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A World Heritage Site must be of outstanding universal value and meet at least one out of ten selection criteria that in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable place having special cultural or physical significance. Therefore, an increasing number of World Heritage Sites have been developed to be the tourist attractions worldwide. Tourism resources of the World Cultural Heritage Sites are used for protecting the heritage and providing better service for the tourists. Therefore, achieving a reasonable and effective resource allocation and resource supervising system is required. This research aims at solving such problem. The artificial intelligence techniques, especially the neural network algorithm is used in this research to complete massive calculations, including facing detecting and recognising, resource elements parameters calculation, and so forth. Creative computing theories and methods are working for combining the tourism area with computer science area. To express the system more explicitly, a case about Hailongtun World Cultural Heritage Site, which located in the Guizhou province in China, is used for testing the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural heritage has undergone a paradigm shift in recent decades. Museums in particular have changed from being a house of treasures to be admired by visitors, to being a place where objects provide the context for new interpretations. Today, visitors are provided with an opportunity to participate and co-create meaning. At the same time a UK government requirement for accountability has pushed the sector towards business management and professionalisation. This new context has forced conservators to respond by aligning themselves with these trends. In order to stay relevant conservators have to take on an active role in facilitating audience participation and increased access to collections, while at the same time improving their efficiency and accountability. Preservation frameworks have played a significant role in enabling conservators to respond to these changed needs within the sector. Crucially, preservation frameworks have encouraged conservation professionals to collaborate with colleagues from across an entire organisation. Having gained a broader understanding of the context within which they work, preservation frameworks have also allowed conservators to systematically collate and analyse data and present these to their stakeholders in a language understood by them. The review of a number of case studies reveals that preservation frameworks help conservators understand the bigger picture and be influential at the right levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the use of storage techniques for historical collection (STASHc) developed by the Foundation for the American Institute for Conservation (FAIC) and the Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections (SPNHC). Topics discussed include the design of the STASHc website for gathering and storing collections of cultural property, its use as an online resource for museum professionals, and description of the various articles and resources that can be found on the website.

The article discusses the role played by trusts in cultural property claims. Topics include the role of trusts and trustees in looking after cultural property that belongs to them and how they can claim it in the event of a defendant also laying claim to that property, the law of transfers of title under English law and how the original legal title to cultural property of the claimant can be divested by a transaction governed by English law.

Nueva Tabarca island is significant for the fields of Geography and Territorial Planning due to the changes that have occurred in its urban and social fabric and terrestrial and marine environment over the last three hundred years. Its most remarkable aspect has been the manner in which imposed urban projects have modified its form and function. From the construction of a planned utopian city to the tourist boom and urban speculation of the late 20th Century, the island has been a testing ground in which residents have had to adapt to the changing conditions, reflecting successive trends in the region economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term integrated conservation first entered the lexicon of urban heritage in the 1975 Council of Europe European Charter, recognising that the future of the architectural heritage depends on the weight attached to it within the framework of urban and regional planning. Since then, the agendas of sustainability, sustainable development and climate change have entered the debate, and various attempts have been made to re-position urban heritage from a specialist to a mainstream activity in the European context. In 'The Geography of Urban Heritage', we argued that the quantum of urban heritage recognised and appreciated today underscores a level of responsibility for the maintenance and processes of continuity whose realisation is beyond the scope and capacity of a specialist field. Additionally, that the complementary values of community, heritage, resource and usefulness, harnessed to common purpose, afford a potent combination for responding to the challenge. That article promoted the thesis that for urban conservation to become a mainstream activity, heritage professionals need to nurture relationships centrally within the broad discipline of geography - the core discipline of urban planning; and reciprocally, geographers need to recognise the vital role of urban heritage beyond a limited perception of its compass. The 2010 European Union Toledo Declaration acknowledged the importance of urban heritage, and defined the multiple dimensions of sustainability as economic, social, environmental, cultural and governance. Governance at the municipal level is the key to integrated urban planning policy and practice. This article explores current initiatives in the field and proposes directions for further research and implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern computerised railway control methods are making traditional railway signal boxes obsolete and most signal boxes owned by Network Rail in Great Britain will close by 2026. Many of these signal boxes have a listing as buildings of architectural or historical significance. Listed buildings should ideally remain in their original location and this particularly applies to signal boxes, where the railway environment is an intrinsic aspect of the listing. However, there is pressure to relocate redundant listed and