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We present an optimal-estimation-based retrieval framework, the microphysical aerosol properties from polarimetry (MAPP) algorithm, designed for simultaneous retrieval of aerosol microphysical properties and ocean color bio-optical parameters using multi-angular total and polarized radiances. Polarimetric measurements from the airborne NASA Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) were inverted by MAPP to produce atmosphere and ocean products. The RSP MAPP results are compared with co-incident lidar measurements made by the NASA High-Spectral-Resolution Lidar HSRL-1 and HSRL-2 instruments. Comparisons are made of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 355 and 532 nm, lidar column-averaged measurements of the aerosol lidar ratio and Ångstrøm exponent, and lidar ocean measurements of the particulate hemispherical backscatter coefficient and the diffuse attenuation coefficient. The measurements were collected during the 2012 Two-Column Aerosol Project (TCAP) campaign and the 2014 Ship-Aircraft Bio-Optical Research (SABOR) campaign. For the SABOR campaign, 73% RSP MAPP retrievals fall within ±0.04 AOD at 532 nm as measured by HSRL-1, with an R value of 0.933 and root-mean-square deviation of 0.0372. For the TCAP campaign, 53% of RSP MAPP retrievals are within 0.04 AOD as measured by HSRL-2, with an R value of 0.927 and root-mean-square deviation of 0.0673. Comparisons with HSRL-2 AOD at 355 nm during TCAP result in an R value of 0.959 and a root-mean-square deviation of 0.0694. The RSP retrievals using the MAPP optimal estimation framework represent a key milestone on the path to a combined lidar+polarimeter retrieval using both HSRL and RSP measurements.

Synovial sarcomas are aggressive soft-tissue malignancies that express chromosomal translocation-generated fusion genes, SS18-SSX1or SS18-SSX2in most cases. Here, we report a mouse sarcoma model expressing SS18-SSX1, complementing our prior model expressing SS18-SSX2. Exome sequencing identified no recurrent secondary mutations in tumors of either genotype. Most of the few mutations identified in single tumors were present in genes that were minimally or not expressed in any of the tumors. Chromosome 6, either entirely or around the fusion gene expression locus, demonstrated a copy number gain in a majority of tumors of both genotypes. Thus, by fusion oncogene coding sequence alone, SS18-SSX1and SS18-SSX2can each drive comparable synovial sarcomagenesis, independent from other genetic drivers. SS18-SSX1and SS18-SSX2tumor transcriptomes demonstrated very few consistent differences overall. In direct tumorigenesis comparisons, SS18-SSX2was slightly more sarcomagenic than SS18-SSX1, but equivalent in its generation of biphasic histologic features. Meta-analysis of human synovial sarcoma patient series identified two tumor–gentoype–phenotype correlations that were not modeled by the mice, namely a scarcity of male hosts and biphasic histologic features among SS18-SSX2tumors. Re-analysis of human SS18-SSX1and SS18-SSX2tumor transcriptomes demonstrated very few consistent differences, but highlighted increased native SSX2expression in SS18-SSX1tumors. This suggests that the translocated locus may drive genotype–phenotype differences more than the coding sequence of the fusion gene created. Two possible roles for native SSX2in synovial sarcomagenesis are explored. Thus, even specific partial failures of mouse genetic modeling can be instructive to human tumor biology.

