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Leptolegnia chapmaniiis pathogenic to mosquito larvae. The compatibility between L. chapmaniiand two insect growth regulators (IGR), diflubenzuron and neem oil, was evaluated. L. chapmaniiwas grown on culture media containing different concentrations of each IGR. The mycelial growth was significantly reduced with the highest concentrations of IGR (F6,98=268, p<0.05). However, the production of zoospores (F6,56=0.93, p>0.05) and the larval mortality of Aedes aegypti(F6,56=0.95, p>0.05) were not significantly different among treatments. Furthermore, the percentage of adult emergence in the presence of different concentrations of diflubenzuron or a neem formulation was determined, and the pathogenic activity of zoospores was evaluated at the concentrations that inhibit the emergence at 30, 50 and 90%. The pathogenicity of zoospores was not significantly different among treatments (F6,14=0.54, p>0.05), and the larval mortalities were above 90% in all cases.

Introduction: Leiomyomas are benign smooth muscle tumors that commonly affect the uterus, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. They represent only 0.42% of all soft tissue lesions reported in the oral cavity and might originate from the salivary glands’ vascular walls or excretory ducts. Case Report: A 46-year-old woman attends the Oral Medicine Clinic and Histopathological Laboratory “Dr. César López Acevedo” in FOUSAC-Guatemala. The intraoral clinical examination revealed a painful, ovoid-shaped nodule located in the lower labial mucosa measuring 7 x 7mm, presenting a smooth surface, soft consistency, the same color as the adjacent mucosa, and with unknown evolution time. The differential diagnoses were mesenchymal lesions vs. salivary gland neoplasms. An excisional biopsy was performed, and microscopic evaluation evidenced a well-delimited solid neoplasm of spindle cells arranged in intercalated and elongated fascicles presenting oval nuclei in blunt ends. Immunohistochemistry results showed positivity for AML and Demin; S-100 was negative. Therefore, the diagnosis was solid leiomyoma. Conclusions: Despite its rarity, leiomyoma should be considered a differential diagnosis for benign lip lesions. Knowing this entity’s clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical features can help with accurate diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Administration of antiretroviral drugs to individuals exposed to, but not infected by, HIV has been shown to reduce the risk of transmission. The efficacy of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) makes it obligatory to include it in an integral program of prevention of HIV transmission, together with other measures, such as use of the condom, training, counseling, and appropriate treatment of infected individuals. In this document, the AIDS Study Group (GeSIDA) of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica[SEIMC]) provides its views on this important subject. The available evidence on the usefulness of PrEP in the prevention of transmission of HIV is presented, and the components that should make up a PrEP program and whose development and implementation are feasible in Spain are set out.

La secuencia de la reanimación cardiopulmonar es C-A-B, iniciando las compresiones torácicas antes que la ventilación. Se debe aplicar una reanimación cardiopulmonar de alta calidad con una frecuencia de compresión de entre 100 y 120 compresiones por minuto y una profundidad de al menos 5cm, permitiendo la expansión torácica completa, reduciendo al mínimo la interrupción de las compresiones y evitando una excesiva ventilación. El desfibrilador externo automático se debe utilizar en cuanto esté disponible. El fundamento del soporte cardiovascular avanzado exitoso se basa en una alta calidad de la reanimación cardiopulmonar, y para la fibrilación ventricular y la taquicardia ventricular sin pulso, una rápida desfibrilación a los pocos minutos tras el colapso. Comprender la importancia del diagnóstico y tratar las posibles causas subyacentes, considerando, por tanto, la regla de las “H” y las “T”, es fundamental en el manejo de todos los ritmos de parada cardiaca, mencionando especialmente los casos de actividad eléctrica sin pulso. Una vez el paciente alcanza la circulación espontánea debemos “inmediatamente” iniciar los cuidados posreanimación, optimizando así la supervivencia a largo plazo con buen pronóstico neurológico.