heritage signal boxes. Primary research methodology is by focusing upon key exemplars to determine the actual situation against theoretical conservation policy and practice. Findings are that while relocation affects the building's conservation integrity, presentation of relocated signal boxes in a heritage railway environment provides for interpretation of railway history. The conclusions identify that there are contradictory requirements and pressures in conserving heritage signal boxes. These pressures materially affect the conservation process and there is a need to redefine accepted conservation theory to cope with the realties of signal box preservation. This will necessitate engagement by all interested parties and a systematic identification of all affected signal boxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeological heritage is part of a global identity; the need to preserve this heritage is important, not only to the local communities in which it is present but also to national and international communities. In recent years, digital recordings of monuments and buildings have provided significant contributions in the preservation, presentation and dissemination of cultural heritage. Digital recording of cultural heritage is a multidimensional and complex process: not only does it require researchers to address the problem of 3D digitisation of the monuments but also other aspects of handling this new digital content, such as management, representation and reproduction. Various techniques have been proposed and different technologies have been developed: some based on laser scanning, others on photogrammetric techniques, some using simple empirical methodologies and others based on imaging techniques. However, these techniques focus on cultural heritage assets which are still in existence. For lost, destroyed or damaged heritage, all that remains in a visual context are archived images. We investigate the use of photogrammetry on archived images, to attempt to create 3D reconstructions of lost heritage assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heritage management is employed by many countries to facilitate site development as well as to assist in the preservation of heritage. Heritage management is particularly complex because public and private, and sometimes local communities are involved. Despite the fact that some literature is devoted to the protection and management of heritage sites, little research has compared the management practices between natural and cultural heritage and detailed comparative studies that are undertaken from this perspective are rare. Thus this study can be considered as one of the few, internationally, and possibly the first, locally, that compares the management process in the two main types of heritage: cultural and natural. Specifically, this study focuses on two main aspects of the management process, namely: the administrative and heritage legal system and local community involvement, aspects that have not been investigated in any prior research in Jordan. The study selected two case studies from Jordan: Umm Qais as a cultural heritage and Ajloun Forest Reserve as a natural heritage. The researchers adopted two methods in order to collect the required data. Personal interviews and direct observation were carried out at the archaeological site of Umm Qais as a cultural heritage site and Ajloun Forest Reserve as a natural heritage site. The study reveals that while Ajloun Forest Reserve is putting a lot of effort to manage its natural heritage, the main aim at Umm Qais is to attract more tourists. The study establishes that the heritage legal and administrative system in Ajloun forest reserve is stronger than the system applied at the archaeological site of Umm Qais, and that local community involvement is more well rooted in Ajloun Forest Reserve management policies than in Umm Qais. However implementing integrated legislation and involving the local community helps heritage managers towards public action and thoughts. Thus, this study may aid heritage operators to improve their policies in regard of heritage management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few years, the Internet of Things (IoT) is evolving through a new definition of this paradigm describing a system of cooperating Smart Objects (SOs). An SO can be defined as a physical digital object augmented with sensing, processing, storing and networking capabilities. The key role of such objects resides in the capabilities they have to make physical environments intel- ligent so as to provide novel services to people. Cultural Heritage domain and in particular its fruition and enjoyment perspectives can profitably benefits of such technologies since it characterize a domain where different aspects have to be considered: people enjoyment, cultural items fruition, valorisation and tutelage of spaces and artworks. In this paper we present an ongoing project, named ( TrUST - Transport with Ubiquiotus and Smart Technologies ) and developed within DATABENC, a high technology district for Cultural Heritage management, in collaboration with the Mobility Transport Company (ANM) of Naples. The project exploits the Internet of Things technologies in order to enable a novel fruition metaphor inside the transport coaches. Deploying a SO with GPS and WiFi capabilities, users can enjoy of multimedia content about the cultural heritage that surrounds them during a trip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeologists around the world face complex ethical dilemmas that defy easy solutions. Ethics and law entwine, yet jurisprudence endures as the global praxis for guidance and result. Global legal norms articulate 'legal rights' and obligations while codes of professional conduct articulate 'ethical rights' and obligations. This article underscores how a rights discourse has shaped the 20th century discipline and practice of archaeology across the globe, including in the design and execution of projects like those discussed in the Journal of Field Archaeology. It illustrates how both law and ethics have been, and still are, viewed as two distinct solution-driven approaches that, even when out of sync, are the predominant frameworks that affect archaeologists in the field and more generally. While both law and ethics are influenced by social mores, public policy, and political objectives, each too often in cultural heritage debates has been considered a separate remedy. For archaeology, there remains the tendency to turn to law for a definite response when ethical solutions prove elusive. As contemporary society becomes increasingly