Search

Cervical cancer is among the most common gynecological malignancies. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is involved in the development of various tumors; however, its role in cervical cancer remains unclear. We investigated whether G15, an inhibitor of GPER, can regulate its expression and affect cervical cancer progression. We examined the biological behaviors of G15-treated SiHa and HeLa cells using Cell Counting Kit-8, monoclonal proliferation, plate scratching, and Transwell invasion experiments. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of GPER, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin, Bcl-2, Bax, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). The expression of GPER, E-cadherin, vimentin, and PD-L1 in cervical cancer and adjacent tissues was detected using immunohistochemistry. The correlation between GPER expression and clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed. The expression of GPER in cervical cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in paracancerous tissues, and it was detected in the membrane and cytoplasm of SiHa and HeLa cells. The proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities of SiHa and HeLa cells were reduced after G15 treatment. The G15-treated groups exhibited higher expression of E-cadherin and Bax and lower expression of N-cadherin, vimentin, Bcl-2, GPER, p-PI3K, p-AKT, and PD-L1 than the control group. The expression of E-cadherin was lower and that of vimentin was higher in cancer tissues than in paracancerous tissues; PD-L1 was highly expressed in tumor and stromal cells in cancer tissues but not in paracancerous tissues. G15 functions by regulating the GPER/PI3K/AKT/PD-L1 signaling pathway and may serve as a new immunotherapy for treating patients with cervical cancer.

Electrocaloric1,2and electrostrictive3,4effects concurrently exist in dielectric materials. Combining these two effects could achieve the lightweight, compact localized thermal management that is promised by electrocaloric refrigeration5. Despite a handful of numerical models and schematic presentations6,7, current electrocaloric refrigerators still rely on external accessories to drive the working bodies8–10and hence result in a low device-level cooling power density and coefficient of performance (COP). Here we report an electrocaloric thin-film device that uses the electro-thermomechanical synergy provided by polymeric ferroelectrics. Under one-time a.c. electric stimulation, the device is thermally and mechanically cycled by the working body itself, resulting in an external-driver-free, self-cycling, soft refrigerator. The prototype offers a directly measured cooling power density of 6.5 W g−1and a peak COP exceeding 58 under a zero temperature span. Being merely a 30-µm-thick polymer film, the device achieved a COP close to 24 under a 4 K temperature span in an open ambient environment (32% thermodynamic efficiency). Compared with passive cooling, the thin-film refrigerator could immediately induce an additional 17.5 K temperature drop against an electronic chip. The soft, polymeric refrigerator can sense, actuate and pump heat to provide automatic localized thermal management.

High thermal conductivities are highly desired for electrocaloric (EC) materials to improve the key performances of EC devices, including cooling power density (CPD) and coefficient of performance (COP). However, despite the large EC effect (ECE), the state-of-the-art EC polymer exhibits low thermal conductivity. The simple mixture of the EC polymer and two-dimensional (2D) high-thermal-conductivity nanofillers would dramatically reduce ECE by increasing long-range ordering. To free dipole orientations, we introduced 3-sulfurouspropyltrimethoxysilane (SPTMS) to covalently graft boron-nitride nanosheets on the EC polymer. The interface-regulated nanocomposite exhibited the EC entropy change of 30.94 Jkg−1K−1under 100 MVm−1and thermal conductivity of 0.72 Wm−1K−1, and utilizing which, the standard model of EC refrigerator achieved a 5.23 Wg−1CPD, 6.8-fold higher than the one operating a simple mixture. A figure of merit of electrocaloric nanocomposites was proposed to assess their overall capability in the heat-pumping applications.

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate a method of building a biomedical knowledge graph (KG). Design/methodology/approach: This research first constructs a COVID-19 KG on the COVID-19 Open Research Data Set, covering information over six categories (i.e. disease, drug, gene, species, therapy and symptom). The construction used open-source tools to extract entities, relations and triples. Then, the COVID-19 KG is evaluated on three data-quality dimensions: correctness, relatedness and comprehensiveness, using a semiautomatic approach. Finally, this study assesses the application of the KG by building a question answering (Q&A) system. Five queries regarding COVID-19 genomes, symptoms, transmissions and therapeutics were submitted to the system and the results were analyzed. Findings: With current extraction tools, the quality of the KG is moderate and difficult to improve, unless more efforts are made to improve the tools for entity extraction, relation extraction and others. This study finds that comprehensiveness and relatedness positively correlate with the data size. Furthermore, the results indicate the performances of the Q&A systems built on the larger-scale KGs are better than the smaller ones for most queries, proving the importance of relatedness and comprehensiveness to ensure the usefulness of the KG. Originality/value: The KG construction process, data-quality-based and application-based evaluations discussed in this paper provide valuable references for KG researchers and practitioners to build high-quality domain-specific knowledge discovery systems.