Recent aircraft measurements over the northwest Atlantic enable an investigation of how entrainment from the free troposphere (FT) impacts cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) concentrations in the marine boundary layer (MBL) during cold‐air outbreaks (CAOs), motivated by the role of CCN in mediating transitions from closed to open‐cell regimes. Observations compiled over eight flights indicate predominantly far lesser CCN concentrations in the FT than in the MBL. For one flight, a fetch‐dependent MBL‐mean CCN budget is compiled from estimates of sea‐surface fluxes, entrainment of FT air, and hydrometeor collision‐coalescence, based on in‐situ and remote‐sensing measurements. Results indicate a dominant role of FT entrainment in reducing MBL CCN concentrations, consistent with satellite‐observed trends in droplet number concentration upwind of CAO cloud‐regime transitions over the northwest Atlantic. Relatively scant CCN may widely be associated with FT dry intrusions, and should accelerate cloud‐regime transitions where underlying MBL air is CCN‐rich, thereby reducing regional albedo. Cloud droplets form on a subset of atmospheric particles, referred to as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The number concentration of CCN affects the brightness and horizontal extent of clouds. Satellite measurements indicate cloud droplet number concentrations drop off sharply as wintertime marine cold‐air outbreak clouds flow eastward, helping to reduce the brightness and horizontal extent of the clouds. We use aircraft measurements from several flights where cold continental air flowing over the northwest Atlantic to estimate the CCN budget in the near‐surface turbulent air. We show that CCN concentrations in the immediately overlying air, the free troposphere (FT), are usually far less than in the marine boundary layer (MBL). Through additional analysis of one flight, we show that mixing of FT air is the primary factor reducing CCN concentrations in the MBL prior to rain formation, thereby contributing to a reduction in cloud brightness and extent. Recent aircraft measurements enable an analysis of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) during marine cold air outbreaksCCN concentrations are usually less in the free troposphere than in the marine boundary layer over the northwest AtlanticA boundary layer CCN budget indicates a leading role of entrainment dilution up‐wind of cloud‐regime transition Recent aircraft measurements enable an analysis of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) during marine cold air outbreaks CCN concentrations are usually less in the free troposphere than in the marine boundary layer over the northwest Atlantic A boundary layer CCN budget indicates a leading role of entrainment dilution up‐wind of cloud‐regime transition

The California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) field study was conducted throughout California in May, June, and July of 2010. The study was organized to address issues simultaneously relevant to atmospheric pollution and climate change, including (1) emission inventory assessment, (2) atmospheric transport and dispersion, (3) atmospheric chemical processing, and (4) cloud‐aerosol interactions and aerosol radiative effects. Measurements from networks of ground sites, a research ship, tall towers, balloon‐borne ozonesondes, multiple aircraft, and satellites provided in situand remotely sensed data on trace pollutant and greenhouse gas concentrations, aerosol chemical composition and microphysical properties, cloud microphysics, and meteorological parameters. This overview report provides operational information for the variety of sites, platforms, and measurements, their joint deployment strategy, and summarizes findings that have resulted from the collaborative analyses of the CalNex field study. Climate‐relevant findings from CalNex include that leakage from natural gas infrastructure may account for the excess of observed methane over emission estimates in Los Angeles. Air‐quality relevant findings include the following: mobile fleet VOC significantly declines, and NOxemissions continue to have an impact on ozone in the Los Angeles basin; the relative contributions of diesel and gasoline emission to secondary organic aerosol are not fully understood; and nighttime NO3chemistry contributes significantly to secondary organic aerosol mass in the San Joaquin Valley. Findings simultaneously relevant to climate and air quality include the following: marine vessel emissions changes due to fuel sulfur and speed controls result in a net warming effect but have substantial positive impacts on local air quality. An overview of the multi‐platform, multi‐agency CalNex field study in 2010A synthesis of CalNex research to dateEmphasis on policy‐relevant conclusions linking climate and air quality issues

The article discusses the different aspects of the discretionary civil litigation processes and rules of court in Australia. It explores the role of statutory enactments and rules of court in fighting against high costs and delays in the country's civil justice system by providing the court with extensive discretion to govern the conduct of litigation. Moreover, it is noted that the method of implementing a right can significantly affect the nature of the right.

A precise estimate of the polarization induced by the surface in reflected radiation is crucial for remote sensing applications dedicated to monitoring the atmosphere. Here we present airborne observations acquired during a field campaign in the North of France over vegetated surfaces. Polarized reflectances were measured in four spectral bands in the range between 0.67 and 2.2 μm and for scattering angles between 75° and 145°. Our results confirm that the polarization generated by the reflection of vegetated surfaces can be understood as being primarily a specular reflection process. It is not possible from our measurements to see any spectral dependence of the surface polarization in the given spectral channels. The surface polarization is well fitted by existing surface models which have two degrees of freedom that allow the magnitude and angular behavior of the surface-polarized reflectance to be adjusted.