interconnected and the geo-political reality of the 21st century poses new threats to protecting archaeological sites and the integrity of the archaeological record during armed conflict and insurgency, law has fallen short or has lacked necessary enforcement mechanisms to address on-the-ground realities. A changing global order shaped by human rights, Indigenous heritage, legal pluralism, neo-colonialism, development, diplomacy, and emerging non-State actors directs the 21st century policies that shape laws and ethics. Archaeologists in the field today work within a nexus of domestic and international laws and regulations and must navigate increasingly complex ethical situations. Thus, a critical challenge is to realign approaches to current dilemmas facing archaeology in a way that unifies the 'legal' and the 'ethical' with a focus on human rights and principles of equity and justice. With examples from around the world, this article considers how law and ethics affect professional practice and demonstrates how engagement with law and awareness of ethics are pivotal to archaeologists in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identifies ‘heritage as practice’ as an alternative to ‘authorized’ heritage engagement. Heritage, in this sense, is perceived as a source of inspiration and creativity rather than just an asset to be preserved. ‘Heritage as practice’ is informed by the conventional identification and evaluation of heritage, coupled with the architectural and artistic instincts, capacities, creativity, and commitment found in the field of architecture, to interpret heritage. We label the work produced out of this practice as ‘creative material’ that is subjected to further re-creation when it is used as a platform for community engagement. We examine the mechanisms of these engagements through an academic experiment in which architecture students were asked to analyze the representations of the local heritage site of Umm el-Jimal, Jordan. We argue that shifting from ‘authorized’ engagement to informed ‘instinctual’ one gives the students a soft authority over heritage. However, it is the capacity to creatively engage with and about heritage, and use this to continuously and creatively interpret heritage, that makes this authority valid and just. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Contemporary global metal mining is a source of environmental pollution, but in Britain it is our historic mining industry that has left a legacy of contamination in the landscape, around both the immediate mine sites as well as within the river valley floors that drain these orefields. It has been estimated that the levels of lead and zinc stored within some northern British river systems represent values comparable to present-day reserves of economically viable ore deposits and exposure to them can be detrimental to human health. Despite the prevalence and significance of these deposits, they have been neglected by the cultural heritage community in favour of more easily interpretable remains such as mine buildings, technologies of ore procurement and processing, and the final products of manufacture. This paper argues that in light of future climate change and legislation associated with the European Union Water Framework Directive, heritage managers and industrial archaeologists have to start investigating these deposits as part of their studies and to engage with the environmental science and geomorphological communities who are, at present, setting the agenda in terms of strategies for pollution mitigation and landscape remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Qatar National Historic Environment Record (QNHER) Project, developed by the University of Birmingham in collaboration with Qatar Museums, has been working in Qatar for five years helping to develop the country's archaeological resource management. The need to develop a robust system to deal with development control is vital in Arabia, which boasts some of the most rapid and intensive development and construction in the world. Qatar is developing at such a rapid rate that, if left unchecked, it could destroy much of the nation's heritage, whether it is known or unknown. Legislation cannot be the end of heritage protection but merely the starting point. The QNHER has developed a bespoke software package to manage the historic environment that enables heritage professionals to have control over geographical information system (GIS) functions such as a spatial database, map building, or thematic mapping. The introduction of this software has had a major impact on how Qatar manages its cultural heritage resources and is making significant changes to archaeological resource management in the country. This paper will discuss the approaches that have been taken in Qatar to develop modern systems for archaeological resource management which include the heritage professional in development control and enable them to manage the historic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the growing body of research on the concept of adaptive capacity, there is an absence of research which investigates adaptive capacity in the field of cultural heritage management. Climatic changes have potentially serious implications for the historic environment, which is itself a non-renewable resource. Cultural heritage sites can be particularly sensitive to severe weather events and to changes in climate, both due to direct impacts on built structures, archaeology and designed landscapes, but also due to changes in visitor behaviour and the potentially adverse implications of adaptive measures on heritage significance. This research investigated the adaptive capacity of the management of cultural heritage sites in the UK. The research methodology and a final conceptual framework of adaptive capacity relevant for heritage management are presented in this paper. An initial framework of adaptive capacity was developed through an examination of key literature, a scoping study and a questionnaire survey. This was then tested and refined through the assessment of adaptive capacity at three UK World Heritage Sites, the analysis of national and international policy and interviews with stakeholders at the national and international level. The process of analysis and development of a revised conceptual framework gave insights into some of the challenges of investigating adaptive capacity. The key determinants of adaptive capacity in the final framework, found to affect the capacity to adapt to climate change at cultural heritage sites, are cognitive factors, leadership, learning capacity, access to information, authority and resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New generations of dark matter detection experiments require extreme low levels of background radiation in order to verify complex particle physics theories. Ancient lead ingots from shipwrecks provide the necessary shielding material to perform these experiments due to their low intrinsic radioactivity, difficult to achieve by modern materials or commercial means. This situation generates a debate between two different perspectives: The preservation of cultural heritage or its use in scientific fundamental research. In this Article we present the scientific implications of the use of salvaged Ancient lead for dark matter searches as well as the consideration on underwater cultural heritage management. We finally highlight the three main dilemmas on the issue and articulate their analysis using the three main cultural heritage mainstays: (1) benefit of the humankind, (2) scientific interest and (3) commercial exploitation of the underwater cultural heritage. We conclude that the use of Ancient lead in dark matter experiments does not contravene the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, the foremost international legal reference for the protection of underwater cultural heritage. However, to prevent the uncontrolled utilization of the non-renewable Ancient lead we recommend the use of alternative shielding materials such as tungsten and a case-by-case benchmark against commercial ultra-low-alpha lead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodization is a universal and very popular system of organizing History (Petras, et al., 2006) by arbitrary dividing time into periods such as Δικτατορια (dictatorship) in a way that is specific to places and communities. Structured collections of time period names and timelines are considered very useful in cultural content documentation and temporal information extraction. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the systematic collection of period names of Greek History. New period names are constantly created or left out of use. Aiming to capture this combination of dispersed specificity and constant evolution, we used the Focused Monolingual Crawler (FMC) (Mastropavlos, et al., 2011) and an initial list of 25 "seed-terms" to develop corpora dense in period names with Web retrieved documents. Period names were manually retrieved from the accumulated corpora and were annotated for a set of features, including allomorphs that occurred in the collected corpora and whether the term denoted a fact or a time period or something else as well as for persons, places and other period names related with the term. The linguistic environments where the terms occurred were identified and some of them were fed to the (FMC) as new "seed-terms". This cycle was repeated for three times and yielded 78 period names with an average of 16 paradigms per term and a corpus consisting of 3020 valid XML documents. Some first observations on the strategies employed by Greek communities to coin time period names are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D Virtual Models are the future of the representation of the existing and destroyed architectural heritage. The term reconstruction defines the re-building of a monument to its state at the time of its history chosen for that particular representation. In recent years the evolution of the technology, has contributed significantly in many aspects of the field of cultural heritage preservation and recording. Techniques like digital image processing, digital orthophoto production, terrestrial laser scanning and 3D model processing have enabled the production of such alternative products. In this paper two characteristic cases of 3D virtual reconstruction of non-existing monuments are presented: The Middle Stoa in the Athens Agora and the Church of San Prudencio's Monastery in Spain. All data collected were evaluated and used appropriately for the final products. It is evident that the data collected do not all belong to the target periods and not all the data necessary to built up the models are available today. Therefore, one needs to carefully select the data corresponding to the period of study and complete them with suitable hypotheses. It is imperative that both tasks must be done in collaboration with archaeologists and architects. In this context a data hierarchy was developed, based on their reliability and correctness. The data were categorized for their reliability after careful evaluation their accuracy depending on the source. In this paper a 'Reliability' matrix for creation of digital models for cultural heritage research is presented. Sometimes the data appear in more than one source; in this case they must be checked for correspondence. All different sources should be evaluated and used accordingly for the final product. The procedures followed are briefly described and the results are presented and assessed for their reliability and usefulness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of areas that are insignificant for archaeological research can be used for guidance and support in projects that involve decision-making about the use of land and modern development activities. On the other hand, the identification of areas significant for archaeological research can contribute to archaeological knowledge and minimise the risk of unsuccessful excavations. This paper presents a review of the most recent and representative applications of predictive modelling in Archaeology, which demonstrate that predictive models can be successfully exploited by archaeological research and Cultural Heritage Management (CHM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mediterranean Archaeological Network (MedArchNet http://medarchnet.org ) is a series of linked archaeological information nodes. Each node contains a regional database of archaeological sites, sharing a common database structure in order to facilitate rapid information retrieval and display within and across nodes in the network. On the world scene, archaeology produces major new sources of cultural heritage data and material remains that require innovative methods for study, interpretation and public presentation. To take advantage of the growing body of such data, the MedArchNet cyberinfrastructure provides a workable model for researchers from a wide range of fields dealing with cultural heritage to collaborate, discover and monitor resources. In an era of rapidly expanding population and urban development, a system like MedArchNet can provide mechanisms to monitor archaeological site conditions over time and