As one of the most common clinical disorders, low back pain (LBP) influences patient quality of life and causes substantial social and economic burdens. Many factors can result in LBP, the most common of which is intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). The progression of IDD cannot be alleviated by conservative or surgical treatments, and gene therapy, growth factor therapy, and cell therapy have their own limitations. Recently, research on the use of hydrogel biomaterials for the treatment of IDD has garnered great interest, and satisfactory treatment results have been achieved. This article describes the classification of hydrogels, the methods of decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) production and the various types of gel formation. The current research on dECM hydrogels for the treatment of IDD is described in detail in this article. First, an overview of the material sources, decellularization methods, and gel formation methods is given. The focus is on research performed over the last three years, which mainly consists of bovine and porcine NP tissues, while for decellularization methods, combinations of several approaches are primarily used. dECM hydrogels have significantly improved mechanical properties after the polymers are cross-linked. The main effects of these gels include induction of stem cell differentiation to intervertebral disc (IVD) cells, good mechanical properties to restore IVD height after polymer cross-linking, and slow release of exosomes. Finally, the challenges and problems still faced by dECM hydrogels for the treatment of IDD are summarised, and potential solutions are proposed. This paper is the first to summarise the research on dECM hydrogels for the treatment of IDD and aims to provide a theoretical reference for subsequent studies.

Incorporating a negative feedback loop in a synthetic material to enable complex self-regulative behaviours akin to living organisms remains a design challenge. Here we show that a hydrogel-based vehicle can follow the directions of photonic illumination with directional regulation inside a constraint-free, fluidic space. By manipulating the customized photothermal nanoparticles and the microscale pores in the polymeric matrix, we achieved strong chemomechanical deformation of the soft material. The vehicle swiftly assumes an optimal pose and creates directional flow around itself, which it follows to achieve robust full-space phototaxis. In addition, this phototaxis enables a series of complex underwater locomotions. We demonstrate that this versatility is generated by the synergy of photothermofluidic interactions resulting in closed-loop self-control and fast reconfigurability. The untethered, electronics-free, ambient-powered hydrogel vehicle manoeuvres through obstacles agilely, following illumination cues of moderate intensities, similar to that of natural sunlight.

Battery thermal management (BTM) based on immersion liquid is a novel and promising technology due to its excellent thermal performance. However, the natural convection characteristics of immersion liquid are crucial yet often neglected for the design of immersion-based BTM. In this study, a typical BTM unit and module are designed utilizing a multi-component oil as the immersion liquid. To characterize the effect of natural convection, a rigorously validated model coupled with heat transfer and natural convection is developed. For the BTM unit, the impact of varying space occupied by immersion liquid is investigated. The increase in the thickness of the immersion liquid progressively enhances the natural convection effect. The Grashof number in the vertical interlayer of finite space helps assess the strength of natural convection of the BTM unit. Furthermore, a comparison of the BTM module with and without natural convection is performed. The results show that the natural convection effect enhances heat dissipation but reduces thermal uniformity in static mode. When the thickness of immersion liquid is 10 mm, the natural convection effect results in a decrease of 1.4 °C in the average battery temperature. Meanwhile, the battery temperature difference increases from 1.27 °C to 3.14 °C, and the average temperature of the terminals and busbars increases by >1 °C. This study can provide a foundation and reference for the BTM design based on immersion liquid.

•Asymmetric Analysis of TPMS Internal Flow Channels:The study focuses on analyzing the asymmetry of TPMS internal flow channels and utilizes the Voronoi algorithm to calculate channel diameters.•Comprehensive Evaluation of Seven TPMS Structures:The research employs comprehensive evaluation metrics to compare and assess the performance of seven TPMS structures, considering both flow and heat transfer aspects.•Production of Functional Heat Exchangers using Additive Manufacturing:The study demonstrates the feasibility of producing functional heat exchangers using additive manufacturing techniques, providing tangible products ready for use.

