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Environmental pollution significantly impacts global disease burden. However, the contribution of environmental pollution to kidney disease is often overlooked in nephrology. This review examines the growing body of research demonstrating the significant impacts of environmental pollutants, with a focus on air pollution as a primary factor, and acknowledges the roles of other pollutants, such as heavy metals, in the development and progression of kidney diseases. Short-term exposure to air pollution is linked with an increased risk of kidney disease-related events, including hospital admissions, and death, predominantly occurring in vulnerable populations. In contrast, long-term exposure, even at low to moderate levels, may lead to progressive pathophysiological changes, such as chronic systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, that contribute to the development of kidney disease. In addition, air pollution may exacerbate traditional kidney disease risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes, thereby accelerating disease progression. The review also explores how climate change may interact with various pollutants, including air pollution, influencing kidney disease indirectly. The examined evidence underscores the urgent need for an interdisciplinary approach to research further into environmental kidney disease. Environmental health policies could play a crucial role in the prevention, intervention, and improvement of kidney health worldwide.

Using the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) data from the Hong Kong region, this study comprehensively investigates the ionospheric irregularities responses to strong geomagnetic storms over the past two solar cycles 2001–2020. Based on the geomagnetic index Dst, a total of 64 strong storms are confirmed during 2001–2020. Statistical results indicate that for the total 64 strong storms, only 20 storms are considered to trigger irregular occurrences. When the occurrence local time (LT) of the minimum dDst (dDst $_{\mathrm {min}}$ ) is in 10:00–14:00 LT, no ionospheric irregularities occurred at nighttime although there is a total of 14 strong storms, while that of dDst min is in the nighttime of 18:00–21:00 LT, ionospheric irregularities are detected in ten out of 12 strong storms. For the two special storms on 19 April 2002 (dDst min occurred at 21:00 LT) and 23 May 2002 (dDst min occurred at 20:00 LT), they did not trigger the generation of ionospheric irregularities although their dDst min occurred in 18:00–21:00 LT. Based on vertical total electron content (VTEC) derived from global positioning system (GPS) measurements, it is found that the westward electric fields during two storms should play a vital role to inhibit the nighttime ionospheric irregularities (NIIs) occurrence. This study suggests that caution should be taken when the dDst min determined LT is used to decide the occurrence of nighttime irregularities.

To analyze the unmodeled systematic errors in BDS, a filter‐assisted Partly Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (PEEMD) method is combined with Hilbert spectrum analysis to extract the feature information from BDS preprocessed orbit determination residuals (PODR). The results show that the feature extraction method can effectively extract a period of about 1 day for GEO/IGSO satellites and a period of about 13 h for MEO satellites. The results of the chi‐square test show that the remaining PODR follow a normal distribution. Statistical results from the 3‐day experiment indicate that the application of the extracted feature information for BeiDou‐only SPP improves positioning accuracy by 20%, 19%, and 23% in the east, north, and upward directions, respectively. BeiDou‐only PPP experiments show that the application of the extracted feature information reduces the static PPP convergence time by 34%, 10%, and 21% and the kinematic PPP convergence time by 25%, 11%, and 9% in three coordinate components, respectively.

ABSTRACTBackground:The influence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on an individual’s health is substantial. However, the associations between ACEs, problematic internet use (PIU), and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adolescents remain underexplored.Objective:To assess the association between ACEs and HRQOL in Chinese adolescents and to evaluate the mediating role of PIU in this association.Method:A sample of 6,639 adolescents (3,457 boys and 3,182 girls) aged between 11–20 years (mean [SD] age: 14.5 [1.6] years) were recruited from 6 junior and senior middle schools using a proportional sampling approach in a cross-sectional study. Data on ACE exposure was collected through the short form of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the ACE-International Questionnaire, and two additional questions. HRQOL was assessed by the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory version 4.0. The associations between ACEs and HRQOL were estimated using linear regression models. Mediation analysis was further conducted to explore the possible mediating role of PIU in the association between ACEs and HRQOL.Results:Our study collected 13 different ACEs. We found that adolescents exposed to any ACE had significantly lower scores in all HRQOL dimensions, psychosocial health summary scale, and total scale, than those without such exposure. Specifically, adolescents with ≥ 3 ACE exposure had a total scale score that was 14.70 (95%CI: 15.53 to 13.87) points lower than their non-exposed counterparts. Mediation analysis identified PIU as a significant mediator, with the proportion of the total effect attributable to PIU ranging from 14.38% for social functioning to 17.44% for physical functioning.Conclusions:Exposure to ACEs was associated with poorer HRQOL in Chinese adolescents, underscoring the importance to prevent ACEs and their negative impacts on adolescent well-being. These findings also highlighted the need of promoting appropriate internet use among adolescents exposed to ACEs, in order to avert potential impairment in their HRQOL.HIGHLIGHTSAdolescents with adverse childhood experiences have poorer health-related quality of life.The association between adverse childhood experiences and health-related quality of life shows a dose–response pattern.Problematic internet use partially mediates the associations between adverse childhood experiences and health-related quality of life in adolescents.

Two remarkable ionospheric irregularities named equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) and medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbance (MSTID) are verified by using multi‐instrumental observations, for example, the ground‐based GPS networks, ionosonde stations, and Swarm satellites, when the tropical cyclones Tembin and Hagibis approached Hong Kong on 26 August 2012 and 15 June 2014, respectively. The low‐latitude plasma bubble over an area of 105–120 °E in longitude was observed during 12:30–17:00 universal time (UT) on 26 August 2012. GPS observations from magnetically conjugate locations indicate that the nighttime bubble during 20:30–01:00 local time (LT = UT + 8h) on 26 August should be formed from the magnetically equatorial region rather than drifted from the west (eastward drift) or generated locally. Different from the EPB, during another cyclone on 15 June 2014, the northwest‐southeast aligned nighttime MSTID was verified in midlatitude regions at a mean horizontal velocity of 156 m/s southwestward propagation during 12:30–17:30 UT when Hagibis was near the mainland coast. By comparing the ionospheric observations during the two cyclones, differences are identified: small‐scale irregularities associated with plasma bubble cause obvious perturbations of the rate of total electron content index with the value of ~3.0 TECU/min; while the MSTID in midlatitude only cause relatively slight rate of total electron content index disturbances with the value of ~1.5 TECU/min. In addition, the magnetic conjugacy of EPB and MSTID in two hemispheres during the passage of tropical cyclones has been also discussed in this study. Different characteristics of EPB and MSTID associated with tropical cyclones in China are analyzed in detailCautions should be taken when the ROTI maps are used to identify the ionospheric irregularities since they are sensitive to both plasma bubble and MSTIDBoth EPB and MSTID show the geomagnetically conjugating feature in the East‐Asia region