La transición de los pacientes entre los diferentes niveles asistenciales constituye un proceso de especial riesgo en la producción de errores de medicación. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar el papel del farmacéutico en la prevención errores para garantizar una farmacoterapia segura y transversal de los pacientes.

Diseñar una matriz que permita la clasificación de los preparados estériles que se elaboran en el hospital en diferentes niveles de riesgo.

Four species of entomophthoroid fungi, Pandora neoaphidis(Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae), Zoophthora radicans(Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae), Entomophthora planchoniana(Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) and Neozygites fresenii(Neozygitales: Neozygitaceae) were found to infect Aphis craccivora, Therioaphis trifolii, and Acyrthosiphon pisumand unidentified species of Acyrthosiphonon lucerne in Argentina. Samples were collected from five sites (Ceres, Rafaela, Sarmiento, Monte Vera and Bernardo de Irigoyen) in the province of Santa Fe. In this study, Zoophthora radicanswas the most important pathogen and was recorded mainly on Acyrthosiphonsp. Zoophthora radicanswas successfully isolated and maintained in pure cultures. This study is the first report of entomophthoroid fungi infecting lucerne (Medicago sativaL.) aphids in Argentina.

Copyright of Neurologia (Grupo ARS XXI de Comunicacion, S.A.) is the property of Grupo ARS XXI de Comunicacion, S.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Neurologia (Grupo ARS XXI de Comunicacion, S.A.) is the property of Grupo ARS XXI de Comunicacion, S.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract -- This paper presents the results of the application of a technique of geophysical surveying based on resonance frequency of materials, in a small basin within the Internal Zones of the Betic Cordillera (southern Spain). The frequencies determined have enabled the main features of the basin's structure to be delineated, clearly identifying its asymmetry due to variations in the position of the rigid basement in different sectors. The results show that this method does not guarantee a perfect identification of coarse sediments, unless these overlie substantial more rigid materials. On the other hand, the same method was very effective for studying very soft sediments (peat), and it was possible to establish a quantitative relationship for determining the thickness of these sediments based on their resonance frequency. This relationship was then used to map peat thickness in the basin. The results have been compared with gravity studies and mechanical drillings undertaken in the region.

Abstract -- Seismic hazard at the Iberian Peninsula has been evaluated by using a methodology which combines both zonified and non-zonified probabilistic methods. Seismic sources are used when considering zones where certain calculation parameters may be considered homogeneous, as in zonified methods, while, on the other hand, earthquakes are considered wherever it has taken place, as in non-zonified methods. The methodology which is applied in this paper has been originally used to calculate the seismic hazard maps in the United States. In our case, it has been necessary to adapt the method to the specific features of the seismicity in the Iberian Peninsula and its geographical surroundings, not only with respect to its distribution and characteristics, but also with respect to the properties of the seismic catalog used.¶Geographically, the main feature of the result is the fact that it reflects both historical seismicity and current seismic clusters of the region. Despite the smoothing, maps show marked differences between several seismic zones; these differences becoming more noticeable as exposure time increases. Maximum seismic hazard is found to be in the southwestern region of the Peninsula, especially in the area of the Cape St. Vicent, and around Lisbon. The uncertainty of the results, without considering that due to the attenuation laws, as deduced from the other evaluation parameters, is quite stable, being more sensitive to the parameters b and m_max of the Gutenberg-Richter relation.

The calculation of Franck–Condon factors between different 1-D Morse potential eigenstates using a formula derived from the Wigner function is discussed. Our numerical calculations using a simple program written in Mathematica are compared with other calculations. We show that our results have a similar accuracy as those calculations performed with more sophisticated methods. We discuss the extension of our method to include non-Condon effects in the calculation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 88: 280–295, 2002

