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In the post-war period when a seemingly innumerable number of tasks were waiting to be carried out in Taiwan due to the ravages of infectious diseases, the Nationalist Government made public health and the prevention of such diseases an important policy for the revival of the country, and a series of preventive and curative measures were implemented from the central to local levels of government. From the 1950s to the 1970s, under the guidance of Soong Mei-ling ... (1898-2003), the National Women's League of the Republic of China ..., in addition to constructing and disseminating public health knowledge through their self-published periodical Zhonghua funü ... (Chinese Women), mobilized members to enter communities and military dependents' villages to engage in health and medical counseling, disease treatment and performing vaccinations, as well as health inspections and conferring related awards. The contribution of the National Women's League to environmental health spoke for itself, thereby winning praise from all walks of life. However, due to the limitations of certain conditions as well as a lack of funding for and shortages of environmental health equipment and facilities, public health during this period was ultimately unable to meet expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to describe a rare case of gnathostomiasis in the vocal cord. A 54-yearold Chinese woman living in Korea visited with a chief complaint of voice change at the outpatient department of otorhinolaryngology in Hallym Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University on August 2, 2021. She had eaten raw conger a few weeks before the voice change developed, but her medical history and physical examinations demonstrated neither gastrointestinal symptoms nor other health problems. A round and red cystic lesion, recognized in the anterior part of the right vocal cord, was removed using forceps and scissors through laryngeal microsurgery. The histopathological specimen of the cyst revealed 3 cross-sections of a nematode larva in the lumen of the cyst wall composed of inflammatory cells and fibrotic tissues. They differ in diameter, from 190 μm to 235 μm. They showed characteristic cuticular layers with tegumental spines, somatic muscle layers, and gastrointestinal tracts such as the esophagus and intestine. Notably, intestinal sections consisted of 27-28 lining cells containing 0-4 nuclei per cell. We tentatively identified the nematode larva recovered from the vocal cord cystic lesion as the thirdstage larva of Gnathostoma, probably G. nipponicum or G. hispidum, based on the sectional morphologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research demonstrates positive associations between muscularity dissatisfaction and an array of negative health outcomes, including muscularity-oriented disordered eating, eating-related psychosocial impairment, and psychological distress. However, muscularity dissatisfaction differs by gender and is not always linked to these outcomes, indicating the existence of moderators of these associations. We proposed and examined muscularity bias internalization (MBI) as a moderator of these associations. The study included online samples of 450 Chinese men and 450 Chinese women who completed measures assessing MBI, muscularity dissatisfaction, muscularity-oriented disordered eating, eating-related psychosocial impairment, and psychological distress. Pearson correlation analyses examined the bivariate associations among study variables. Multiple linear regression analyses examined the moderating effects of MBI. Results revealed that both muscularity dissatisfaction and MBI were significantly and positively related to all outcome variables, except for a non-significant correlation between muscularity dissatisfaction and psychological distress in women. MBI was a significant moderator in men, not women, with muscularity dissatisfaction being more strongly and positively related to all outcome variables in men reporting higher MBI. Our study provides preliminary evidence supporting gender differences in the role of MBI in the associations of muscularity dissatisfaction with muscularity-oriented eating disorder psychopathology and psychosocial well-being. • Muscularity dissatisfaction was positively related to muscularity-oriented disordered eating and psychosocial well-being. • Muscularity bias internalization was positively related to muscularity-oriented disordered eating and psychosocial well-being. • Muscularity bias internalization was proposed as a moderator in the links between muscularity dissatisfaction and outcomes. • Muscularity bias internalization was a significant moderator in men, not women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing pursuit of education, employment and financial independence among women, which is undoubtedly an impact of early inception of women's liberation movement in China, has nevertheless resulted in more and more women becoming uncompromising, when it comes to a marriage partner. Moreover, even though men are always in search for good looking and professionally successful women, but they are invariably unwilling to wed women with as much or more education or income than themselves. As a result, a new category of women, the 'leftover women' has emerged. This article explores the reasons behind their emergence and role played by women's liberation movement therein. It also studies the actions taken by governing bodies in creating and propagating the term itself and the stigma around it, especially pinpointing the approach taken by them towards 'leftover women' visa-vie 'leftover men'. It reveals the underlying