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Reducing Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoidesrecruitment and therefore population density could benefit recreational fisheries in small impoundments by improving individual growth rates and increasing the average size and condition of Largemouth Bass. To achieve these effects, methods of controlling Largemouth Bass recruitment should avoid reducing the productivity of their primary prey species, the Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus. We tested this hypothesis by evaluating the effects of shoreline rotenone application on the density of Bluegill and the density, growth, and survival of age‐0 and age‐1 Largemouth Bass in 15 Alabama small impoundments. After treatment, Largemouth Bass age‐0 densities declined and mean age‐1 length increased, whereas Bluegill populations were not significantly reduced. Our study indicates that shoreline rotenone application may be a valuable method for reducing Largemouth Bass recruitment and increasing the growth of age‐1 Largemouth Bass in small impoundments. However, further research is needed to understand the effects of treatment on nontarget fishes and to better assess the effects of factors such as impoundment surface area and treatment frequency and duration on the ultimate utility of the approach. Impact statementSmall impoundment management could benefit from reducing Largemouth Bass recruitment. We found that shoreline rotenone application improved age‐1 Largemouth Bass growth rates while Bluegill densities were unaffected. Shoreline rotenone application appears to immediately enhance Largemouth Bass populations in impoundments ≤11 ha. Small impoundment management could benefit from reducing Largemouth Bass recruitment. We found that shoreline rotenone application improved age‐1 Largemouth Bass growth rates while Bluegill densities were unaffected. Shoreline rotenone application appears to immediately enhance Largemouth Bass populations in impoundments ≤11 ha.

In scenarios where high-fidelity physical models are either unavailable or are impractical due to their high complexity, data-based models offer a viable solution to obtain the system model necessary for predictive control. However, the accuracy of the predictions obtained by data-based models is limited. We propose to use neural networks with Bayesian last layer to obtain information about the uncertainty of the predictions. This paper demonstrates the use of Bayesian last layer surrogate models in a robust nonlinear model predictive control setting. The nonlinear model predictive control problem is adapted by considering the predicted uncertainty of the surrogate model, which can be efficiently computed using the Bayesian last layer method, in the cost function. The controller thus takes model uncertainty explicitly into account and by its formulation also avoids areas of extrapolation. The proposed method is applied to a mixed-suspension, mixed-product-removal crystallizer and simulation studies show that it outperforms a standard data-based model.

Fractures are a primary feature controlling flow, transport, and coupled processes in geologic systems. To date, experimental image‐based observations of these processes have been challenging. Here, we use pulse‐tracer experiments with a conservative radiotracer ([18F]‐fludeoxyglucose) spanning multiple flow rates with simultaneous positron emission tomography imaging to characterize transport in a 5.08 cm fractured Sierra granite core. A graph‐based, laboratory‐validated flow and transport model is successfully demonstrated to describe the conservative solute transport in the natural fracture. Model network complexity, determined by the number of nodes and edges, significantly impacts model fit to observed data. Large graphs over‐describe a fracture plane and act similarly to a porous medium while small graphs oversimplify the solute transport behavior. To our knowledge, this work provides the first validation of graph‐based flow and transport models across a range of experimental conditions and sets the groundwork for upscaling to more complex and computationally efficient fracture models. Fractures in rocks are important pathways for the movement of fluids and contaminants in the subsurface. While fractures in the subsurface are common, it is difficult to understand the contribution to fluid flow because fractures occupy a relatively small proportion of rock volume in the subsurface. In this study, we use a medical imaging technique called positron emission tomography to measure how fluids move through a fractured granite rock core. A new type of mathematical model is used to quantify and generalize how fluids move through fractured rock. The study found that the accuracy of the model depends on its complexity. If the model is too complex, it treats the fracture like a homogeneous porous material rather than a simple fracture. If it's too simple, it doesn't accurately represent fluid movement. This research validates these models against experimental measurements and lays the foundation for developing more advanced and efficient models for describing the flow of fluids and contaminants in fractures in the future. In situ and effluent experimental measurements of a conservative solute are used to quantify transport in a fractured coreTracer transport can be accurately modeled in fractured granite cores using graph‐based modeling approachesThe first high‐resolution validation of a reduced physics model in fractured rock is presented In situ and effluent experimental measurements of a conservative solute are used to quantify transport in a fractured core Tracer transport can be accurately modeled in fractured granite cores using graph‐based modeling approaches The first high‐resolution validation of a reduced physics model in fractured rock is presented