To determine the degree of soiling of urban buildings subject to environmental pollution and, at a later stage, to assess the effectiveness of cleaning techniques on the types of stone used in the construction of these buildings, it is very useful to define the chromatic parameters (L*,a*, b*,C*,WI, and YI) before and after treatment. A comparative study of these parameters and the original color of the stone is carried out. The best cleaning performance is achieved using a hot water jet at a temperature of 90°C and a pressure of 120 bars. In areas with significant black encrusted gypsum and calcite layers, these cannot be removed completely with water. Thus, chemicals must be applied, the most appropriate being sodium hydroxide-based products. Using these cleaning techniques, it is possible to obtain chromatic parameters that come close to those of the stone in its original state, allowing for an increase in yellow hues resulting from the preservation of the patina inherent to the natural aging process that stone surfaces undergo. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 25, 442–446, 2000

A carbon fiber microelectrode was modified by electrodeposition of a polymeric coating of poly(3‐methylthiophene) (P3MT) by cycling the potential between 0.0 and +1.7 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The electrochemical reduction of the herbicide metamitron in this kind of microelectrode was studied by applying several voltammetric techniques like cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry. The cathodic stripping voltammetric response for metamitron was found to be dependent on the film thickness, the accumulation time and on the pH of measurement medium. A good linear relationship between the cathodic stripping peak current and metamitron concentration was obtained over the range 1.0×10–8–1.4×10–7mol L–1, using a carbon fiber microelectrode modified with 15 coatings and 6 min preconcentration time at open circuit. The reproducibility of the measurements was satisfactory, RSD of 0.96 % (n=10) and the detectability achieved was of 2.83×10–10mol L–1.

LERMAN‐GARBER, ISRAEL, ANTONIO R. VILLA, CRISTINA LLACA MARTINEZ, LETICIA CERVANTES TURRUBIATEZ, CARLOS A. AGUILAR SALINAS, VILLAGRA LUCY, BELIA WONG, JUAN C. LÓPEZ ALVARENGA, FRANCISCO GÓMEZ PÉREZ, AND LUIS MIGUEL GUTIERREZ ROBLEDO. The prevalence of obesity and its determinants in urban and rural older mexican populations. Obes Res. Objective: To determine the prevalence of obesity and its association to different variables in urban and rural older Mexican populations. Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional study of three different Mexican communities. A total of 121 men and 223 women 60 years and older and 93 men and 180 women aged 35 to 59 years old were selected randomly for inclusion in the survey. A personal interview assessed demographic information, personal medical history and functional status and a 24‐hour diet recall was obtained. The physical examination included anthropometric and blood pressure measurements. A fasting blood sample was obtained for measurements of lipids, insulin and glucose. Results: Obesity was highly prevalent in women, in individuals from the urban communities and diminished with advancing age. A BMI ≥30 kg/m2was observed in 23. 6% younger vs. 15. 6% older adult men (p= 0. 21) and 28. 4% younger vs. 19. 7% older adult women (p= 0. 06). Conclusions: The present survey confirms the high prevalence of obesity in the Mexican urban population that declines with advanced age. Studies in elderly population must consider the bias produced by increased early mortality in those individuals with a more unfavorable risk profile. The association of obesity with other variables was estimated using a stepwise multivariate logistic regression, increased insulin levels [Odds Ratio (OR) 1. 68, p= 0. 006] and living in an urban area (OR 5. 90, p<0. 007) were variables independently associated to obesity in adult older individuals. In the younger adults, obesity was associated with hypertension (OR 2. 74, p<0. 0009), higher insulin levels (OR 1. 31, p<0. 03) and central adiposity (OR 2. 97, p= 0. 05), these relationship were not observed with gender, distribution of food or alcohol intake or other coronary risk factors.

The stabilization of martensite in Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloys has been studied by measurement of the reverse transformation temperatures after various heat treatments and by positron annihilation spectroscopy. The martensite in the Cu-Al-Mn system rapidly stabilizes at room temperature after quenching from a high temperature in the ß field. Positron annihilation measurements indicate the presence of excess quenched-in vacancies in the as-quenched sample. This vacancy excess is eliminated by heating in the ß field just above the Af, temperature. Stabilization in the Cu-Al-Mn system, as in the Cu-Zn-Al system, thus arises either by pinning of the martensite plates by the quenched-in vacancies or by changes in configurational order, made possible by the increase in diffusion rate caused by the excess vacancy concentration.