patriarchal agenda of gendered governance, behind twisting and practically stalling the women's liberation movement in China in the recent years. As the official narrative of women's liberation and development is increasingly catering to more traditional and patriarchal values, the article argues, Chinese government is taking a complete U-turn in women's liberation movement in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eyelid morphology is highly susceptible to aging. Previous studies have described the process of eyelid aging in Caucasians; however, anthropometric data describing aging in Chinese eyelids are lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to quantitatively analyze the effect of aging on the eyelids of Chinese women through a three-dimensional (3D) anthropometry. In this prospective, cross-sectional study, 3D photos were captured from 188 healthy Chinese Han women, who were categorized into four age groups. Anthropometric landmarks were identified for the measurement of eyelid parameters, and a unified coordinate system was built into each subject. Linear and angular measurements were computed from the coordinates and were compared between the groups. An age-related decrease was observed in the ocular width, outer canthal width, palpebral fissure height, and multiple angular measurements. This indicated upper eyelid ptosis, which reduced the lateral and superior visual field. Lateral shift of the upper eyelid arc was not observed. The lower eyelid underwent slight elevation with increasing age. Aging rendered the periorbital region esthetically less pleasing, as shown by changes in the multiple proportion indices computed. Furthermore, an intergroup comparison indicated that eyelid aging was accelerated after the age of 40 years among Chinese women. This study used 3D photography to quantitatively analyze how eyelids in Chinese women changed with age. The anthropometric data collected could help with antiaging cosmetic surgery planning and postoperative assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early-onset preeclampsia (PE) is a severe condition with highest risk of perinatal complications. In current study, we compared PE severity, laboratory results and placental pathological lesions between early-onset PE with fetal growth restriction (PE + FGR) and appropriate gestational age (PE + AGA) neonates, with the aim to identify potential maternal risk factors associated with FGR. A retrospective case study was conducted in 304 PE women, and 31 cases with mild PE were excluded. 276 patients with severe PE were divided into PE + FGR (163, 59.1%) and PE + AGA (113, 40.9%) groups and underwent clinical analysis. 244 cases were further submitted for pathologic examinations to compare the differences of placental lesions between these two groups. As compared to PE + AGA, the maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (P = 0.003) and the rate of anemia (P = 0.004) were lower in PE + FGR; while the rate of severe low serum albumin (P = 0.020) was higher. Moreover, severe low serum albumin level (aOR = 2.43, P = 0.046) and abnormal uric acid (aOR = 2.19, P = 0.033) were positively correlated to the incidence of FGR, while pre-pregnancy BMI (aOR = 0.39, P = 0.001) and anemia (aOR = 0.33, P = 0.001) showed negative correlation. The placental examinations further showed positively correlation between chronic villitis (aOR = 4.32, P = 0.028) and FGR. Surprisingly, general measures of maternal illness severity failed to present any significant correlation to FGR, except for blood pressure, which showed negative correlation. For the first time, we studied a relatively large case series of Chinses early-onset PE women, and identified multiple factors associated with FGR incidence. Our study provided some opinions on clinal diagnosis and treatment for early-onset PE with FGR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Asians living in the United States face unique HIV risk. From 2010 to 2017, the number of diagnosed HIV cases increased by almost 40% among Asians, while on average, the US has seen a 11% decrease in new HIV diagnoses (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV and Asians. 2019. Available from: ). Culture-sensitive beliefs, which are often neglected in health communication, might play a role in safe sex practice in this particular population. Method: Utilizing the Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction as a theoretical framework, this study looks into how acculturation to Chinese home culture contributes to Chinese immigrant women's behavioral intention towards safer sex with a casual partner (N = 125). This relationship is proposed to be mediated by perceived social norms, attitude toward condom use, self-efficacy, and familism. Results: Findings indicate that self-efficacy and favorable attitudes toward condom use were predictive of intent, and that the significant predictive role of home culture on behavioral intent was fully mediated by familism. Conclusions: Future interventions should include strategies for enhancing Asian women's self-efficacy for safe sex practices, cultivating a favorable attitude toward condom use, and emphasizing the home cultural values, specifically familism, that might increase their intent to practice safe sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Vitamin C as natural antioxidant may help to increase the body's antioxidant capacity. The study is aimed to determine whether vitamin C intake during pregnancy is associated with lower risk of GDM. Women with singleton pregnancy and without any history of diabetes were drawn from the ongoing Tongji Maternal and Child Health Cohort (TMCHC). Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were conducted during weeks 24–28 of gestation to screen for GDM. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess dietary intake during mid pregnancy. Use of multivitamins and specific supplements of vitamin C was assessed by questionnaires. Odds ratios (ORs) of GDM risk were calculated by logistic regression models, adjusted for potential confounders. 344 (11.4%) of the 3009 women were diagnosed with GDM. Dietary vitamin C intake was inversely associated with the risk of GDM. Women with above adequate dietary vitamin C intake (more than 200 mg/day) experienced lower odds of GDM (OR 0.68, 95% CI: 0.49–0.95) than those with adequate intake (115–200 mg/day). There was no association between the total consumption of vitamin C and the risk of GDM (OR 1.04, 95% CI: 0.71–1.53). This data suggests that higher dietary consumption of vitamin C during pregnancy is independently associated with lower odds of GDM. Above 200 mg/day of dietary vitamin C intake may help reduce the odds of GDM. However, no such association between total vitamin C intake and the risk of GDM was found. Hence, sufficient vegetables and fruits rich in vitamin C should be recommended to protect pregnant women from developing gestational diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the identity of young Singaporean Chinese women, branded as "sarong party girls," as part of the state government's moral crisis debate. Through an interdisciplinary lens, it combines the study of their literary representation with a linguistic analysis of Singlish, a local variety of Eglish spoken by most Singaporeans in informal domains. By discussing the main protagonist in Cheryl Lu-Lien Tan's novel Sarong Party Girls (2016) in this perspective, the authors argue that the identity crisis she experiences within herself is symptomatic of a wider conflict between Eastern and Western values that Singaporeans have not reconciled. While the Singaporean government enthuses over promoting Asian or shared values, its citizens continue to embrace Western influences that the former would rather eradicate. Therefore, Singapore's state production of a national discourse of questionable morality of those not espousing moral Eastern standards accentuates citizens' conflicted identity. By illuminating the social-cultural conditions giving rise to, and, in turn, informed by the subject of women as problematic for the state, the authors frame the dilemma faced by the sexually autonomous woman with aspirations to marry a white and Western man as her identity in flux, signalled by her deviant behaviour, use of Singlish and material goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate breast pain and sports bra usage reported by Chinese women and to analyse whether they were affected by age, education, occupation, income or breast size. Four hundred and four Chinese women completed a questionnaire to determine their breast pain and its frequency as well as sports bra usage. Although more than 60% of Chinese women experienced breast pain during exercise, only 40% of them had ever worn a sports bra. The high percentage of participants who experienced breast pain and low percentage of sports bra usage confirmed the need to educate Chinese women on sports bra fit, design and reasons for wearing sports bras. Age, bra size and income level should be considered when implementing these educational programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) can lead to adverse birth outcomes, but its effect on postnatal depression has not been thoroughly investigated, especially in Asian populations. To determine the prospective association between GDM and postnatal depressive symptoms in Western China. A prospective cohort study of 1449 mothers was conducted in Chengdu, capital city of Sichuan Province. GDM was diagnosed during pregnancy using oral glucose tolerance tests. Maternal depressive symptoms were measured at 32–37 weeks of gestation, then at one and three months after giving birth using a validated Chinese version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Associations between the postnatal EPDS scores, GDM status and blood glucose levels were assessed by multivariable mixed-effects regression models, accounting for baseline EPDS scores of the cohort and other confounding factors. Compared to the non-GDM group (n = 1220), women with GDM (n = 229, 15.8%) reported significantly higher mean EPDS scores at both 1-month (p = 0.02) and 3-month (p < 0.01) postpartum. Similarly, high levels of fasting, 1-h and 2-h blood glucose levels during pregnancy were associated with increased EPDS scores. Mixed-effects models further confirmed the positive association between GDM status and postnatal depressive symptoms, even though the mean EPDS scores decreased substantially over the three time points. Chinese women with GDM were more susceptible to postnatal depression than others without the condition, despite their depressive symptoms reducing over time after childbirth. It is thus important to raise awareness of postnatal depression amongst healthcare professionals who care for women with GDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To explore the reasons why some Chinese women travel to the United States on a tourist visa specifically to give birth, also known as birth tourism. Study Design: Qualitative, exploratory design. Methods: Using convenience and snowball sampling, Chinese women were recruited from the waiting rooms of obstetricians known to care for birth tourists. Participants completed demographic data and provided answers to questions about their reasons for traveling to give birth and their birth experience while in the United