More than a decade of research on the electrocaloric (EC) effect has resulted in EC materials and EC multilayer chips that satisfy a minimum EC temperature change of 5 K required for caloric heat pumps1–3. However, these EC temperature changes are generated through the application of high electric fields4–8(close to their dielectric breakdown strengths), which result in rapid degradation and fatigue of EC performance. Here we report a class of EC polymer that exhibits an EC entropy change of 37.5 J kg−1K−1and a temperature change of 7.5 K under 50 MV m−1, a 275% enhancement over the state-of-the-art EC polymers under the same field strength. We show that converting a small number of the chlorofluoroethylene groups in poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene) terpolymer into covalent double bonds markedly increases the number of the polar entities and enhances the polar–nonpolar interfacial areas of the polymer. The polar phases in the polymer adopt a loosely correlated, high-entropy state with a low energy barrier for electric-field-induced switching. The polymer maintains performance for more than one million cycles at the low fields necessary for practical EC cooling applications, suggesting that this strategy may yield materials suitable for use in caloric heat pumps.

Purpose: This paper aims to selects 59 journals that focus on data science research in 14 disciplines from the Ulrichsweb online repository. This paper analyzes the aim and scope statement using both quantitative and qualitative methods to identify the research types and the scope of research promoted by these journals. Design/methodology/approach: Multiple disciplines are involved in data science research and publishing, but there lacks an overview of what those disciplines are and how they relate to data science. In this study, this paper aims to understand the disciplinary characteristics of data science research. Two research questions are answered: What is the population of journals that focus on data science? What disciplinary landscape of data science is revealed in the aim and scope statements of these journals? Findings: Theoretical research is mainly included in journals that belong to statistics, engineering and sciences. Almost all data science journals include applied research papers. Keywords analysis shows that data science research in computers, statistics, engineering and sciences appear to share characteristics. While in other disciplines such as biology, business and education, the keywords are indicative of the types of data to be used and the special problems in these disciplines. Originality/value: This is the first study to use journals as the unit of analysis to identify the disciplines involved in data science research. The results provide an overview of how researchers and educators from different disciplinary backgrounds understand data science research.

Enhancing automobile fuel efficiency is crucial to decarbonizing the transport sector. Recent studies have revealed a gap between real-world fuel efficiency and results from laboratory tests, where “off-cycle” auxiliary devices, like air conditioning (AC) systems, are not turned on. AC consumes the most energy among all off-cycle devices; however, the exact contribution of AC to fuel consumption remains unclear. Here, by analyzing 1 million trip-level fuel efficiency records from China, we show that AC use when the temperature exceeds 25°C increases gasoline consumption annually by 1.3%. The amount differs across car models, with those produced by Chinese manufacturers showing relatively lower AC efficiency. Improving AC efficiency could cost-effectively reduce CO2emissions by 1.6–2.4 million tons in China every year. Therefore, we suggest integrating off-cycle devices into future fuel efficiency regulations, which will reveal the fuel efficiency gap, incentivize car manufacturers to develop high-efficiency devices, and further tap this emissions reduction potential.

We present a facile and effective method for fabrication of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) optical fiber sensor assisted by two polydopamine (PDA) layers with enhanced plasmonic sensing performance. The first PDA layer was self-polymerized onto the bare optical fiber to provide the catechol groups for the reduction from Ag+to Agothrough chelating and redox activity. As the reduction of Ag+proceeds, Ag nanoparticles (NPs) were grown in-situ on the PDA layer with uniform distribution. The second PDA layer was applied to prevent Ag NPs from oxidating and achieve an improvement of LSPR signal. The PDA/Ag/PDA-based optical fiber sensor has an enhanced LSPR sensitivity of 961 nm/RIU and excellent oxidation resistance. The stable PDA/Ag/PDA-based LSPR sensor with high optical performance is very promising for future application in optical sensing field.