In recent years a network of 30 accelerographs has been installed through the zones of highest seismic activity of Spain. For the first time, digital strong motion records have been obtained in Spain, with a maximum horizontal acceleration value of 0.06 g. A comprehensive study is made of the strong motion recordings of an earthquake which occurred in southwest Spain, on December 20, 1989. The isoseismal map is drawn and the data confirm the main attenuation directions in the area observed in other shocks.

Here presented are the different human fetal larynx functions. Analysis and observation of the organ show at least three behavioural patterns: swallowing, respiratory and phonetic. The respiratory function coincides with a blood aspiration through the venosus duct (phenomenon measured by pulsed Doppler) which increases the amount of oxygenated blood in brain circulation that comes from the placenta. The phonetic function is presented setting down the requirements for its recognition. Phonetic function is observed after the 18th week of fetal life and can be considered to be a demonstration of cerbral cortex activity in the fetus.

High performance liquid chromatography was used to analyze the principal organic acids present in wine (tartaric, malic and lactic acids) after purification of samples with Sep-Pak C18 cartridges (Waters). The method was applied to 40 samples of home-made wines from the Alpujarra-Contraviesa region of the province of Granada (Southeast Spain). These wines are considered rose, but in most cases had been subjected to unintentional maceration. The results obtained showed that the wines had not undergone complete malolactic fermentation and presented low concentrations of tartaric acid. The proportion of the concentrations of malic and lactic acids suggested a possible alteration by the undesirable development of lactic bacteria.

Co-ordination compounds of N-[2-hydroxy-1(R)-methyl-2(R)-phenylethyl]-N-methylglycine (N-carboxymethylpseudoephedrine, Hcpse) with copper(II), cobalt(II) and cadmium(II) have been prepared and characterised. Crystal structures of copper and cadmium complexes were obtained. In the compound [Cu(cpse)2]·H2O, two cpse are co-ordinated in a tridentate mode giving place to a fac-RS-octahedral geometry. The monomeric compound [Cd(cpse)2(H2O)] has an uncommon seven-co-ordinate geometry with one cpse bonded in a similar arrangement to that of the copper(II) compound, with an oxygen from the carboxylate group in an apical position. The second cpse molecule is co-ordinated with all three atoms in the equatorial plane, the remaining axial position of the distorted pentagonal bipyramid being occupied by a water molecule. As for the latter complex, the metal centre of [Cd(cpse)Cl(H2O)]·H2O·dmso (dmso 4;= 4;dimethyl sulfoxide) presents a distorted pentagonal-bipyramidal geometry where the apical positions are occupied by a water molecule and a chloride ion. The tridentate cpse ligand lies in the equatorial plane and the co-ordination sphere is completed by a chelating carboxylic group from another cpse ligand. Each carboxylate group of cpse is bridging two different cadmium atoms, forming a zigzag chain in a polymeric structure.

Summary We shall consider a class of simple rational splines and their application to monotonic interpolation to monotonic data. Our method is situated between interpolation with the usual cubic splines and with monotone quadratic splines. A selection of numerical results is presented in Figs. 4–11.

A technique using high performance liquid chromatography to determine the furanic aldehydes: furfural and 5-hidroxymethil furfural, in aged brandies and hydroalcoholic solutions of commercial caramels, was developed. Separation and quantification of these substances can be carried out by injecting the samples directly into the chromatograph, the relative error presented under this method is 0.52% for furfural and 0.29% for 5-HMF. The high concentrations of 5-hidroxymethil furfural found in 100% of the brandy samples analysed is due to the caramel added as a colouring agent.

The furfural and 5-hydroximethyl furfural content was analyzed by H. P. L. C. in distilled alcoholic beverages subjected to different periods of aging in barrels of French Limousin and American Kentucky oak. The presence of these furanic compounds is not due to the length of time spent in the barrel. The age of the barrel, its manner of use and the charring process control the concentration of furanic aldehydes.