States. Qualitative content analysis methods were used to extract themes from participant narratives. Results: Twelve married, college-educated women, aged between 26 and 39 years, self-identifying as birth tourists from China participated in this study. Content analysis revealed two themes: (1) positive perceptions of childbirth in the United States; and (2) securing a future for their child. Clinical Implications: Study findings suggest Chinese birth tourists come to the United States for a better childbirth experience, and to secure future opportunities for their children. Nurses should be aware of the current political climate on immigration and birth tourism in order to promote a safe and judgment-free environment when providing care to this unique population of women. Approximately one-third of women who come to the United States to give birth on a tourist visa are from China. In this study, birth tourists from China describe their reasons for choosing this path and their experiences. Reasons include establishing American citizenship for their baby, and thus securing them a better future, and having a painless childbirth. These data can be useful for nurses caring for women who are birth tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to further the understanding of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) constraints across different stages of LTPA as described by the Transtheoretical Model (TTM). Data were collected from female adults (n = 1257) who resided in a metropolitan area in Eastern China using self-administered questionnaires. To examine the potential differences among three types of constraints (e.g. intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural) within and across each of the five stages of LTPA, a series of ANOVA tests with Scheffe's post hoc analyses were conducted. The influence of intrapersonal constraints peaked at the precontemplation and contemplation stages, while the influence of interpersonal and structural constraints declined in the maintenance stage. In the precontemplation stage, the intrapersonal constraints were more salient than interpersonal constraints. In the later three stages (e.g. preparation, action, and maintenance), structural constraints were the most salient physical activity barriers. These new findings suggest that the effects of LTPA constraints on TTM stages may be context (e.g. metropolitan China) and population (e.g. females) specific. The study findings can inform future stagebased LTPA constraint research among targeted audiences in different cultures/countries and may inform interventions to promote physical activity levels for Asian women at different stages of participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background In China, cervical cancer cases are increasing, making an impact on the worldwide burden of cervical cancer. Despite the initiatives undertaken by the Chinese government, the current coverage of cervical screening in China remains suboptimal. There is an urgent need to identify the facilitators and barriers associated with the uptake of cervical cancer screening among the Chinese population. Purpose The study aimed to explore the experiences and perceptions of cervical cancer screening of mainland Chinese women in relation to their screening behaviour, particularly in the aspects of health care system and health profession roles. Methods A qualitative research was conducted using semi-structured interviews. A total of 27 Chinese women aged 25 to 50 (both screened and non-screened women) completed the interviews. The analysis of the interview data was undertaken inductively using latent content analysis. Discussion and conclusion Results showed that organised health examination programmes provide a good basis for integrating cervical screening into broader checks on the health of women, and utilising different networks of social support facilitate the utilisation of the screening service. However, education on cervical cancer and screening must be made more generally available. More importantly, there is a need for a more participatory and empowering exchange in the encounter between health professions and these women. Appropriate training program is strongly recommended for health professions about communicate skills with patients. Future work should focus on identifying strategies to overcome the barriers to cervical screening related to health care system and medical professions among this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although "media interest in the spouses of presidents and presidential hopefuls is as old as the presidency itself" (Shoop, 2010, p. 808), studies comparing first ladies in two or more countries are still rare in communication studies. To fill this gap, this research seeks to undertake a cross-cultural comparative study on first ladies in media portrayal in China, a representative of Oriental culture, and the United States, a typical example of Western culture. Specifically, grounded in the theoretical concept of framing, this study examines the coverage of the two highprofiled women, Liyuan Peng, who is the "first" First Lady in China, and Michelle Obama, who is the "first black" First Lady in the States through a quantitative content analysis of articles in prominent newspapers published in China and in the United States after they became first ladies. This project revealed what messages have been potentially communicated and what stories have been told to the public about the appropriate role of the first ladies and perhaps the role of women in the two different societies and cultures. What may impact the perpetuation or breaking down of gender stereotypes to a domestic and