Interactions of the yeast chromatin-remodeling complexes SWI/SNF and RSC with nucleosomes were probed using site-specific DNA photoaffinity labeling. 5 S rDNA was engineered with photoreactive nucleotides incorporated at different sites in DNA to scan for the subunits of SWI/SNF in close proximity to DNA when SWI/SNF is bound to the 5 S nucleosome or to the free 5 S rDNA. The Swi2/Snf2 and Snf6 subunits of SWI/SNF were efficiently cross-linked at several positions in the nucleosome, whereas only Snf6 was efficiently cross-linked when SWI/SNF was bound to free DNA. DNA photoaffinity labeling of RSC showed that the Rsc4 subunit is in close proximity to nucleosomal DNA and not when RSC is bound to free DNA. After remodeling, the Swi2/Snf2 and Rsc4 subunits are no longer detected near the nucleosomal DNA and are evidently displaced from the surface of the nucleosome, indicating significant changes in SWI/SNF and RSC contacts with DNA after remodeling.

1. Changes in the excitability of lumbar and trigeminal primary afferent terminals have long been used as an index of primary afferent depolarization (PAD). PAD has been linked in part to the presynaptic inhibition of neurotransmission. During the behavioral state of active sleep, synaptic transmission through the rostral trigeminal sensory nuclear complex (TSNC) is suppressed when compared with other states such as wakefulness or quiet sleep. The mechanism underlying the suppression of neuronal activity in the rostral TSNC during active sleep is not known. Accordingly, experiments were conducted to determine, by examining the excitability of tooth pulp afferent terminals in cat during sleep and wakefulness, whether PAD processes might contribute in part to the suppression of rostral TSNC neuron activity. 2. Unitary potentials recorded in the maxillary canine tooth pulp were evoked by low-intensity stimuli applied to the rostral TSNC. Unitary potentials were identified by their "all-or-nothing" response, their invariant amplitude and latency, and their ability to follow a short train of high-frequency (333 Hz) stimuli. 3. The firing index (FI), a measure of the probability of evoking a unitary potential, was used to assess the changes in excitability of tooth pulp primary afferents. The proximity of stimulating electrodes to the terminal segment rather than a nonterminal segment of a tooth pulp afferent was demonstrated by observing an increase in the FI as a consequence of conditioning stimuli applied to ipsilateral branches of the trigeminal nerves. Increases in the FI over baseline were obtained for conditioning test intervals ranging from 20 to 80 ms, with the peak effect of conditioning occurring at 30 ms. 4. A total of 25 tooth pulp afferent terminals were identified and changes in their FI were examined during wakefulness, quiet sleep, and active sleep. The FI for all 25 terminals during wakefulness (FIW: 0.29 +/- 0.04, mean +/- SE) did not differ from that during quiet sleep (0.32 +/- 0.04). However, when compared with wakefulness, the FI during active sleep (FIAS: 0.52 +/- 0.07) was increased. The mean ratio of change in the FI (FIAS/FIW) was 3.5 +/- 0.9. These findings indicate that, as a population, tooth pulp afferent terminals are depolarized during the state of active sleep and that PAD processes may partly underlie the suppression of synaptic transmission through the rostral TSNC during this state. 5. To explore whether presynaptic excitability changes underlie the modulation of rostral TSNC neuron activity during active sleep, additional experiments were performed in which tooth-pulp-evoked responses of individual rostral TSNC neurons and the FIs of adjacent individual tooth pulp afferent terminals were analyzed as a function of sleep and wakefulness. The results indicated that active-sleep-related PAD was associated with active-sleep-related suppression of tooth-pulp-evoked activity of rostral TSNC neurons. 6. The conclusion is reached that PAD processes contribute to the mechanism whereby synaptic activity through the rostral TSNC is suppressed during the behavioral state of active sleep.

Abstract: The paper describes the design of two dual-channel constant-current electrical stimulators for use by children with diplegic spastic cerebral palsy. One stimulator for correction of equinus gait. The technique used to isolate the two stimulus output channels permits expansion to multiple stimulus channels using a single DC/DC convertor. False triggering of the functional stimulator by footswitches has been accounted for electronically. Examples reflecting the use of the device in the course of gait studies are presented.

We have studied the structure and expression of histone H2B mRNA and genes in the parasitic protozoan Leishmania enrietti. A genomic clone containing three tandemly repeated genes has been sequenced and shown to encode three identical histone proteins and two types of closely related mRNA sequence. We have also sequenced three independent cDNA clones and demonstrated that the Leishmania H2B mRNAs are polyadenylated, similar to the basal histone mRNAs of higher eucaryotes and the histone mRNAs of yeast. In addition, the Leishmania mRNAs contain inverted repeats near the poly(A) tail which could form stem-loops similar in secondary structure, but not in sequence, to the 3' stem-loops of nonpolyadenylated replication-dependent histones of higher eucaryotes. Unlike the replication-dependent histones, the Leishmania histone H2B mRNAs do not decrease in abundance following treatment with inhibitors of DNA synthesis. The histone mRNAs are differentially expressed during the parasite life cycle and accumulate to a higher level in the extracellular promastigotes (the form which in nature lives within the gut of the insect vector) than in the intracellular amastigotes (the form that lives within the mammalian host macrophages).