Lors de la pratique sportive, les traumatismes aigus de la hanche ne sont pas rares et sont source de douleurs. Il existe plusieurs facteurs de risque lésionnels et de complications, notamment l’âge et la discipline pratiquée. L’anamnèse, la clinique et l’imagerie apportent chacun des clés pour l’établissement du diagnostic préalable à la personnalisation de la prise en charge. Voici donc un rappel de la démarche diagnostique, des étiologies et des options thérapeutiques des douleurs aiguës de la hanche du sportif.

Background Intra-procedural characterization of stroke thromboemboli might guide mechanical thrombectomy (MT) device choice to improve recanalization rates. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been used to characterize various biological tissues in real time but has not been used in thrombus.Objective To perform a feasibility study of EIS analysis of thrombi retrieved by MT to evaluate: (1) the ability of EIS and machine learning to predict red blood cell (RBC) percentage content of thrombi and (2) to classify the thrombi as “RBC-rich” or “RBC-poor” based on a range of cutoff values of RBC.Methods ClotbasePilot was a multicentric, international, prospective feasibility study. Retrieved thrombi underwent histological analysis to identify proportions of RBC and other components. EIS results were analyzed with machine learning. Linear regression was used to evaluate the correlation between the histology and EIS. Sensitivity and specificity of the model to classify the thrombus as RBC-rich or RBC-poor were also evaluated.Results Among 514 MT,179 thrombi were included for EIS and histological analysis. The mean composition in RBC of the thrombi was 36% ± 24. Good correlation between the impedance-based prediction and histology was achieved (slope of 0.9, R2=  0.53, Pearson coefficient  =  0.72). Depending on the chosen cutoff, ranging from 20 to 60% of RBC, the calculated sensitivity for classification of thrombi ranged from 77 to 85% and the specificity from 72 to 88%.Conclusion Combination of EIS and machine learning can reliably predict the RBC composition of retrieved ex vivo AIS thrombi and then classify them into groups according to their RBC composition with good sensitivity and specificity.

Commercially available flexible Cu(In,Ga)Se$_{2}$ (CIGS) solar cells are assessed at low-intensity low-temperature (LILT) conditions consistent with those expected in the outer planetary systems of Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars. In these lower temperature environments, evidence of a photo-activated barrier is observed, which is attributed to the contribution of a parasitic barrier at the CIGS/CdS interface that is mediated by metastable defect complexes. However, this barrier only results in a small reduction in performance of the solar cells under LILT conditions. Irradiation with 1.5 MeV protons at very high fluence levels are also presented, resulting in defect-related degradation. However, subsequent self-healing under annealing conditions is also observed that offers potential for sustainable performance of these systems in space conditions.

Cette revue de la littérature a pour but de recenser des critères pertinents d’évaluation en vue de la reprise des activités sportives et de la vie quotidienne après chirurgie des tendons de la coiffe des rotateurs, du tendon des épicondyliens et des tendons rotulien et calcanéen.

CD4+and CD8+T cells have a central role in the immune system due to their ability to protect against infection and cancer development without targeting self. Consequently, changes in CD4+and CD8+T-cell homeostasis can be indicative of an array of serious illnesses, ranging from viral infections to autoimmune diseases. In addition to environmental influences, there is evidence for a genetic component regulating the proportion of CD4+and CD8+T cells in lymphoid organs. Indeed, identifying the genetic determinants defining the frequency of the T-cell subsets is critical as it may reveal a targetable genetic pathway to modulate CD4+and CD8+T-cell numbers, which could be of clinical relevance for multiple disease settings. In this study, we aim to uncover non-MHC genetic factors regulating the proportion of CD4+and CD8+T cells in lymphoid tissues. By investigating linkage analyses on three independent F2 cohorts, namely a rat F2 (BBDP × ACI.1U.LYP) cohort, a mouse 3A9 TCR transgenic F2 (B10.BR × NOD.H2k) cohort and a mouse F2 (C57BL/6 × FVB/N) cohort, we uncover an orthologous non-MHC locus on rat chromosome 1 and mouse chromosome 7 that is linked to T-cell proportion amongst total lymphocytes.