lessen the impact on cultural heritage resources by careful planning, and can significantly enhance site preservation and development potential in the Mediterranean basin. Furthermore, by uniting archaeological site metadata from many disparate datasets and organizations, the MedArchNet cyberinfrastructure dramatically improves the ability of researchers to ask large-scale, cross-regional questions of the archaeological data, providing fresh new insights into one of the most culturally meaningful areas on Earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examines the relationship between the development of renewable energy plants and the protection of the historic environment in Greece from the perspective of policy and practice and with an emphasis on the role of the State. First, the study examines the legal framework that regulates this relationship, with reference to three categories of regulations: (a) regulations for the protection of the historic environment in general; (b) European conventions for the protection of the historic environment in the context of development plans (conventions ratified by the Greek government), and (c) regulations for the protection of the historic environment in the context of renewable energy plants. The emphasis is on the procedure for the approval and implementation of renewable energy plants in relation to the historic environment. Then, specific case studies of renewable energy plants in Greece are presented. These case studies demonstrate a contrast between the regulated and the adopted procedures. A critical review follows, in an attempt to explain this contrast: gaps in the legal framework are identified, as well as cases in which the regulated procedures are not followed. It is shown that the state, though having a strict and long-established system for the protection of the historic environment in general and though ratifying European conventions for the protection of the historic environment in the context of development plans, proves unable to embrace renewable energy plants, leading to considerable failures. Moreover, the state does not seem to have learned from these failures over time. As a consequence, preventive protection is obstructed and even weakened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Orkney archipelago has a rich heritage that includes the Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Site, Viking settlements, harbours supplying Hudson's Bay Company ships, and the wartime naval base of Scapa Flow. This rich history has left its mark on the seabed but accurate maps showing the location and character of surviving seabed archaeology do not exist to the same extent as for archaeology on land. ORCA Marine was commissioned by Historic Scotland to work with the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland in interrogating marine data sets to enhance historic environment records of Orkney Waters and the Pentland Firth. These waters were prioritised for their history of maritime activity and to help guide planning and developments in an area highlighted by the Scottish Government for marine renewable energy. A variety of recent and legacy datasets, including wreck databases; sonar data gathered by public sector bodies; aerial photography; seabed cores; Admiralty charts; and local knowledge, were examined for their effectiveness in discovering and interpreting marine cultural heritage cost-effectively. A methodology was developed that enabled marine cultural heritage information to be quickly assimilated within the national and regional inventories for dissemination online. Polygonisation of records resulted in GIS-based shapefiles identifying site extents, and areas of archaeological potential in relation to wrecks, submerged prehistoric landscapes, anchorages and fishing areas. Substantial gaps in data coverage were identified and areas of the seabed have been surveyed at resolutions that are sufficient to detect large upstanding remains such as iron shipwrecks but insufficient to identify smaller archaeological features. Other geophysical datasets have been created at a resolution detailed enough to allow the recognition of smaller anomalies but in some cases processing of the data has removed small anomalies of interest to archaeologists. Intensively used marine areas often contain the most artefactual remains such as historic ports being developed to service the marine renewable industry. Zones of high wave and tidal energy favoured for renewable energy devices include navigation channels and hazards where a large number of wrecks are documented. Transmission cable routes cross deep water where 20th-century wartime losses occurred. Planning and development of infrastructure relating to renewables may also interact with significant built heritage and archaeology on the foreshore and coast edge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The destruction of cultural heritage is motivated by many factors, but most often in the developing world the motivation is extreme poverty. Local people living in areas rich in cultural heritage assets are often either mute bystanders to theft or active participants, encouraged by middlemen to excavate illicitly or chip ornamentation from temples. Heritage Watch, an international heritage preservation organization, launched an initiative at the Koh Ker temple complex in Cambodia that stressed the sustainable use of heritage and education for the benefit of preservation. The lessons learned during this project have been applied in the organization's new initiative at Banteay Chhmar, Cambodia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The range of organizations involved in some way with cultural heritage management stand in proxy for an equally wide range of concerns and viewpoints. While these viewpoints differ considerably in detail, we suggest that a fundamental objective of all these organizations is to ensure that an appropriate kind and degree of cultural heritage work occurs within development contexts. The last twenty years has witnessed such progress in the underlying principles of economic development (in 'developed' or 'developing' world countries) that the notion of heritage and economic development as equally necessary in order for a sustainable future is shared by all the major participants. We explicitly include the 'developers' as a participant in cultural heritage management. Our experience is that private companies sponsoring development are rarely opposed to undertaking heritage work, although they desperately want clear guidance on what this work is supposed to entail. Both heritage and development organizations