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A novel core-shell structure carbon-sulfur composite with PEG and sulfonated groups grafted carbon core is synthesized via a feasible method in aqueous solution. The effect of carbon core grafting on the properties of the composite has been discussed. The XRD and SEM results reveal that sulfur is deposited on the surface of sulfonated and PEG grafted carbon core homogeneously. The ac impedance spectroscopy and charge/discharge tests show that the improved electrochemical properties of the composite are due to the grafting on the surface of carbon core. The cell, based on this core-shell structure composite with sulfur content of 82.5% as cathode material, exhibits excellent cycling performance with a reversible capacity about 800 mA h g-1 after 100 cycles and good rate capability when the sulfur loading of the cathode is about 2.5 mg cm-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequency-dependent coda attenuation values are often reported; however, such measurements usually depend on the types of the Q(f) models employed. We use numerical modeling of peaceful nuclear explosion (PNE) coda at far-regional to teleseismic distances to compare two such models, namely, the conventional frequency-dependent quality factor (Qcoda(f)= Q0fη and frequency-independent coda attenuation (Qc) with geometrical attenuation (γ). The results favor strongly the (γ,Qc) model and illustrate the mechanisms leading to apparent Qcoda(f)dependencies. Tests for variations of the crustal velocity structures show that the values of γ are stable and related to lithospheric structural types, and the inverted Qc-values can be systematically mapped into the true S-wave attenuation factors within the crust. Modeling also shows that γ could increase in areas where relatively thin attenuating layers are present within the crust; such areas could likely be related to younger and active tectonics. By contrast, when interpreted by using the traditional (Q0, η) approach, the synthetic coda shows a strong and spurious frequency dependence with η ≈ 0:5, which is also similar to the observations. Observed Lg coda from two PNEs located in different areas in Russia show similar values of γ ≈ 0:75 x 10-2 sec-1, which are also remarkably close to the independent numerical predictions. At the same time, coda Qc-values vary strongly, from 850 in the East-European platform to 2500 within the Siberian Craton. This suggests that parameters γ and Qc could provide stable and transportable discriminants for differentiating between the lithospheric tectonic types and ages and also for seismic coda regionalization in nuclear test monitoring research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]