The use of monoclonal antibodies to identify antigens in perfused fixed tissue is currently very challenging. Recently, many antigen retrieval methods have been described that require heating the tissue on slides using a microwave oven.Here, we describe a protocol for antigen retrieval that uses a commercially available solution called Citra and a DNA thermal cycler to heat the tissue sections. This method (i) allows for precise control of the temperature and time (unlike the microwave oven), (ii) uses very small quantities of the antigen retrieval solution, (iii) stains either free-floating sections or sections mounted on slides and (iv) achieves uniform staining throughout the tissue.In the paraformaldehyde-pegused fixed rat cerebellum, the monoclonal antibody glial jibrillary acidic protein conveys the clarity of the Bergmann and stellate glia in the strata. Scanning confocal images through the center of the tissue demonstrates the depth of antibody penetration achieved using this method. Finally, using a monoclonal antibody against the simian virus 40 (SV40) T antigen allowed positive, unequivocal identification of a grafted cell line, immortalized using SV40 T protein, thus demonstrating the true value of this method in an experimental paradigm.

A complex containing the products of the SWI1/ADR6, SWI2/SNF2, SWI3, SNF5, and SNF6 genes and four additional polypeptides has been purified from extracts of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Physical association of these proteins was demonstrated by copurification and coimmunoprecipitation. A potent DNA-dependent ATPase copurified with the complex, and this activity was evidently associated with SWI2/SNF2.

Kss1 and Fus3 are mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs or ERKs), and Ste7 is their activating MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK), in the pheromone response pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To investigate the potential role of specific interactions between these enzymes during signaling, their ability to associate with each other was examined both in solution and in vivo. When synthesized by in vitro translation, Kss1 and Fus3 could each form a tight complex (Kd of approximately 5 nM) with Ste7 in the absence of any additional yeast proteins. These complexes were specific because neither Hog1 nor Mpk1 (two other yeast MAPKs), nor mammalian Erk2, was able to associate detectably with Ste7. Neither the kinase catalytic core of Ste7 nor the phosphoacceptor regions of Ste7 and Kss1 were necessary for complex formation. Ste7-Kss1 (and Ste7-Fus3) complexes were present in yeast cell extracts and were undiminished in extracts prepared from a ste5delta-ste11delta double mutant strain. In Ste7-Kss1 (or Ste7-Fus3) complexes isolated from naive or pheromone-treated cells, Ste7 phosphorylated Kss1 (or Fus3), and Kss1 (or Fus3) phosphorylated Ste7, in a pheromone-stimulated manner; dissociation of the high-affinity complex was shown to be required for either phosphorylation event. Deletions of Ste7 in the region required for its stable association with Kss1 and Fus3 in vitro significantly decreased (but did not eliminate) signaling in vivo. These findings suggest that the high-affinity and active site-independent binding observed in vitro facilitates signal transduction in vivo and suggest further that MEK-MAPK interactions may utilize a double-selection mechanism to ensure fidelity in signal transmission and to insulate one signaling pathway from another.

The SWI1/ADR6, SWI2/SNF2, SWI3, SNF5, and SNF6 gene products are all required for proper transcriptional control of many genes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetic studies indicated that these gene products might form a multiprotein SWI/SNF complex important for chromatin transitions preceding transcription from RNA polymerase II promoters. Biochemical studies identified a SWI/SNF complex containing these and at least six additional polypeptides. Here we show that the 29-kDa component of the SWI/SNF complex is identical to TFG3/TAF30/ANC1. Thus, a component of the SWI/SNF complex is also a member of the TFIIF and TFIID transcription complexes. TFG3 interacted with the SNF5 component of the SWI/SNF complex in protein interaction blots. TFG3 is significantly similar to ENL and AF-9, two proteins implicated in human acute leukemia. These results suggest that ENL and AF-9 proteins interact with the SNF5 component of the human SWI/SNF complex and raise the possibility that the SWI/SNF complex is involved in acute leukemia.