have a valuable role to play in promoting sustainable economic development, but our experiences in the very differing desert fringes of Senegal and Mongolia suggests that neither alone, nor the two in concert, are truly effective, and that the role of individuals and organizations acting with professional and ethical responsibility is pivotal in this endeavour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The policies and standards of the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation contribute significantly to the identification, excavation, documentation, study, protection, management, and publication of archaeological sites, structures, and material. Following a description of these policies, examples of projects in four regions of the world illustrate how they have been applied, together with national laws and regulations, benefiting archaeology and the archaeological record at local, national, and international levels, while involving affected communities and educating the public at large. The commitment of international financial institutions creates opportunities that archaeologists have yet to fully realize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of physical barriers as protection of rock art against the threats of graffiti, vandalism, encroachment, deforestation, quarrying, and other human activity is rarely effective. The best barrier is a community which has an emotional or economic link to the heritage. Engaging local communities in the management, conservation, and valorization of sites and ensuring that they are beneficiaries of the heritage lays the foundations of those protective barriers. One of the ways the Trust for African Rock Art (TARA) has been doing this is through the development of responsible rock art tourism. In 2008, TARA's partnership in a project with the people of Mfangano Island, Kenya, led to the official opening of the Abasuba Community Peace Museum, the gateway to the Island's rock art and other heritage. The project provided a community project model which TARA has subsequently used in Kenya, Malawi, Niger, Tanzania, and Uganda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the organizational features of community-controlled economic development ventures associated with heritage sites located in two contrasting rural communities, one in Ireland and the other in Belize. The paper demonstrates that sustainable community organizations share institutional governance features that reflect general principles previously identified by scholars of common pool resources and community heritage tourism projects. The paper argues that archaeologists or heritage specialists working with local communities to develop sustainable economic development projects are more likely to succeed if attention is paid to the establishment of appropriate governance institutions for the project that are rooted in local conditions but follow proven governance principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States has an enviable diversity of public lands that are held in trust for all Americans. However, there is a war raging in the US between exploitative and protectionist ideals. The war's main victim is America's public lands. Some believe that public lands - open landscapes preserved for their scenic beauty, ecological assets (especially clean air and water), and cultural and natural resources - are best used for mining these resources, specifically their energy (oil, gas, and coal) reserves. It is the responsibility of archaeologists to contribute their perspective on this national and international public policy debate and help to build a cultural economy perspective. In addition to highlighting heritage tourism economies built on travel, meals, souvenir, and lodging expenditures, archaeologists must help convey the value of preserving historic sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay describes the work of the Butrint Foundation between 1993-2012, as it developed a major archaeological research project in post-communist Albania that included creating an archaeological park with its own administrative authority. This history attempts to be reflexive, defining four phases from the initial collaboration to the end of the Foundation's active operations at Butrint. The essay sets the experiences of the Foundation against the backdrop of changing attitudes to cultural heritage practice in Albania as the newly democratic republic became more stable. The conclusion considers how the experience at Butrint might inform future capacity building in archaeology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heritage and economics are increasingly intertwined as the cultural sector strives to prove the relevancy of its work to broader social issues and more researchers seek to quantify the economic impact of heritage tourism. Heritage and economics intersect in funding proposals, regional development plans, tourism management strategies, and in myriad other ways. Yet there is often a sense that conservation projects and related economic initiatives evolve on parallel tracks rather than in an integrated way from the conception of the programme. Thus when the success of conservation projects is described, there is much to say about technical achievements but little about the social impact in an equally scientific manner. The dilemma for many in the field is how to move from anecdotal storytelling to scientifi­c data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maya culture is usually identified through spectacular ruins of a once great civilization lost in the jungles of Central America. Although the Maya people today see some continuities and connections to this ancient culture, they see an even stronger and more direct connection to their recent history and heritage. The Caste War rebellion in the Yucatan of the mid-nineteenth century is a critical historical moment for the modern Maya of the region and is reflected in the more recent Zapatista movement of Chiapas. These continuities and changes in the representation of the Maya past are the focal point for this paper. The Tihosuco Community Heritage Project, described in this paper, highlights a Maya view of history and the past. This type of community project focuses upon issues of contested heritage and provides a model for the identification and preservation of heritage in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is one of the richest countries in terms of cultural heritage. However, the unprecedented economic development of the last three decades has posed serious challenges to its survival. The growing importance of salvage