international audience was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This phenomenological study explored the classroom leadership experience of six foreign-born instructors (three female instructors from China and three Latina instructors from Argentina, Peru, and Puerto Rico). In-depth interviews provided insight into their classroom leadership, teaching challenges, and teaching satisfaction at a predominantly white university. Participants demonstrated a combination of transactional and transformational leadership styles. Teaching challenges included student resistance, teaching evaluations, and not being a native English speaker. Teaching satisfaction included student learning, student appreciation, and student personal, academic, and professional growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to explore the influencing factors of career advancement of female leaders in nonprofit organizations and to gain a greater understanding of their trajectory to executive or leadership positions. Through surveys and interviews of five Chinese and five American female leaders, the findings indicate that both Chinese and American female leaders are facing similar opportunities and challenges. However, for Chinese females, their concept of nonprofit organizations should be changed. This research also reveals that nonprofit organizations emphasize gender and race diversity. The scientific and reasonable institutional policy design can improve both the race and gender diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to explore the discursive construction of Chinese female leadership from an integrative model that combines intrapsychic characteristics, social structure, and interpersonal perspectives within a moral discourse of leadership. Through a narrative analysis of nine Chinese female leaders featured in Makers China documentary, the findings indicate inner strength and desire to make a difference as the driving forces for the leadership motives; the Chinese female leaders have overcome barriers posed by the Chinese political constraints and patriarchal structure; and they lead through standing by principles and empowering others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on gender inequity in academe focused on administrative leadership and overlooked the academic leadership in terms of scholarship and academic associations in the field. This pioneering exploratory study on six Chinese women academic leaders as communication journal editors and academic association leaders confirms past leadership literature that women succeeded by using a collaborative, consultative and servant leadership style. However, all the women academic leaders interviewed did not believe in the Matilda effect: the lower recognition of women and citation of women's work in the academe. They separate scholarship from politics and administration. All the women academic leaders were proud of their family career balance and attributed their success to partnership with their spouse, their own hard work and dedication to research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers brief profile of author Lao She and discusses his work in book "Rickshaw Boy" and play "Teahouse (Act 3)" depicting life of urban Chinese women Topics include his fighting against individualism and lack of attention to the poor resulted in May Fourth Movement; struggle faced by people living in 20th century China; and lack of possibilities faced by urban Chinese women.

In the maritime sector, seafaring has been predominantly a male industry. The industry had developed its own culture which denied or precluded women's participation. This paper draws on the data and analysis of the Gender, Empowerment and Multi-cultural Crew (GEM) Project, an international study aiming to examine seafarers’ welfare, focusing on gender issues arising from a multi-cultural crew environment in three countries: China, Nigeria and the UK. The main research findings, which relate to China, are reported under the headings of motivation, training, employment opportunities and barriers, and career prospects for women. The paper concludes with a discussion on an important new state policy concerning gender equality in university recruitment and with recommendations to move things forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The aim of the study was to report the psychometric properties of the modified ‘Breast Cancer Screening Beliefs Questionnaire’ (BCSBQ) among women living in China. Methods A convenience sample of 494 women was recruited from community centres and out-patient clinics in Foshan city. Cronbach's alpha was used to assess internal consistency reliability. Criterion validity was examined by testing three pre-specified hypotheses and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to study the factor structure. Results The results indicated that the modified BCSBQ has satisfactory validity and internal consistency. Cronbach's alpha of the three subscales ranged between 0.77 and 0.84. As hypothesized, the frequencies of breast self-examination and clinical breast examination were significantly associated with the subscales' score. Confirmatory factor analysis showed an adequate fit for the hypothesized three-factor structure with our data set. Conclusions The modified BCBSQ is a culturally appropriate, valid and reliable instrument for assessing the beliefs, knowledge and attitudes to breast cancer and breast cancer screening practices among women living in China. It can be used for providing health care professionals with insights into the development of breast cancer screening promotion programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A prospective