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Few studies have examined the context in which drinkers underestimate their breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) in natural drinking environments. This study examined factors associated with bar patrons’ self‐estimated BrAC in high‐risk college town settings. Guided interview and BrAC data were collected from 510 participants recruited as they exited bars located close to large universities: 1 in Florida and 1 in Texas. Participants with the highest measured BrACs underestimated their BrAC levels the most. Findings from multivariable linear regression analysis indicated that BrAC (std β = 0.014, p <0.001), number of alcoholic drinks consumed (std β = 0.006, p <0.01), and perceived drunkenness (std β = 0.024, p <0.001) had significant positive associations with BrAC self‐estimates, where the regression coefficients were scaled by values approximately equal to each variable's interquartile range. Among the 321 participants with BrAC levels ≥ 0.08 g/dl, 21.2% believed their BrAC was below the legal per se driving limit of 0.08 g/dl. Results from a logistic regression analysis indicated that higher levels of perceived drunkenness were associated with better self‐recognition that one's BrAC level exceeded the legal driving threshold (OR = 3.312, p <0.001). Further, participants under 26 years of age had reduced odds of recognizing that their BrAC was greater than 0.079 g/dl (OR = 0.245, p <0.05). These findings highlight the inaccuracy of self‐estimated BrAC when drinking, particularly among younger drinkers. Adjusting for BrAC, situational factors were strongly associated with self‐estimated BrAC. Future research is needed to better understand how altering drinking environments may improve accuracy of BrAC self‐estimates and deter driving after drinking. Bar patrons with the highest measured breath alcohol concentrations (BrACs) underestimated their BrAC levels the most. In multivariable regression analysis BrAC, number of drinks consumed, and perceived drunkenness were positively associations with BrAC self‐estimates. Further, among bar patrons with BrAC levels ≥ 0.08 g/dl, those who felt less drunk and who were under 26 years of age were less likely to self‐recognize that they their BrAC level exceeded the legal driving threshold, adjusting for BrAC and other factors.

Previous research suggests that prisoners have a higher rate of disability than non-institutionalized adults. This study used nationally representative data to update the prevalence rate, identify correlates of disability, and evaluate disability-related disparities in use of prison-based educational services, vocational programs, and work assignments. Data were obtained from 18,185 prisoners interviewed in the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities.Survey logistic regression procedures were conducted using Stata 13. Disability prevalence remained substantially higher among prisoners than among the non-institutionalized population. Prisoners were more likely to report specific learning, sensory, and speech-related disabilities than non-institutionalized adults. Prisoners with at least one type of disability had more criminogenic risk factors and come from a more disadvantaged background than prisoners without disability. Prisoners with disabilities were also less likely to utilize vocational programs and work assignments but were more likely to use educational programs than prisoners without disabilities. In summary, 41% of prisoners reported a disability, most commonly, learning disabilities. Prisoners with disabilities were identified as an at-risk group for recidivism, given their pre-incarceration experiences, and limited vocational and work-related training received in prison.

Research has demonstrated a clear association between cognitive decline and non-cognitive disability; however, all of these studies focus on disability as a correlate or result of some level of cognitive impairment or dysfunction. The relationship between disability and cognition is likely a complex one, that is currently incompletely described in the literature.