Several eukaryotic multiprotein complexes, including the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Snf/Swi complex, remodel chromatin for transcription. In contrast to the Snf/Swi proteins, Sfh1p, a new Snf5p paralog, is essential for viability. The evolutionarily conserved domain of Sfh1p is sufficient for normal function, and Sfh1p interacts functionally and physically with an essential Snf2p paralog in a novel nucleosome-restructuring complex called RSC (for remodels the structure of chromatin). A temperature-sensitive sfh1 allele arrests cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, and the Sfh1 protein is specifically phosphorylated in the G1 phase. Together, these results demonstrate a link between chromatin remodeling and progression through the cell division cycle, providing genetic clues to possible targets for RSC function.

Anti-cryptococcal antibodies were measured in normal cats, dogs, horses and koalas, and cats, dogs and koalas with cryptococcosis using an enzyme immunoassay. Antibody levels were expressed as absorbance readings. Over 80% of cats and dogs with cryptococcal infection had elevated antibody levels at the time of diagnosis, during or after successful therapy. Antibody levels in these patients either remained elevated or declined slowly after treatment. For cats, anti-cryptococcal antibody levels were higher in C. neoformansvar. gattiithan var. neoformansinfections, and lower in mild than in moderate or severe infections. The persistence of increased anti-cryptococcal antibody levels in over half of the feline and canine cases following active infection suggested the use of antibody determinations as a seroepidemiologic marker of previous infection. Consequently, antibody measurements from ‘normal’ animals indicated a prevalence of previous cryptococcal infection of 10% in cats and dogs, compared with 3% inhorses and 5% in koalas. Preliminary studies of young animals suggested that anti-cryptococcal antibody levels were substantially lower in the young cats but not the young dogs surveyed, compared with their mature counterparts. The cut-offs used in the present work may thus be erroneously high, with a corresponding underestimation of the prevalence of inapparent cryptococcosis.

Using a class-specific enzyme immunoassay IgG and IgA anticryptococcal antibody was measured in 400 serum specimens at 1 week to 11·7 years after diagnosis from 43 immunocompetent subjects with confirmed active cryptococcosis. The prevalence of IgG was 86% at diagnosis, rose to 100% by 2 weeks and remained high thereafter. IgA prevalence was 71% at diagnosis, rose to 75% at 2 weeks and then fell over 2 years. IgG and IgA prevalence in paediatric controls was 5% and 0%, respectively. Mean antibody levels showed the same pattern and neither levels nor prevalence were influenced by age, sex or site of infection. Patients with the variety gattii infection had a greater antibody response than those with the variety neoformans which was significant for IgA. Specific anticryptococcal antibody was regularly present in conjunction with cryptococcal antigen at diagnosis. IgG persists but IgA falls over 1-2 years. The assay described may be a useful tool to study the antibody response and seroepidemiology of infection with C. neoformans.

We have cloned a developmentally regulated gene from the parasitic protozoan Leishmania enrietti. The mRNA from this gene accumulates to a much higher level in the promastigote stage of the parasite life cycle that lives in the gut of the insect vector than in the amastigote stage of the parasite that lives inside the macrophages of the mammalian host. The predicted protein encoded by this gene is homologous to the human erythrocyte glucose transporter and to several sugar-transport proteins from Escherichia coli. These structural similarities strongly suggest that the cloned gene encodes a membrane transport protein that is developmentally induced when the parasite enters its insect vector. Regulated membrane transporters may be required for the parasite to adapt to the environment of the insect gut.

Expression of the adenovirus E1A243 oncoprotein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces a slow-growth phenotype with accumulation of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. This effect is due to the N-terminal and CR1 domains of E1A243, which in rodent cells are involved in triggering cellular transformation and also in binding to the cellular transcriptional coactivator p300. A genetic screen was undertaken to identify genes required for the function of E1A243 in S. cerevisiae. This screen identified SNF12, a gene encoding the 73-kDa subunit of the SWI/SNF transcriptional regulatory complex. Mutation of genes encoding known members of the SWI/SNF complex also led to loss of E1A function, suggesting that the SWI/SNF complex is a target of E1A243. Moreover, expression of E1A in wild-type cells specifically blocked transcriptional activation of the INO1 and SUC2 genes, whose activation pathways are distinct but have a common requirement for the SWI/SNF complex. These data demonstrate a specific functional interaction between E1A and the SWI/SNF complex and suggest that a similar interaction takes place in rodent and human cells.