cohort study of a Chinese population of mother–neonate pairs (n = 3103) was conducted to investigate the relationship between the cumulative hazard index (HI) of combined diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), dibenzyl phthalate (BBzP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exposure and birth outcomes. The estimated HI for phthalates was based on phthalate metabolite concentrations in urine collected between 5th and 14th gestational weeks. The median HI values according to the European Food Safety Authority tolerable daily intake (HI TDI ) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reference dose (HI RfD ) were 0.358 and 0.187, respectively. A total of 16.3% and 1.9% of the women exhibited HI TDI and HI RfD exceeding the value of one, respectively. In unadjusted models, the categories (low < P 25 , median P 25 –P 50 , high > P 75 ) of HI TDI were associated with decreased birth weight ( β = −26.34 g, p = 0.021) and head circumference ( β = −0.09 cm, p = 0.029), whereas those for HI RfD were negatively associated with birth weight ( β = −31.74 g, p = 0.005), birth length ( β = −0.11 cm, p = 0.032), head circumference ( β = −0.13 cm, p = 0.003) and chest circumference ( β = −0.10 cm, p = 0.021) in all neonates. Adjustment for potential confounders revealed that HI RfD was inversely associated with head circumference ( β = −0.10 cm, p = 0.020). Stratification by gender indicated that HI RfD was associated with decreased birth length ( β = −0.17 cm, p = 0.041) in infant boys and HI TDI was associated with decreased birth weight ( β = −33.12 g, p = 0.036) and head circumference ( β = −0.13 cm, p = 0.027) in girls. This is the first study on the cumulative risk assessment of phthalate exposures in pregnant Chinese women. We found that the HI values of multiple phthalate co-exposure were sex-specifically related to birth outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anchee Min's Becoming Madame Mao (2000), is a remarkable piece of historical fiction. Min's choice of inter-textuality between history and fiction is apt as this quasi-poetic form allows for the possibility of delving into the psychological depths of the protagonist which fills the gaps in the existing historians' biographies of Madame Mao. The marrying of history and fiction provides Min the subjectivity to penetrate deep into the protagonist's thoughts and feelings, thus humanising even an outcast. This paper, through a feminist perspective, shows how Min renders a powerful tale of passion, betrayal and survival through the life story of Madame Mao. Min, through her writing, harnesses the power of language and the power of imagination as an instrumental and effective strategy to tap into the process of Madame Mao's self-construction: from poverty and obscurity to professional success and fame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our objective was to examine whether high blood pressure in the preconception period was associated with low birth weight (LBW) and small-for-gestational age (SGA) in Chinese women. Data were obtained from the China-US Collaborative Project for Neural Tube Defects Prevention, a large population-based cohort study. We included 43 718 singleton live births delivered at gestational ages of 28-45 weeks to women who were registered before pregnancy in 7 counties in southern China. Blood pressure was measured during registration by trained healthcare workers, and other health-related information was recorded prospectively. We used logistic regression to evaluate the associations between preconception blood pressure and the risk of LBW and SGA, adjusting for potential confounders. The prevalence of hypertension in the preconception study population was 4.62% (2019/43 718). The incidences of LBW and SGA were 2.33% and 5.05% for the hypertension group and 2.01% and 5.68% for the nonhypertension group. Compared with the nonhypertension group, the hypertension group did not show significantly increased risk for LBW overall (adjusted risk ratio =1.16, 95% confidence interval 0.86-1.57) or SGA (adjusted risk ratio =0.89, 95% confidence interval 0.73-1.09). When participants with normal blood pressure were used as the reference, the adjusted risk ratio of SGA for prehypertensive women was 1.13 (95% confidence interval 1.03-1.25). Our results do not support an association between hypertension or higher blood pressure before pregnancy and increased risk of LBW or SGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China-Canada people flows are increasingly characterized by two-way movement, engendering possibilities and problems, particularly for women juggling careers and lives. Within this context, a qualitative study was conducted to trace the migratory and career trajectories of 15 Chinese migrant women between China and Canada. The study finds that to maximize their career and life spaces, the women endeavored to build and mobilize various forms of capital. Not only did they engage in migratory movement, but some of them also acquired Canadian credentials, moved into entrepreneurship and took up transient jobs. The utility and futility of women's efforts point to ''games'' of differentiation emanating across fields, particularly along the lines of gender, race and class that were invoked to produce transnational spaces where existing power relations were simultaneously challenged and reaffirmed. Conceptually, this paper is informed by the concept of transnational social field and gender, race and class analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nobel Prize-winning author Pearl S. Buck articulated a feminist sensibility in her best-selling novels and short stories from the 1930s