excavation raises serious tensions between the textual-historical tradition and archaeological finds, with controversial impacts in terms of conservation and research, due to administrative mechanisms. To understand these phenomena it is necessary to reconstruct the role played by the complex process of reform, following the open-door policy and its impacts on the 'Heritage Chain' in terms of preservation, archaeological excavation, conservation, research, and museum and site access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ask how prioritizing the commodifiable aspects of heritage transforms the relationships that define it, this paper begins by tracing the historical development of mercantile perspectives on archaeological objects, sites, and landscapes in the central Andes. From colonial looting and the mining of treasure to the illustrated emphasis on testimonial value which gave rise to modern national archaeologies in the early twentieth century, contingent encounters define processes of mercantilization, including current drives to deploy archaeology to produce commodities for the tourism industry. After scrutinizing the roles of heritage legislation, local government, entrepreneurs, local communities, and archaeologists in this process, the differing intentions, mechanisms, and effects of commoditization are highlighted. The production of essentialized identities and the invisibilization of meaningful relations between people about things and places are exclusions emanating from the marriage of archaeology and development. These are showcased in the budding cultural tourism context of the Cordillera Blanca, Peru, as an attempt to chart the ethical minefield of emergent hybrid indigeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of archaeology for economic development represents a non- traditional use of resources normally valued for their cultural aspects. Economic benefits and uses are often presented in opposition to cultural ones in much of heritage management theory and practice. This divide has lead to a lack of data and an inadequate consideration of the economic value of archaeology and its place in economic development. Based on research in Scotland and in Jordan, this paper presents concepts to help bridge the gap between these values and provide a more holistic view of archaeological resources which considers the relationships between cultural and economic values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The heritage literature by and large suggests that heritage, in both its tangible and intangible forms, possesses the power to confer cultural identity to people(s), and the desirability of preserving heritage is often justified along those lines. When it was enlisted into the Macau Intangible Heritage List in 2012, Patúa became one of the special administrative region's 10 official intangible heritages. Patúa is a Luso-Asian Creole spoken by the "sons of the land" since the 16th century when Macau was founded by the Portuguese. It is widely believed to be on its way to extinction. This article suggests that, in this instance, the difficulties of saving intangible heritage can be explained through rational human behavior amid political and demographic changes. It investigates whether Patúa still provides any degree of cultural identity, either to the people of Macau at large or to the minority of its inhabitants for whom it really qualifies, historically speaking, as cultural heritage. It also explores the potential of Patúa as an ingredient of heritage products for tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] We study the production of heritage in the former Saxon village of Viscri, Romania. [•] Transylvanian Saxon heritage is promoted by foreign experts as a tool for tourism. [•] Locals are expected to follow a Western model of heritage management. [•] We analyze the reactions of the local people of Romanian and Roma ethnicity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To get the support of local communities for the Majella National Park in the Italian Abruzzo region, the park administration decided to celebrate the relationship between human activity and nature. This was to be done through developing a "new rural culture." Using the memories and reminiscences of local inhabitants, and involving farmers in the reintroduction of fruits, vegetables and cereals that had formerly been grown in the area, local communities were encouraged to take an active part in landscape management. This study addresses how the promotion of local food was employed as a strategy to gain support for management regimes. The results indicate that the initiation of localized food production served to realize the political goals for sustainability and rural development. However, while those farmers, shop-keepers and restaurateurs who have been involved in management concur with the strategies for safeguarding natural and cultural heritage, other entrepreneurs feel marginalized and undervalued, becoming more skeptical of the park with the passage of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Gerard Baldwin Brown was appointed as the first Professor of Fine Art in Edinburgh in 1880. In 1905 he published The Care of Ancient Monuments. This book presented a comprehensive survey of the heritage protection systems in Europe, calling for the strengthening of the heritage legislation in Britain and the creation of a new national inventory body. It was to prove to be a key book in the development of cultural resource management systems in Britain and yet, due to a lack of a broader understanding of Baldwin Brown and his conservation activities, he is often overlooked or given only passing mention in conservation historiographies. This paper sheds light on Baldwin Brown's wider preservation campaigns in Edinburgh and suggests that it was these experiences which persuaded him of the need for the book and strongly influenced the recommendations it contained. Study of his work in Scotland's capital also sheds interesting light on the emergence of discourses of urban heritage conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the protection of indigenous cultural heritage in the Australian state of Queensland, which was first occupied by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. The article discusses the Australian Constitution and legislative power of states to protect Aboriginal cultural heritage, the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act of 2003 (ACHA) and recommendations for the ACHA including returning the ownership of Aboriginal cultural to Aboriginal people and uniform national legislation.