The administration of a high-protein diet to rats, from the end of lactation until they reached a weight of 150 g., produced significant changes in the concentrations of insulin in the plasma and pancreas. Compared with controls, the animals receiving this diet had higher plasma glucose and insulin concentrations and a higher hormone content in the pancreas.The levels of hepatic glycogen were similar to those in the control rats, but the muscle glycogen was significantly lower. Adipose tissue in vitrowas less sensitive to the action of insulin on glucose uptake.

Severe renal disease in the setting of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is exceedingly rare. We report here the case of a 22-year-old man with acute EBV infection associated with severe interstitial nephritis. The patient developed chronic fatigue and chronic renal failure with a serological profile typical of primary EBV infection. Clinical improvement with anti-EBNA seroconversion occurred after acyclovir therapy. Our patient illustrates that chronic fatigue with major organ dysfunction and a serological profile of primary infection can be seen in chronic EBV infection. In such a case, acyclovir may prove beneficial.

Endometriosis is a common entity among fertile women which unfortunately manifests through variable symptomatology. Intestinal involvement in endometriosis is quite common and can simulate several diseases such as Crohn’s disease, appendicitis, tubo-ovarian abscess, or malignant tumors. Intestinal obstruction due to endometriosis is rare, and preoperative diagnosis is difficult because the signs and symptoms are nonspecific and can be easily confused. In the case of patients without a history of endometriosis, diagnosis is further complicated. We present a case of a 41-year-old female patient. She presented to the emergency room with complete bowel obstruction and a mass in the cecum. Surgery was decided, and the patient underwent full recovery. Endometriosis was the final diagnosis for the observed condition.

BackgroundTo demonstrate the added value that pharmacists bring, it is essential that all activities undertaken to improve therapy in the hospital are recorded and quantified.PurposeTo analyse the pharmaceutical interventions with potential to avoid adverse drug events (ADE) in hospitalised patients and to calculate the cost avoided with them.Material and methodsRetrospective study of pharmaceutical interventions carried out over 3 months, using the registration in the pharmacy software and its exportation to Excel, where variables were registered. Avoided cost was calculated from multiplying 1.7 days, which is the average stay increase due to an ADE according to the bibliography, cost of the stay and probability of ADE occurrence if it had not been intervened.ResultsOver a period of 3 months, 10 pharmacists performed 1238 interventions, in 958 hospitalised patients in charge of 15 clinical departments: 18.7% of interventions were carried out in internal medicine, 16.2% in traumatology, 14.8% in general surgery, 10.9% in urology and8.4% in gynaecology-obstetrics. Reasons for intervention were: treatment reconciliation (41.4%), therapeutic exchange (16.5%), narrow therapeutic window/high-risk drug (9.6%), moderate adverse reaction (6.9%), renal impairment adjustment (4%), relevant interaction (3.5%), 2 to 4 times upper/lower dosage (2.7%), other dosage adjustments (2.7%), therapeutic doubling (2.2%), other optimisations (1.5%), severe adverse reaction (1.5%), clarification/completing medical order (1.3%), adequacy of antibiotic treatment (1.3%), providing relevant information (1.2%), low-risk drug lacking/remaining (1.1%), pharmaceutical form/administration route with toxicity risk or therapeutic failure (0.8%), allergy (0.6%), sequential therapy (0.6%), four to 10 times upper/lower dose (0.2%), mild adverse reaction (0.2%) and asking for blood test (0.2%). Acceptance of interventions was 84.7%, with 7.2% interventions being non-valued. Accepted pharmaceutical interventions were estimated to have avoided a cost of €169,816, by preventing prolongation of the hospital stay due to ADE.ConclusionRegistration of pharmaceutical interventions is essential for analysing and quantifying the role of the pharmacist as part of the care team. This study allows us to conclude that the pharmacist is involved in optimising the pharmacotherapy of hospitalised patients in all clinical departments, contributing to the prevention of ADE, which means an increase in patient safety, as well as cost savings for the sanitary system.No conflict of interest