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Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses, via both surface runoff and subsurface drainage water, were monitored in an agricultural field in northern Sweden for 32 yr. The objective was to determine losses of N and P in a long‐term perspective in relation to meteorological factors and impacts of agricultural land use, with a focus on relative contributions of surface runoff and subsurface drainage water to N and P losses. In order to collect surface runoff water, an embankment was installed on three sides of the field, and the fourth side had an open ditch that drove runoff water to a measuring station. Subsurface water draining from the field was collected in a fishbone‐shaped drainage system that terminated at the measuring station. In 50% of years (16/32), mean annual concentration of total N (TN) was significantly higher in subsurface drainage water than in surface runoff water. An opposing trend was seen for total P (TP), with mean annual concentration being significantly higher in surface runoff water than in subsurface drainage water in all but 3 of the 32 yr monitored. Years with a barley crop had higher TN concentration in subsurface drainage water but no difference in surface runoff compared with years with ley. In contrast, years with barley had lower TN concentration in surface runoff than years with ley, with no difference in TP in subsurface drainage water. The site was characterized by long, cold winters and a ley–barley cropping system.Surface runoff had a distinct peak during snowmelt in April (49% of yearly surface runoff).Total N content was ∼38% higher in subsurface drainage water than in surface runoff water.Total P content was ∼85% higher in surface runoff water than in subsurface drainage water.Crops grown at the site affected yearly losses of N and P in contrasting ways.

Although previous studies have explored racial/ethnic differences in incident atopic dermatitis (AD) in childhood, few studies have examined risk factors associated with AD persistence. As such, we sought to examine differences in incidence and persistence of childhood AD by race/ethnicity accounting for sociodemographic characteristics and perinatal vitamin D levels. Using data from Project Viva, a prospective prebirth cohort in eastern Massachusetts, we studied 1,437 mother-child pairs with known AD status to examine the associations of race/ethnicity with maternally reported child AD. We used multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for sociodemographic factors and maternal plasma vitamin D, to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of AD incidence at early childhood and persistence at mid-childhood. Compared to non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks (aOR = 2.71, 95% confidence interval = 1.75–4.19) and other non-Hispanics (aOR = 1.80, 95% confidence interval = 1.16–2.80) were more likely to have incident AD. Non-Hispanic blacks (aOR = 6.26, 95% confidence interval = 2.32–16.88) and Hispanics (aOR = 6.42, 95% CI = 1.93–21.41) with early childhood AD were more likely to have persistent AD. In conclusion, compared with non-Hispanic whites, AD incidence and persistence are higher among certain nonwhite racial/ethnic subgroups. Further research is warranted to identify environmental, socioeconomic, and genetic factors that may be responsible for the observed differences.

ObjectivesIndividuals with genital warts may be particularly susceptible to human papillomavirus since they have failed to clear the virus. Consequently, women with genital warts could be at increased risk of cervical dysplasia. In this cohort study we aimed to compare the incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) in women with a diagnosis of genital warts with that of the general female population without genital warts.MethodsUsing the Danish nationwide population-based health data registers, we identified women between 15 and 45 years and followed them for diagnoses of CIN2+ from 1995 to 2006. Genital wart diagnoses were recorded from birth, and Cox regression with attained age as underlying scale was used to estimate age-dependent HRs for the risk of CIN2+ with genital warts as a time-varying exposure.ResultsAmong 918 609 women without genital warts and 32 218 women with genital warts, 30 209 and 1533 women, respectively, had a subsequent diagnosis of CIN2+. A significantly higher risk of CIN2+ was found among women with genital warts relative to those without (HR, 2.43; 95% CI 2.30 to 2.56). Treatment-resistant genital warts posed a significantly higher risk of CIN2+ than did transient genital warts (HR, 1.20; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.43). The risks remained elevated more than 4 years after the genital wart diagnosis.ConclusionClinicians should ensure that women with genital warts are screened for cervical cancer after the genital wart diagnosis and that they continue to be screened on time.

The winter climate in northwestern Europe is commonly influenced by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Its intensity, expressed as an index (NAOi), has been suggested for use in assessing nutrient leaching from arable land to water and the effects of mitigation measures. We found significant (p< 0.05) positive linear relationships between NAOiand an air freezing–thawing index in central and southern Sweden for 2004 to 2016. This period covered winters with both extreme low and high NAOi. There were significant negative linear relationships between NAOiand a snow depth index. Management and nutrient leaching were studied simultaneously in two agricultural catchments (20.7 ha, code 11M; 788 ha, code M36) in southwestern Sweden. Catchments 11M (silty–clay soil) and M36 (sandy hills with a central, heavy clay plain) are both artificially drained. Total N and total P leaching increased significantly with winter (November–April) NAOiin both catchments. In contrast, leaching of dissolved reactive P (DRP) was not related to NAOi. The highest DRP concentrations were observed in connection with specific agricultural practices, whereas moderately elevated DRP concentrations were linked to snowmelt events. Concentrations of P in other forms (other P) were even more elevated (1.02 mg L−1) in 11M in winter 2014–2015, probably due to a large (32% of area) internal buffer (ley–fallow) in a central ravine being plowed down in autumn 2014. No general trend in P or N fertilization was found in catchment M36. Thus NAOimay be appropriate for use in trend analyses of nutrient load in the study region. North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) intensity index (NAOi) influences annual winter climate.NAOihas an impact on regional nutrient leaching.Moderate particle P leaching may reflect low NAOiand high snow depth index.NAOiinfluences erosion less than ploughing down strategic unfertilized buffer zones.