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Individuals with minor ischaemic stroke and intracranial occlusion are at increased risk of poor outcomes. Intravenous thrombolysis with tenecteplase might improve outcomes in this population. We aimed to test the superiority of intravenous tenecteplase over non-thrombolytic standard of care in patients with minor ischaemic stroke and intracranial occlusion or focal perfusion abnormality.

Guava is rich in antioxidant compounds as it contains a high level of ascorbic acid, carotenoids and phenolic compounds. Genotypic variance, heritability and genetic advance study were carried out to assess the magnitude of variation among the different guava genotypes. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were recorded for flavonoids (23.56 and 23.55, respectively) followed by antioxidant activity (18.97 and 18.88, respectively). Heritability and genetic advance (1.00 and 39.51, respectively) were recorded to be highest for flavonoids. Phenotypic coefficient of variance was slightly higher than the genotypic coefficient of variance for all the traits under study, indicating the existence of diversity in guava cultivars. Cluster analysis differentiated guava genotypes into distinct clusters based on flesh and skin colour as well as phytochemical properties. Fruit weight was negatively correlated with antioxidant activity, anthocyanins, lycopene and carotenoid content, which clearly indicates that white-fleshed guavas are larger in size but have lower amounts of these compounds. Correlation studies also revealed that antioxidant activity of fruits was strongly and positively regulated by total phenols, carotenoids and flavonoids. Further, it was worth noting that the ascorbic acid content was also negatively correlated with these phytochemical compounds, which might be due to the fact that the presence of anthocyanins has a negative impact on the presence of ascorbic acid. Thus, the results of the study can be further utilized in guava breeding programmes by understanding the inherent association of important phytochemical traits.

Graphic abstract:

Guava is rich in antioxidant compounds as it contains a high level of ascorbic acid, carotenoids and phenolic compounds. Genotypic variance, heritability and genetic advance study were carried out to assess the magnitude of variation among the different guava genotypes. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were recorded for flavonoids (23.56 and 23.55, respectively) followed by antioxidant activity (18.97 and 18.88, respectively). Heritability and genetic advance (1.00 and 39.51, respectively) were recorded to be highest for flavonoids. Phenotypic coefficient of variance was slightly higher than the genotypic coefficient of variance for all the traits under study, indicating the existence of diversity in guava cultivars. Cluster analysis differentiated guava genotypes into distinct clusters based on flesh and skin colour as well as phytochemical properties. Fruit weight was negatively correlated with antioxidant activity, anthocyanins, lycopene and carotenoid content, which clearly indicates that white-fleshed guavas are larger in size but have lower amounts of these compounds. Correlation studies also revealed that antioxidant activity of fruits was strongly and positively regulated by total phenols, carotenoids and flavonoids. Further, it was worth noting that the ascorbic acid content was also negatively correlated with these phytochemical compounds, which might be due to the fact that the presence of anthocyanins has a negative impact on the presence of ascorbic acid. Thus, the results of the study can be further utilized in guava breeding programmes by understanding the inherent association of important phytochemical traits.

This article analyses the nature of ethnic cleavages in India and their role in shaping the interaction between the civil society and the state. It emphasises that the eruption of ethnic conflict in India is a sequel to the rise of state authoritarianism and the decline of political institutions. The hiatus between an authoritarian state and a basically democratic and plural society is the wot cause of ethnic tensions in India. The article also discusses some of the ethnic problems that the country is facing at present and the strategies adopted by the national leadership in dealing with them. It also throws into saliency the challenges that the ethnic conflict poses to the Indian state and suggests such legal, constitutional, structural and policy changes as can help in managing ethnic conflict more effectively.

In view of a reported association between schizophrenia and the 5-HT2receptor gene locus, as well as an association with treatment refractoriness at this locus, a case-control association study was conducted using a biallelic polymorphism. The distribution of the polymorphism was investigated among patients with schizophrenia (DSM-III-R, n= 174) and unaffected controls (n= 239). No significant differences in genotype distributions or allele frequencies were noted between the two groups. In support of the earlier report, a significant excess of individuals homozygous for allele C2 was noted among patients who responded unsatisfactorily to antipsychotic medication in comparison with the controls (odds ratio 1.78; 95 confidence intervals 1.06, 2.97). However, this difference was not significant following multivariate analysis. This study does not support an association between the 5-HT2receptor gene locus and schizophrenia or subgroups based on treatment response.