Le réseau de périnatalité « Sécurité naissance » des Pays de la Loire (RSN), en collaboration avec le réseau régional « Santé sexuelle » (RRSS), a organisé une enquête de satisfaction en 2014 auprès des femmes ayant eu recours à une interruption volontaire de grossesse (IVG) dans les centres des Pays de la Loire. L’objectif de l’étude est d’évaluer la satisfaction des femmes ayant eu recours aux centres d’IVG, d’en étudier les facteurs et proposer des actions d’amélioration.

Des recommandations pour le dépistage du diabète gestationnel ont été publiées en 2010. L’évaluation du suivi de ces recommandations a été organisée dans les maternités des Pays de la Loire. L’objectif était de déterminer un taux de conformité et d’en étudier les facteurs, en vue de proposer des mesures correctives pour améliorer le dépistage.

Microfabricated amorphous silicon (a-Si) pits ∼4 μm in diameter and 100 nm thick were fabricated to be partially confined in a nickel (Ni) current collector. Corresponding unconfined pillars were also fabricated. The samples were coated with 1.5, 3, or 6 nm of Al2O3ALD. These samples were tested in electrolytes of 3:7 by weight ethylene carbonate:ethyl methyl carbonate (EC:EMC) with 1.2 M LiPF6salt with and without 2% fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and in a pure FEC electrolyte with 10 wt % LiPF6. The samples were imaged with an atomic force microscope during electrochemical cycling to evaluate morphology evolution and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation. The partially confined a-Si structures had superior cycle efficiency relative to the unconfined a-Si pillars. Additionally, samples with 3 nm of ALD achieved higher charge capacity and enhanced cycle life compared to samples without ALD, demonstrated thinner SEI formation, and after 10 cycles at a 1 C rate remained mostly intact and had actually decreased in diameter. Finally, the samples with 3 nm of ALD had better capacity retention in the baseline 3:7 EC:EMC than in either of the FEC containing electrolytes.

The persistent hydrogen termination present in nanoporous silicon (nPS) is unique compared to other forms of nanoscale silicon (Si) which typically readily form a silicon dioxide passivation layer. The hydrogen terminated surface combined with the extremely high surface area of nPS yields a material capable of powerful exothermic reactions when combined with strong oxidizers. Here, a galvanic etching mechanism is used to produce nPS both in bulk Si wafers as well as in patterned regions of Si wafers with microfabricated ignition wires. An explosive composite is generated by filling the pores with sodium perchlorate (NaClO4). Using high-speed video including Schlieren photography, a shock wave is observed to propagate through air at 1127 ± 116 m/s. Additionally, a fireball is observed above the region of nPS combustion which persists for nearly 3× as long when reacted in air compared to N2, indicating that highly reactive species are generated that can further combust with excess oxygen. Finally, reaction products from either nPS–NaClO4composites or nPS alone combusted with only high pressure O2(400 psig) gas as an oxidizer are captured in a calorimeter bomb. The products in both cases are similar and verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to include nano- to micrometer scale SiOxparticles. This work highlights the complex oxidation mechanism of nPS composites and demonstrates the ability to use a solid state reaction to create a secondary gas phase combustion.

Charged CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) trapped in the gas phase are transformed by CO2laser heating, resulting in brightening of their photoluminescence intensities by more than 2 orders of magnitude. The transformation is shown to be thermally driven, and self-limiting, i.e., once the QDs have been fully brightened, they are unaffected by further CO2laser irradiation at intensities up to 1 kW/cm2. The transformation clearly involves loss of the 10.6 μm chromophore, which appears to be the ligand layer. The thermally brightened QDs are tested for use as noncontact probe particles, allowing dark nanoparticles to be detected by cotrapping them with a brightened QD. We show that cotrapping has negligible effect on the secular frequency of the cotrapped particles, and that it is possible to simultaneously monitor changes in the mass and charge of up to three cotrapped nanoparticles for hours, allowing the rate of surface reactions to be measured. Application to studying the surface chemistry of free nanoparticles is discussed.

