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Objective: Although the impact of high-intensity aerobic training on weight loss, fat oxidation, and cardiovascular disease has been explored to a great extent, long run consequences of the exercise training on bone tissue require more investigations. Design: Case-control study. Methods: To investigate the effect of high-intensity interval aerobic training (HIIT) on Osteocalcin and Adiponectin levels fourteen overweight and inactive young females, aged 23 ± 2.5 yrs., and BMI = 29 ± 2 kg/m2 were selected. The participants were randomly divided into 2 groups (7 participants each) i.e. HIIT and Control group/no training. HIIT performed 3-day per week training with intensity of 80-90 % V02ra„ continued for 8 weeks. Blood samples were taken 3 times, before training, in 4"' week and in 8"' week. Results: The Repeated-Measurements ANOVA showed that neither groups demonstrated a significant alteration in body mass (-1 vs. +0.43% p > 0.05) nor fat percentage (-1.44 vs. +0.5% p > 0.05). After 8 weeks training, Adiponectin level in training group increased (P = 0.039) and showed a rather further significant variation comparing to control group (+14.1 vs. +0.1% p = 0.027). Whereas, during this period, Osteocalcin level decreases (-27.8% p = 0.047). Besides Osteocalcin alterations were reducing to a significant level from 411 week to 8'h week (p = 0.003). Conclusions: HIIT was associated with a considerable increase in adiponectin after 8 weeks training without reducing body and fat masses. However carboxylated osteocalcin level decreased during this period. Apparently high-intensity aerobic training may improve bone formation via carboxylated osteocalcin decrease and adiponectin increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The previous studies show that physical exercise reduces the mortality rate of cardiovascular diseases via improving peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). The purpose of this study has accordingly been to compare and contrast the effect of High Intensity Interval Training (HUT) with Moderate Intensity Continual Training (MICT) carrying the same total training load of VO2peak on aerobic power and body composition among the patients who have had Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG). Design: In this regard, 12 CABG patients have randomly been divided into two similar groups receiving high intensity training or moderate intensity training. Method: HIIT (85-95 % HR peak) and MICT (50-70% HR peak) were performed 33 and 41 minutes respectively three times a week for an 8- week period. Result: The results illustrated that the VO2peak amount increased by 20.20% and 9.62% in HIIT and MICT respectively. In comparison there was a significant difference to the advantage of HIIT group in VO2peak (p = 0/004), body mass (p = 0/005), body mass index {p = 0/03), body fat mass (p = 0/002) and body fat percentage (p = 0/006). However, the interval training (p = 0/33) and the continual training (p = 0/12) had no significant effect on the lean body mass. Conclusion: Therefore, HIIT was more effective than MICT to increase VO2peakl and to improve body composition among CABG patients. Then it is suggested to apply HIIT instead of MICT for the purpose of CABG patient rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome is a preventable cause of stroke after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). It manifests as headache, seizures, hemiparesis or coma due to raised intracranial pressure or intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). There is currently no consensus on whether to control blood pressure, blood pressure thresholds associated with cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome, choice of anti-hypertensive agent(s) or duration of treatment. Method: A systematic review of the PubMed database (1963–2010) was performed using appropriate search terms according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: A total of 36 studies were identified as fitting a priori inclusion criteria. Following CEA, the incidence of severe hypertension was 19%, that of cerebral hyperperfusion 1% and ICH 0.5%. The postoperative mean systolic blood pressure of patients, who went on to develop cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome, was 164 mmHg (95% confidence interval (CI) 150–178 mmHg) and the cumulative incidence of cases rose appreciably above a postoperative systolic blood pressure of 150 mmHg. The mean systolic blood pressure of cerebral hyperperfusion cases was 189 mmHg (95% CI 183–196 mmHg) at presentation. The incidence of cerebral hyperperfusion in the first week was 92% with a median time to presentation of 5 days (interquartile range (IQR) 3–6 days). 36% of patients presented with seizures 31% with hemiparesis and 33% with both. The proportion of patients with severe hypertension was significantly higher in cases than in post-CEA controls (p < 0.0001, Odds ratio 19 (95% CI 9–41)). Three large case-control studies identify postoperative hypertension as a risk factor for ICH. Conclusion: There is currently level-3 evidence for the prevention of ICH through control of postoperative blood pressure. From the available data, we suggest a definition for cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome, blood pressure thresholds, duration of monitoring and a postoperative blood pressure control strategy for validation in a prospective study. The implications of this are that one in five patients would need intravenous anti-hypertensives and home blood pressure monitoring for 1 week. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]