Four near-isonuclear polycytoplasmic versions of 81A and two of Pb 402A male-sterile lines of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) were used in factorial matings with five inbred male testers in different combinations in three sets. The cytoplasmic differences were studied for several agronomic traits using mean values and general combining effects (gca) of male-sterile lines, and specific combining ability effects of hybrids. The fertility/ sterility behaviour of different male-sterile lines in crosses with common male parents was also studied. Significant differences among near-isonuclear polycytoplasmic lines were observed in mean values for a few traits such as plant height, leaf length and peduncle length, but the differences for combining ability were more pronounced. The A3 cytoplasm was a better general combiner than the A2 cytoplasm for grain yield and both A2 and A3 cytoplasms were better general combiners for leaf length and peduncle length. In addition, superiority of A3 cytoplasm for gca was observed for plant height and ear characters over the A2 cytoplasm in set II. A differential behaviour of cytoplasms, both in combination with a common pollinator and across pollinators, was observed for several traits. The results provide evidence for the distinctiveness of different cytoplasmic sources in pearl millet and for the influence of cytoplasmic factors on the phenotypic expression of nuclear genes. A diversification of male sterility sources in the breeding of pearl millet hybrids is suggested.

Five near-isonuclear polycytoplasmic versions of 81A1 and two of Pb 402A3 male sterile lines of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides), along with their corresponding maintainer lines (81B and Pb 402B) were studied for 14 agronomic and two disease traits, and for isozymes of peroxidase in anthers and leaves for assessing cytoplasmic differences. Significant differences among isonuclear polycytoplasmic lines of both 81A1 and Pb 402A3, having the same genome and variable cytoplasms, were observed for several agronomic traits. Banding pattern of peroxidase isozymes revealed clear cut differences among cytoplasms. The results provide evidence for the influence of cytoplasmic factors on the phenotypic expression of nuclear genes.

The comparative efficiency of four selection methods, viz., honeycomb (HC), pedigree selection (PS), single-seed descent (SSD) and the bulk method (BM), was assessed in three crosses of mungbean. The lines derived by each method, along with check varieties, were yield-tested in a compact family block design in F5 and F6 generations during summer and kharif of 1990. On the basis of the mean of the lines, the range, the number of superior lines over the best check, and the proportion of the top 10% lines in all the crosses and generations, the honeycomb method exhibited superiority over PS, SSD and BM for yield per plant and its component traits. PS, SSD and BM did not differ from each other. The honeycomb and SSD methods were found suitable for deriving superior lines for seed yield and pods per plant in mungbean.

The effect of different levels of nitrogen N0 (0), N1 (60), N2 (80) and N3 (100) kg/ha and phosphorus P0 (0), P1 (32), P2 (48) and P3 (64) kg/ha on the nutrient composition of sweet pepper fruits was investigated. Dry matter content was found to increase at N0 level at highest concentration of phosphorus and as well as at P0 level at highest concentration of nitrogen. At P2 concentration, at different levels of nitrogen, the ascorbic acid content was more as compared to that at other levels of phosphorus. Protein content was found to increase with increasing nitrogen doses and was also found to increase at maximum dose of nitrogen with increasing concentration of phosphorus. Capsaicin content was found to be more at P2 level at different doses of nitrogen. The uptake of phosphorus by the pepper fruit was found to increase at N0 and N2 levels. Maximum uptake of phosphorus and dry matter content was observed at N0P3 levels. Maximum protein, ascorbic acid and capsaicin contents were found at N3P2 level.

Four lines of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) ware selected for variability in protein content and were used as parents in crosses. The F2 mean protein contents were generally between the parents, but slightly closer to the low-protein parent. Reciprocal differences in protein of F1 seeds and its absence in F2 seeds showed that the maternal genotypes controlled protein content.

A field experiment was conducted for two years during 1977-78 and 1978-79 to evaluate the efficiency of methabenzthiazuron, terbutryn and metoxuron in controlling weeds in peas (Pisum sativum) at the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. Pre-emergence application of methabenzthiazuron at 1.05 and 1.40 kg a.i./ha gave efficient weed control and gave comparable yields to two hand hoeings. Post-emergence application of methabenzthiazuron proved inferior. Terbutryn pre-emergence showed promise but as a post-emergence application it was ineffective. Metoxuron both pre- and post-emergence showed phytotoxic effects on the crop.

We describe 3 cases of omental lipoma of whom 2 presented with symptomatic haemorrhage. Notably the haemorrhage in the 2 reported cases was from foregut arteries. Thorough knowledge of anatomy and embryology is critical in identifying the source of haemorrhage and differentiating this condition from other common causes of mesenteric haemorrhage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case series reporting this uncommon cause for abdominal haemorrhage. The successful management of this condition using superselective embolization is discussed. Clinicians need to exercise diligence and caution in omental lipomas presenting with spontaneous haemorrhage and this notion is exemplified in our reported cases.