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This article sets out to discuss the status of the industrial heritage in regional conservation practice. How much scope are these issues allowed in day-to-day work, long-term strategies, policy documents and working plans? How do the visions tally with reality? What are the challenges and how can we deal with them? The main material for the article derives from a questionnaire survey of heritage units of Sweden's county administrative boards in the autumn of 2012. The article notes that the industrial heritage today is an acknowledged and integral part of heritage management. The national initiatives occurring in the 1990s and round about the turn of the millennium are seen today as watersheds. However, at the same time as the industrial heritage can no longer be described as challenged on grounds of principle, it is clear that interest, attention and resources have dwindled over the past two decades. The central players today are relatively invisible. The decentralisation of responsibility for the industrial heritage has led to a fragmentation of knowledge and a loss of conspectus and unified expertise. It has also brought methods development to a standstill in many respects. But at the same time it has helped, indirectly, to bring about new forms of co-operation and organisation in regions where strong players have been able to take over. Strong regions have asserted themselves relatively successfully, while weaker ones have run into difficulties, just as the differing preconditions of centre and periphery in different regions have grown more apparent. The article indicates several current trends, one being that industrial heritage issues have tended more and more often in recent years to clash with the interests of nature conservation. Another distinct trend points to the industrial heritage being viewed in a utility or user perspective. Industrial heritage management has acquired the role of helpmeet to other interests, without itself having any prerogative of interpretation -- a development discernible throughout the heritage sector but perhaps especially conspicuous right here. The view of industrial heritage as a resource and the economic mindset are very much in evidence as regards both preservation and use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The worldwide interest in everyday culture, ways of living and doing things which underpin our sense of place is palpable. We have come to appreciate that there is an abundant culture out there with a rich array of meaning and significance. Nowhere is this more abundant than in Asia where outstanding examples of the continuous living/nourishing tradition of history are part of an intricate and beautiful tapestry of everyday life: the ordinarily sacred. This interest is reflected increasingly in our thinking on cultural heritage management. As with any concept or idea tools are needed to help us interpret, document, and present our cultural diversities. Cultural mapping has developed in response to this need. This paper reviews what is meant by 'culture' and cultural mapping to understand the notion of local distinctiveness and how mapping can be a tool to help local communities have their voice heard through their involvement in the mapping process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents part of the results of doctoral research focused on the contribution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's historic urban landscape approach to the theory of urban heritage management. This paper argues that the historic urban landscape approach reflects a century of evolution on theories related to urban heritage management. Moreover, it confirms that heritage management is going through a process of change both in theory and practice, from focusing on isolated built heritage assets, towards a landscape-based approach, adopting notions such as the intangible, setting and context, and urban and sustainable development. Next, this process of change is related in theory to the need for a more integrated approach towards urban heritage management, combining policies and practices on conservation with those of urban development. Furthermore, this article discusses the challenges and possible contributions of the landscape-based approach to urban heritage management. Lastly, this article pleads for the need not only to develop, but also to assess the adequacy of the tools and methods to support the implementation of such an integrated approach, because only then can the sustainable development and conservation of urban heritage be fostered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents applied research which examines the need for collection improvement, indexing, and knowledge research in the field of cultural heritage. Focus is given to a hybrid system named Simplicius which automates information and knowledge life cycles for future research. Topics discussed include knowledge management, the notions of data, information, and knowledge, and the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM).

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Different impediments in the form of various barriers still stand in the way of access to cultural heritage, especially for people with special needs. Some of these impediments are caused by age and the outdated facilities of the buildings in which museums are situated; others arise from the lack of understanding of specific needs by the general public. The article brings a brief insight into the needs of visitors with limited ability to move and what the museums can do for them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review of the article "Why Cultural Heritage Matters: A Resource Guide for Integrating Cultural Heritage Management into Communities Work at Rio Tinto," by Elizabeth Bradshaw, Katie Bryant, and Tamar Cohen is presented.