The yeast SNF-SWI complex is required for transcriptional activation of diverse genes and has been shown to alter chromatin structure. The complex has at least 10 components, including SNF2/SWI2, SNF5, SNF6, SWI1/ADR6, and SWI3, and has been widely conserved in eukaryotes. Here we report the characterization of a new component. We identified proteins that interact in the two-hybrid system with the N-terminal region of SNF2, preceding the ATPase domain. In addition to SWI3, we recovered a new 19-kDa protein, designated SNF11. Like other SNF/SWI proteins, SNF11 functions as a transcriptional activator in genetic assays. SNF11 interacts with SNF2 in vitro and copurifies with the SNF-SWI complex from yeast cells. Using a specific antibody, we showed that SNF11 coimmunoprecipitates with members of the SNF-SWI complex and that SNF11 is tightly and stoichiometrically associated with the complex. Furthermore, SNF11 was detected in purified SNF-SWI complex by staining with Coomassie blue dye; its presence previously went unrecognized because it does not stain with silver. SNF11 interacts with a 40-residue sequence of SNF2 that is highly conserved, suggesting that SNF11 homologs exist in other organisms.

1. Relatively little is known about the activity of trigeminal sensory neurons during naturally occurring behavioral states of sleep and wakefulness. Accordingly, experiments were performed in chronic unanesthetized behaving cats in which neuronal activity in the rostral trigeminal sensory nuclear complex (TSNC) was recorded extracellularly in response to low-intensity stimulation of mandibular and maxillary divisions of cranial V nerve. The peripheral responses of TSNC neurons were evaluated during naturally occurring episodes of wakefulness, quiet sleep, and active sleep. 2. The location of the rostral TSNC was confirmed by recording characteristic orthodromic field potentials generated in response to afferent volleys from tooth pulp and inferior alveolar (IAN) nerve stimuli. Antidromic fields from the trigeminal (MotV) and facial (MotVII) motor pools were used to demarcate the anterior and posterior limits of the rostral TSNC (i.e., main sensory nucleus and nucleus oralis pars gamma). 3. In the absence of peripherally applied stimuli, individual rostral TSNC neurons recorded in the chronic, unanesthetized cat during the behavioral state of wakefulness did not display ongoing spike activity. 4. The response characteristics of individual TSNC neurons to low-intensity stimuli delivered to V afferents emanating from the canine tooth pulps during the behavioral state of drowsy wakefulness consisted of a short train of action potentials characterized by a short latency-to-onset (7.2 +/- 0.4 ms, mean +/- SE, n = 51). TSNC neurons fell into two categories on the basis of their response to graded intensities of tooth pulp stimuli. "Stimulus intensity-dependent" neurons demonstrated evoked responses that had a response profile that increased with stimulus intensity. In contrast, the response profile of "stimulus intensity-independent" neurons remained stable irrespective of the stimulus intensity used. 5. During episodes of wakefulness and quiet sleep, IAN-evoked orthodromic fields did not differ in their amplitude or other waveform parameters. However, during active sleep, the IAN-evoked orthodromic field potential was suppressed by an average of 28% as compared with wakefulness. 6. The number of action potentials evoked by consecutive presentation of low-intensity tooth pulp stimuli were compared during sleep and wakefulness. The evoked responses were suppressed during active sleep (29%, n = 42). Suppression observed during active sleep occurred in both ("stimulus-dependent" and "stimulus-independent") groups of TSNC neurons. During the phasic rapid-eye-movement (REM) episodes of active sleep, both the orthodromic field potentials and unitary action potentials were further suppressed or abolished. 7. The conclusion is reached that synaptic transmission through the rostral trigeminal sensory nucleus is dependent on the behavioral state of the animal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is a serious complication of heparin use. Treatment includes discontinuation of heparin and initiation of alternative anticoagulation therapy. In extracorporeal membrane oxygenation anticoagulation is mandatory, and direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) have been approved in these cases. However, the use and monitoring of DTIs in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients is not well described. DTI use is also complicated by the imprecision of available monitoring tests and currently recommended dosing has been shown to result in a supratherapeutic anticoagulative state. This case report describes the successful use of the DTI argatroban as an alternative anticoagulant in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support.