to the 1960s about Asian and American women, showing both victimization and strength. This study demonstrates that Buck and her colleagues--female reviewers, readers, and other authors--in these non-feminist years not only helped keep a feminist perspective in the public eye but helped set the stage for the feminist revival of the 1960s. Moreover, Buck used her experiences growing up in China and her credibility in the US as an expert on Asia, not to bolster a sense of superiority among Americans with regard to others, but to show similarities in the social conditions of Asian and American women--an outlook that Shaffer calls "critical internationalism." Moreover, as her career developed, Buck increasingly portrayed the strength of Asian women in their societies, even when relegated to the "private sphere." This essay explores what appears to be a paradoxical approach in Buck's fiction, that over time she maintained her critique of "separate spheres" in American society while she came to appreciate the potential for women of "separate spheres" in Asian societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses Relational Dialectics Theory 2.0 (Baxter, 2011) to analyze 10 interviews with Chinese females for competing discourses about romance. Using Baxter's contrapuntal analysis, the researcher identified a nuanced Chinese discourse of practicality that countered the American discourse of romanticism. These competing discourses demonstrate the influence of both Eastern and Western cultures on the participants as they sought creative ways to enact and explain their personal ideologies of romance as they sojourned in the US. The study highlights the usefulness of contrapuntal analysis in intercultural communication research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article applies a broader, more holistic, less technically oriented approach to gender quotas in China. It places gender quotas in the historical context of China’s political development, delineates the silhouette of the overall political change over time and maps out the fluctuation of ideological and structural conditions for gender equality and hence gender quotas. The article shows how the validity of gender quotas depends on the coupling of women’s status to the Party’s overall political agenda and how the coupling has been a rather unstable one, leading to a swing between a strong tailwind on an occasion and a strong headwind on another. This ‘big picture’, the author argues, clears the ground for understanding quotas in the Chinese context and is the first step towards a solid and well-grounded study of the technical aspects of gender quotas in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the question of why despite the enormous success achieved by China in economic growth there are significant indicators showing relatively adverse life situations for women in many respects. A falling proportion of women in the population, unfavourable employment situation, disparity in wages, inadequate representation of women in political leadership are some of the indicators of the negative fallout of the Chinese growth story even as women too have benefited from the substantial improvement of Chinese people’s livelihood conditions during the recent decades. Based on field visits to Wuxi over a thirty-year period and using macro data we argue that the Chinese experience raises serious questions about the pattern of economic growth that has been adopted by the Chinese leadership and advanced globally in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Osteochondroma (OC) is one of the most common benign tumors of the axial skeleton. However, it is rare in the facial skeleton and only a few cases have been reported to date. In this report, we describe the treatment of an OC on the left condyle in a 31-year-old Chinese female by conservative resection of the tumor into multiple fragments and preservation of most of the condylar area with minimal condylar reshaping. The postoperative cosmetic result was satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the interwar period, urban modernism was connected to opposing ideals of womanhood. On the one hand, women's participation in a culture of leisure, consumption and body consciousness created images of the New Women in Berlin and Shanghai during the 1920s and early 1930s. On the other hand, women in Weimar Berlin and Republican Shanghai were both desired and feared for their role in the significant changes in these two metropoles. This article analyzes the emergence of the neue Frau and modeng xiaojie. The growth of the cities, industrialization and changes in the work force provided new opportunities for many women's lives. However, in the interwar period, anxiety-ridden discourses about sexual disorder and moral decay became significant forces and shaped attitudes toward women's roles in urban society. The article examines the critics and conflicts generated by the modern women in the two societies and the conditions leading to the demise of the modern women era in China and Germany. Key Words: New [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses how women in Chinese and Hispanic societies are treated. It mentions the inferiority of women than in traditional Chinese society. It notes the patriarchal mode of the Hispanic society which expects women to accept the concept of machismo in which men are allowed to enjoy special privileges. It also emphasizes that many women break through the workforce and become leaders in modern Chinese and Hispanic societies.