The ammonia decomposition for the production of carbon–free hydrogen has triggered great attentions yet still remains challenging due to its sluggish kinetics, posting the importance of precise design of the efficient catalysts for ammonia decomposition under low temperatures. Constructing the metal–support interaction and interface is one of the most important strategies for promoting catalysts. In this work, by coating ceria onto the Ni nanoparticles (NPs), we discover that the Ni–CeO2interfaces create an exceptional effect to enhance the catalytic decomposition of ammonia by over 10 folds, compared with the pristine Ni. The kinetic analysis demonstrates that the recombinative N2desorption is the rate–determining step (RDS) and the Ni–CeO2interface greatly increase the RDS. Based on these understandings, a strategy to fabricate the Ni/CeO2catalyst with abundant Ni–Ce–O interfaces via one–pot sol–gel method was employed (hereafter denoted to s-Ni/CeO2). The s–Ni/CeO2catalyst show a high activity for ammonia decomposition, achieving a H2formation rate of 10.5 mmol gcat–1min–1at 550 °C. Combined with a series of characterizations, the relationship between the catalyst structure and the performance was investigate for further understanding the effect of the metal–oxide interfaces.

Electrocaloric cooling technologies, enabled by the discovery of the giant electrocaloric effect in dielectrics more than a decade ago, represents a zero-global-warming-potential, environment-benign cooling alternative. Benefited from its nature as an electricity-driven capacitor, the electrocaloric working body renders the great advantages in the energy efficiency and the device integration. The decade-long efforts on advancing the technology revealed many promising material candidates with matured manufacturing protocols, as well as intriguing device prototypes for applications beyond the traditional vapor compression based cooling. This article presents the recent advances in electrocaloric cooling technologies, from material improvements to device demonstrations. The environmental impact and the energy efficiency of the technology were evaluated by the total effective warming impact and the material COP, respectively. In addition to the current progresses achieved by the decade-long research effort, the existing challenges and potential opportunities brought by the electrocaloric refrigeration will be discussed.

Aviation applications face significant cooling challenges due to high power and heat-flux electronic equipment. The use of mechanically pumped two-phase cooling loops (MPTL) coupled with micro-channels has been shown to be an effective heat dissipation method for high heat flux problems. However, currently, no literature has determined the upper limit of the heat dissipation capacity per unit size for this system. It is also crucial to focus on the lag in two-phase flow control under high-energy operating conditions, which can result in oscillations or even instability of the system.

Accurate tracking of all components (including core, anvil, and cirrus) of deep convective systems (DCSs) throughout their lifecycle is key to quantifying their impacts on radiative forcing, especially of the anvil and cirrus. Here, a new Full‐tracking Algorithm for Convective Thunderstorm System is developed based on geostationary satellite. It successfully tracks DCSs starting from the initial core to complete dissipation of cirrus detrained from them, and integrates all the related components that split from the initial convective core into a whole DCS. Results show that more than half of the tracked DCSs experience splitting evolutions, with an average of eight sub‐cores during their lifetime. With tracking cirrus generated by DCSs, the lifetime of DCSs is lengthened by up to 10 hr, and their area is enlarged by 16% on average. Generally, long‐lived DCSs have lower cloud top temperature, greater rainfall, and larger area, with more frequent splitting evolutions than short‐lived DCSs. Additionally, DCSs always reach their peaks within 6 hr after initiation regardless of their lifetime. This paper provides a basis for further quantifying the evolution of DCS properties, their impacts on the global radiation budget, and the water cycle in the climate system. A novel method is developed to track full components of deep convective systems (DCSs) from their initiation to total cirrus dissipationLifetime of DCSs is extended by up to 10 hr, and their area is enlarged by 16% averagely after continuously tracking their detrained cirrusIntegrated total rainfall amounts are comparably contributed between frequent but small and rare but large DCSs A novel method is developed to track full components of deep convective systems (DCSs) from their initiation to total cirrus dissipation Lifetime of DCSs is extended by up to 10 hr, and their area is enlarged by 16% averagely after continuously tracking their detrained cirrus Integrated total rainfall amounts are comparably contributed between frequent but small and rare but large DCSs

This study investigated the performance of a typical mobile air conditioning system using R134a and R1234yf as the working fluids under different working conditions. The system is composed of a microchannel parallel flow condenser, a laminated plate evaporator, a variable displacement compressor, and a thermal expansion valve. The different working cycles of each refrigerant were comprehensively compared. The optimum refrigerant charge amount of the R1234yf system was approximately 95% of the R134a system during drop-in tests. The performance of the R134a system was a little higher than that of the R1234yf system. The cooling capacity and system coefficient of performance of the R134a system were 12.4% and 9% larger, respectively. This result is mainly because of the thermophysical property differences between the two refrigerants and the improper expansion valve opening of R1234yf. Analysis on the whole cycle revealed that the R1234yf system could obtain a higher evaporating pressure and a larger superheat and subcooling. Redesigning the expansion valve for R1234yf could improve performance of the system.