The first 23-step total synthesis of the cyclodepsipeptide dolastatin 16 (1) has been achieved. Synthesis of the dolaphenvaline and dolamethylleuine amino acid units using simplified methods improved the overall efficiency. The formation of the 25-membered macrocycle employing lactonization with 2-methyl-6-nitrobenzoic anhydride completed a key step in the synthesis. Regrettably, the synthetic dolastatin 16 (1), while otherwise identical (by X-ray crystal structure and spectral analyses) with the natural product, did not reproduce the powerful (nanomolar) cancer cell growth inhibition displayed by the natural isolate. Presumably this result can be attributed to conformation(s) of the synthetic dolastatin 16 (1) or to a chemically undetected component isolated with the natural product.

Gas phase spectral measurements for CdSe/ZnS core/shell nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) before and after heating with both infrared (CO2) and visible lasers are reported. As-trapped QDs are spectrally similar to the same QDs in solution; however their photoluminescence (PL) intensities are very low, at least partly due to low absorption cross sections. After heating, the PL intensities brighten by factors ranging from ∼4 to 1800 depending on the QD size and pump laser wavelength. The emission spectra no longer resemble solution spectra and are similar, regardless of the QD diameter. Emission extends from the pump laser wavelength into the near-IR, with strong emission features above the band gap energy, between 645 and 775 nm, and in the near-infrared. Emission spectra from brightened QD ensembles, single QD aggregates, and single QD monomers are similar, showing that even single QDs support PL from a wide variety of states. The heating and cooling processes for QDs in this environment are analyzed, providing limits on the magnitudes of the absorption cross sections before and after thermal brightening. A model, based on absorption bleaching by extra electrons in the conduction band, appears to account for the changes in absorption and emission behavior induced by charging and heating.

We report measurements of fluorescence intermittency (blinking) and spectral behavior for single semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) isolated in the gas phase and discuss the effects on fluorescence of the QD charge state and heating to the point of sublimation. Core–shell CdSe/ZnS QDs were trapped in a quadrupole ion trap and detected by laser-induced fluorescence. The mass (M) and charge (Q) were determined nondestructively, and both were followed continuously over the course of hours or days. Emission spectra of the trapped QDs are significantly red-shifted relative to the solution-phase emission from the same particles. The temperature of the trapped QDs is determined by the balance between laser heating and collisional cooling and thermal emission, and it is possible to heat the particles to remove ligands or to the point of sublimation. QDs are observed to be emissive during sublimation, for up to 85% mass loss, with emission intensity roughly proportional to the surface area. Eventually, the fluorescence quantum yield drops suddenly, and the QDs begin to blink. The method used is versatile and will allow studies of quantum dot optical properties as a function of size, ligand removal, heating, surface oxidation, and other manipulations, where these properties are continuously correlated with the mass and charge.

Using electron beam lithography, amorphous Si (a-Si) nanopillars were fabricated with a height of 100 nm and diameters of 100, 200, 300, 500, and 1000 nm. The nanopillars were electrochemically cycled in a 1 M lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate in propylene carbonate electrolyte. In situatomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to qualitatively and quantitatively examine the morphology evolution of the nanopillars including volume and height changes versusvoltage in real-time. In the first cycle, an obvious hysteresis of volume change versusvoltage during lithiation and delithiation was measured. The pillars did not crack in the first cycle, but a permanent volume expansion was observed. During subsequent cycles the a-Si roughened and deformed from the initial geometry, and eventually pillars with diameters >200 nm fractured. Furthermore, a degradation of mechanical properties is suggested as the 100 and 200 nm pillars were mechanically eroded by the small contact forces under the AFM probe. Ex situscanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, combined with analysis of the damage caused by in situAFM imaging, demonstrate that during cycling, the silicon became porous and structurally unstable compared to as-fabricated pillars. This research highlights that even nanoscale a-Si suffers irreversible mechanical damage during cycling in organic electrolytes.