Justice and healing are closely linked. A strong sense of injustice can hinder healing. In the context of Hong Kong, and likely in many other places, where the legal system is seen as the only means for achieving justice, and legal/criminal justice is upheld as the only concept of justice, many survivors of sexual violence are left with few options for healing redress. Expanding concepts of justice beyond those rooted in criminal law systems may increase the possibilities for healing. This project describes one such collective process, enabling Chinese women who have experienced sexual violence to move from single story testimonies of harm done, to double story testimonies that include the responses, skills and values of survivors. The process involved richly acknowledging the multiple injustices and effects of these injustices, developing a storyline of surviving injustices including the steps taken by women to 'break the secrecy' and 'not pursing any further' in the legal system, and creating a forum of narrative justice. It was acknowledged that justice can be achieved in multiple ways, in the social and in people's eyes and judgment, which may have historic cultural resonances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The newspapers with pictures had been created in Chinese modem history of newspaper publishing. There were many pictorials published and disseminated in the late Qing period due to the improvement of printing technology. The newspaper types and the readers reached an unprecedented degree because of the influence of the political movements after 1900. The pictorials as the communication channel between the emerging modem intellectuals and the common people, were a new kind of newspapers spread in the cities. It could be grasped the response of the social psychology in the changing era during the late Qing and the early Republic period to study the publishing process and means of circulation of the pictorials. The newspaper in the late Qing emphasized on providing leisure and entertainment with obvious commercial profit. After the Boxer Incident, the political events had become the same important as the ritual and law stories, leisure and entertainment in the newspapers. Moreover, the women's issues had been raised and presented in double promotion of commercial and enlightenment. How to define the "women", not only involves the awakening of modem women's rights, but also reflects the traditional ceremony of legal order, Human Relationships and social change in the late Qing period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female right awareness is a kind of cognition, claim and demand for rights not only from the gender role identity but also from a person in the society. The film Tangshan Earthquake portrays the heroine's right awareness, which reflects female right awareness in the real world. Such right awareness is a subconscious representation of a female in the real life who fights for her own rights. The society ruled law should provide some practical approaches for realizing female social rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The images and the views of women in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms have been criticized which have been regarded as an andro - centric product. In fact, the images of women in history in the earliest surviving version of Romance of the Three Kingdoms in Jiajing period have been made a positive artistic process so that the women have a place in the national narrative, and this basic characteristics have been kept in many other versions. Mao Lun and his son Mao Zonggang enhanced more the status and value of women in the national narrative by rewriting and reviews. Although limited by the times, especially limited in subject matter and text, Mao Lun and his son couldn't concern the modern women's individual emotional needs and life in his version, they has made valuable efforts and contributions for the gender equality beyond his era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Purpose of the research: This paper adopted Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) to examine Chinese women''s knowledge and perceptions of cervical cancer risk and factors influencing their motivation to receive future screening. Methods and sample: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 167 Chinese women (142 women were willing to receive a screening in the future and 25 women were not) in 2007 to collect women''s socio-demographic information and sexual history, perceptions related to body health and knowledge about cervical cancer and screening, and Protection Motivation Theory measures. Key results: The majority of women stated they intended to receive future screening and response efficacy was significantly associated with their intention. However, no significant association was observed between sexual history and protection motivation. Using multivariate analysis, cancer in relatives (odds ratio, OR = 9.97, 95% CI [1.44–436.3], p = 0.010), a perception that visiting a doctor regularly is important to health (OR = 9.85, 95% CI [1.61–999.9], p = 0.009)), and ever attending for cervical screening during the previous three years (OR = 3.49, 95% CI [1.23–11.02], p = 0.016) were significantly associated with women'' motivation to receive future screening. Conclusion: The findings of this study highlight the important role of women''s beliefs in the value of cervical screening and previous screening experience in motivating them to receive a screening. Education intervention is needed to provide information and raise public awareness about the importance of cervical screening to women''s health. Culture-related beliefs and social motivational processes in addition to those specified by PMT need to be addressed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]