In this article, two samples of two-stage rolling piston CO2compressors with and without intercooler are developed and experimentally studied. These CO2compressors are high back-pressure compressors, which mean the pressure inside compressor shell is the discharge pressure of the second stage. A test rig was designed to measure the performance and efficiency of this compressor. The test results show that the suction vapor temperature at the second stage inlet pipe has few influences on the performance and efficiency of the first compressor sample with intercooler. The volumetric efficiency linearly decreases with the increase of compression ratio of the suction and discharge pressure, and the volumetric efficiency can maintain in a relative constant range during a wide compression ratio changes in this high back-pressure design. There exists an optimum compression ratio for each suction pressure at the first stage, where the compressor isentropic efficiency is maximum. A generalized volumetric efficiency correlation for two-stage CO2rolling piston compressor as a function of compression ratio is proposed and it can describe 100% of the test data within ±5.0% with a mean deviation of 1.7%. This would be helpful as a guide for designing such type compressor.

Abstract: Global warming poses serious global concerns, and the mobile air conditioning (MAC) industry must be promoted to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, the development of the MAC system and components for new energy vehicles, low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants, methods to control refrigerant leakage, and new energy-saving technologies in China are introduced.

In order to study the decay conditions of organic matter in early stage of sedimentation, 23 samples were simulated in a low temperature (80°C), long-term condition (>1 year). Gypsum, metals, salt, were used as catalysts, and coniferae and algae were used as original source of oil generation in this experiment. The results indicate that coniferae and algae can produce oil in briny conditions in a very short time (<30 days), and oil was expelled from organic matter at different times dependent on the simulation conditions.

This paper reports our exploratory analysis of the use of resources in three Intelligent Information Access IIA research areas: Automatic Classification, Question Answering, and CrossLanguage Information Retrieval. Fortythree recently peerreviewed papers from three annual conferences SIGIR, ACL, and HLT were selected and analyzed. The purpose of this analysis is twofold: 1 to explore methodological issues for largescale content analysis of resources used in IIA research, and 2 to achieve a basic understanding of various ways that resources can be used in the three IIA subfields. The work reported in this paper is part of an effort to systematically explore the information needs for resources in Intelligent Information Access research.

This panel aims to promote the application of Multi Lingual Information Access MLIA technologies in digital libraries. MLIA has been recognized as an important issue for digital libraries since the early days of research and development of these projects. This panel will give an overview of the issues involved in creating MLIA for digital Libraries. The speakers will present the stateoftheart of MLIA technologies as well as current digital library projects in Europe, Asia and North America that are planning or have implemented MLIA technologies. The focus of the panel will include discussions on important issues and challenges of implementing MLIA in digital libraries such as understating users needs, usability issues and users expectations.

The optical constants of a liquid hydrocarbon such as liquid n-octane are basic material properties that may be used to evaluate their thermal radiation transfer capabilities. In this study, the ellipsometry method was used to measure the optical constants of liquid n-octane in the midinfrared wavelength range of 2.0–16.0 μm at temperatures of 20, 50, and 80°C. Experimental analyses indicate the significant effect of temperature on the refractive index, although it has little effect on the absorption index. With increasing temperature, the refractive index shows a linear decrease, and reduced density leads to weaker absorption intensities. The radiative properties of n-octane droplets, including the absorption and scattering efficiency factors of single droplets with droplet radii r = 10, 20, 50, and 100 μm and the absorption and scattering coefficients in a droplets-air system of droplet volume fractions fv = 2%, 3%, and 4%, were calculated using Mie theory. The numerical results indicate that, with increasing temperature, the absorption efficiency factor slightly decreases, and the variation trend of the scattering efficiency factor is more complicated. With increasing droplet radius, the absorption efficiency factor increases within the studied wavelength range, except for certain absorption peaks, but the scattering efficiency factor tends to decrease. While the absorption is greater, the scattering is weaker for a given droplet radius. With an increasing volume fraction of n-octane droplets, the absorption and scattering coefficients increase linearly within the studied wavelength range.