Effects of neurodegeneration have been linked to inefficient detoxification of free radicals due to lowered concentrations of antioxidants, especially glutathione, in the brain. In the biosynthesis of glutathione, cysteine concentration is generally the limiting factor. Glutathione and cysteine administrations are not effective treatments for neurodegeneration because glutathione inefficiently crosses cell membranes and cysteine is neurotoxic at high concentrations. Prodrugs of glutathione and cysteine may have more favorable uptake and/or toxicity profiles. Three such prodrugs were synthesized with a 13C‐label such that in vivouptake of each and conversion to glutathione in the brain could be monitored by magnetic resonance imaging. L‐[3‐13C]‐Cysteine was treated with sodium acetate trihydrate and acetic anhydride to give 2(R)‐N‐acetyl‐[3‐13C]‐cysteine ([13C]‐NAC; 96%). Addition of triphosgene to L‐[3‐13C]‐cysteine provided 4(R)‐[5‐13C]‐2‐oxothiazolidine‐4‐carboxylic acid ([13C]‐OTZ; 65%). A four‐step pathway was used to synthesize ethyl γ‐L‐glutamyl‐[3‐13C]‐L‐cysteinate ([13C]‐GCEE). L‐[3‐13C]‐Cysteine was esterified (100% yield) and then cyclized with acetaldehyde to give ethyl 2(R,S)‐methyl‐[5‐13C]‐thiazolidine‐4(R)‐carboxylate (73%) as a mixture of two diastereomers (65:35). The thiazolidine was silylated (bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide) and reacted with N‐phthaloyl‐L‐glutamic anhydride. Treatment with hydrazine afforded ethyl N‐[γ‐4′(S)‐glutamyl]‐2(R,S)‐methyl‐[5‐13C]‐thiazolidine‐4(R)‐carboxylate (48%; 73:27 mixture of diastereomers). This was converted to the desired product, [13C]‐GCEE (49%), using mercury (II) acetate and hydrogen sulfide.

Three advances necessary to bring dolastatin 16 (1) into full-scale preclinical development as an anticancer drug have been accomplished. The X-ray crystal structure of dolastatin 16 has been solved, which allowed stereoselective syntheses of its two new amino acid units, dolamethylleuine (Dml) and dolaphenvaline (Dpv), to be completed. The X-ray crystal structures of synthetic Z-Dml and TFA-Dpv have also been completed.

ABSTRACTHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosishave become intertwined over the past few decades in a “syndemic” that exacerbates the morbidity and mortality associated with each pathogen alone. The severity of the coinfection has been extensively examined in clinical studies. The extrapolation of peripheral evidence from clinical studies has increased our basic understanding of how HIV increases susceptibility to TB. These studies have resulted in multiple hypotheses of how HIV exacerbates TB pathology through the manipulation of granulomas. Granulomas can be located in many tissues, most prominently the lungs and associated lymph nodes, and are made up of multiple immune cells that can actively contain M. tuberculosis. Granuloma-based research involving both animal models and clinical studies is needed to confirm these hypotheses, which will further our understanding of this coinfection and may lead to better treatment options. This review examines the data that support each hypothesis of how HIV manipulates TB pathology while emphasizing a need for more tissue-based experiments.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis have become intertwined over the past few decades in a "syndemic" that exacerbates the morbidity and mortality associated with each pathogen alone. The severity of the coinfection has been extensively examined in clinical studies. The extrapolation of peripheral evidence from clinical studies has increased our basic understanding of how HIV increases susceptibility to TB. These studies have resulted in multiple hypotheses of how HIV exacerbates TB pathology through the manipulation of granulomas. Granulomas can be located in many tissues, most prominently the lungs and associated lymph nodes, and are made up of multiple immune cells that can actively contain M. tuberculosis. Granuloma-based research involving both animal models and clinical studies is needed to confirm these hypotheses, which will further our understanding of this coinfection and may lead to better treatment options. This review examines the data that support each hypothesis of how HIV manipulates TB pathology while emphasizing a need for more tissue-based experiments.

Porous silicon (PS) films up to ∼150 μm thick with specific surface area similar to 700 m2/g and pore diameters similar to 3 nm are fabricated using a galvanic corrosion etching mechanism that does not require a power supply. After fabrication, the pores are impregnated with the strong oxidizer sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) to create a composite that constitutes a highly energetic system capable of explosion. Using bomb calorimetry, the heat of reaction is determined to be 9.9 ± 1.8 and 27.3 ± 3.2 kJ/g of PS when ignited under N2and O2, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) reveals that the energy output is dependent on the hydrogen termination of the PS.