82 dBm IIP3, and a minimum 5.7-dB noise figure with a substantial 93 dB input spurious-free dynamic range. In addition, the proposed RX achieves 20 to 35 dB image rejection ratio without any calibration.

Precise synapse elimination is essential for the establishment of a fully developed neural circuit during brain development and higher function in adult brain. Beyond immune and nutrition support, recent groundbreaking studies have revealed that phagocytic microglia and astrocytes can actively and selectively eliminate synapses in normal and diseased brains, thereby mediating synapse loss and maintaining circuit homeostasis. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that the mechanisms of synapse elimination by phagocytic glia are not universal but rather depend on specific contexts and detailed neuron–glia interactions. The mechanism of synapse elimination by phagocytic glia is dependent on neuron-intrinsic factors and many innate immune and local apoptosis-related molecules. During development, microglial synapse engulfment in the visual thalamus is primarily influenced by the classic complement pathway, whereas in the barrel cortex, the fractalkine pathway is dominant. In Alzheimer's disease, microglia employ complement-dependent mechanisms for synapse engulfment in tauopathy and early β-amyloid pathology, but microglia are not involved in synapse loss at late β-amyloid stages. Phagocytic microglia also engulf synapses in a complement-dependent way in schizophrenia, anxiety, and stress. In addition, phagocytic astrocytes engulf synapses in a MEGF10-dependent way during visual development, memory, and stroke. Furthermore, the mechanism of a phenomenon that phagocytes selectively eliminate excitatory and inhibitory synapses is also emphasized in this review. We hypothesize that elucidating context-dependent synapse elimination by phagocytic microglia and astrocytes may reveal the molecular basis of synapse loss in neural disorders and provide a rationale for developing novel candidate therapies that target synapse loss and circuit homeostasis.Review of the process of synapse elimination dependent on interactions between neuron-intrinsic properties, microglia, and astrocytes.

Heavy metal pollution has become an increasingly prominent problem. Consequently, adsorbents with high heavy metal removal efficiency using a convenient synthesis method have to be developed urgently. The magnesium carbonate hydroxide microsheets modified activated carbon fiber (MCH@ACF) was prepared by a facile in situ hydrothermal method. The results of the characteristic of MCH@ACF indicated that a large amount of magnesium carbonate hydroxide porous microsheets is densely arranged on the surface of ACF. The Mn2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, and Cr2O72−ions adsorption kinetics of the MCH@ACF could be fitted with the pseudo-second-order model, and the results indicate the fast adsorption rate. The Mn2+, Cu2+, and Pb2+ions adsorption on the MCH@ACF follow the Langmuir model, while the Cr2O72−adsorption on the MCH@ACF follows the Freundlich model. The theoretical adsorption capacity of the Mn2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, and Cr2O72−ions on the MCH@ACF is 558.6 mg/g, 1591.7 mg/g, 1802.8 mg/g, and 125.7 mg/g, respectively. The heavy metal ions removal performance of MCH@ACF under different pH conditions has been studied. Furthermore, the adsorption mechanism could be ascribed to the binding of heavy metal ions with carbonate or hydroxyl group. The results indicated that the MCH@ACF can be used as the potential suitable candidate for heavy metal removal.

Precisely predicting the location of the user in a Global-Navigation-Satellite-System-degraded environment is a highly challenging task. Localization based on cellular signal fingerprints is one of the promising solutions to this problem and has attracted increasing attention. Long Term Evolution (LTE) signal is popularly utilized for localization due to its global usage, extensive urban coverage, and favorable signal properties. This paper proposes a new multiband multicell Reference Signal Received Power (MBMC-R) fingerprint, which properly fuses LTE signals’ carrier band information, the physical cell identifier information, and RSRP values. Next, a sequential block-matching weight K nearest neighbor algorithm with a cosine similarity criterion is specially designed for performing the pattern-matching localization with the MBMC-R fingerprint. The proposed method also includes the derivation of the Cramer-Rao lower bound, which reveals the impact of various factors on the lower bound of position error. Simulation and on-field experiments prove the performance superiority over other fingerprint localization algorithms reported in the literature.