Flow mal-distribution of refrigerant in small diameter tube heat exchangers is a great concern, which may lead to a 25% efficiency loss. Two-phase refrigerant distributors are set before evaporators to separate refrigerant into parallel paths uniformly. In this paper, a new type of distributor with two barrels is proposed. Experimental test and numerical simulation were both carried out to evaluate the performance and to understand internal hydrodynamic flow behavior. Compared with the previous distributor, it is found that the double-barrel distributor with proper parameters performs better. The relative error between experimental and simulation results is less than 15%, which proves the reliability of the established simulation model. Computation fluid dynamics (CFD) calculation indicates that the distribution performance is improved with properly larger bottom and top barrel diameters. With the increase of the bottom barrel diameter, beneficial reflux of refrigerant occurs in bottom barrel and when top barrel diameter is larger, little refrigerant flows directly into outlet capillary tubes without mixture or reflux. In addition, parameters such as top barrel diameter, top barrel height, bottom barrel diameter, bottom barrel height, mass flow rate and quality are studied by Taguchi Method to analyze the parameter sensitivity. The effect of the parameters listed below ranges from biggest to smallest: mass flow rate, bottom barrel height, quality, top barrel height, bottom barrel diameter and independent top barrel diameter. An optimized two-barrel distributor is achieved with proper top and bottom barrel diameters and larger bottom and top barrel heights.

Mal-distribution of refrigerant in a cross-flow type evaporator with parallel paths is very important, which can lead to a loss of heat exchanger capacity to 25%. Distributors are used to balance the two-phase refrigerant distributions in each path. Apart from the structural factors, there are other factors influencing the performance of distributor greatly. In this paper, influences of several nonstructural factors on reservoir distributor are investigated experimentally under varied working conditions. The inlet tube configuration, installation orientation and capillary tube length are also studied. One experiment apparatus is developed to measure the refrigerant mass flow rate and the quality based on R410A air conditioner. It is found that influence caused by inlet tube before the distributor is small. The average STD is only 2.76%. Influence caused by orientation is broad. The average STD is less than 9% on the orientation of 15°. On the orientation of 90°, STDs of different conditions are all more than 40%. For orientation, mass flow rate sensitivity is larger than quality sensitivity. Capillary tubes with different length can be used to adjust distribution. Average STD with sizable capillary length difference is 9.47%. It means that only small mal-distribution can be adjusted by using different-length capillary tubes. Capillary tube length sensitivity increases with the increase of difference between outlet tubes or the decrease of average length of outlet tubes.

In the present work, a numerical model of the temperature control curve (TCC) linearity of the heating ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) module in automobile air-conditioning system is established. The numerical model is composed of several higher precision submodels. The simulation results are validated by experimental data performed on a calorimeter test bench. It is found that the simulation data agree with the experimental data very well. The maximum deviations of the airflow rate and the temperature are 3% and 1.4°C, respectively. The factors, which influenced the TCC linearity, are numerically studied. The simulation results show that the different door configuration needs to be matched with the division type for vent ducts of the HVAC module outlet, which can decrease the temperature stratification of airflow at the outlets. Cold and hot air mixing ratio determines the slope of the linearity curve. In addition, the further the distance between the HVAC module outlet and the mixing chamber and the greater the turbulent intensity, the more the cold-hot airflow will fully mix. It contributes to the temperature uniformity at the outlets.

This paper proposes a Retrieval Outcome Analysis Framework, or ROA Framework, to systematically evaluate retrieval performance of Cross‐Language Information Retrieval systems. The ROA framework goes beyond TREC‐type retrieval evaluation methodology by including procedures focusing on individual queries, especially difficult queries. The framework is comprised of four interrelated components: (1) Overall System Performance Evaluation, (2) Query Categorization, (3) Translation Analysis, and (4) Individual Query Analysis. An example of applying the framework is discussed in detail. The author believes the proposed framework would be especially useful for the development of real‐world Cross‐Language Information Retrieval systems because the evaluation guided by the framework has the potential to discover causes behind poor retrieval performance.