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This is the first projection of marine circulation and biogeochemistry for the Ascension Island Marine Protected Area (AIMPA). Marine Protected Areas are a key management tool used to safeguard biodiversity, but their efficacy is increasingly threatened by climate change. To assess an MPA's vulnerability to climate change and predict biological responses, we must first project how the local marine environment will change. We present the projections of an ensemble from the Sixth Coupled Model Intercomparision Project. Relative to the recent past (2000–2010), the multi‐model means of the mid‐century (2040–2050) project that the AIMPA will become warmer (+0.9 to +1.2°C), more saline (+0.01 to +0.10), with a shallower mixed layer depth (−1.3 to −0.8 m), a weaker Atlantic Equatorial Undercurrent (AEU) (−1.5 to −0.4 Sv), more acidic (−0.10 to −0.07), with lower surface nutrient concentrations (−0.023 to −0.0141 mmol N m−3and −0.013 to −0.009 mmol P m−3), less chlorophyll (−6 to −3 µg m−3) and less primary production (−0.31 to −0.20 mol m−2yr−1). These changes are often more extreme in the scenarios with higher greenhouse gases emissions and more significant climate change. Using the multi‐model mean for two scenarios in the years 2090–2100, we assessed how five key ecosystem services in both the shallow subtidal and the pelagic zone were likely to be impacted by climate change. Both low and high emission scenarios project significant changes to the AIMPA, and it is likely that the provision of several ecosystem services will be negatively impacted. Ascension Island is a small remote volcanic island in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. The seas around Ascension Island have been protected from commercial fishing since 2019. We used the marine component of computer simulations of the Earth's climate to try to understand the future of the Ascension Island Marine Protected Area (AIMPA). Over the next century, the AIMPA region will become warmer, more saline, more acidic, less productive, and with lower nutrient and chlorophyll concentrations in the surface waters. The most important current of the region, the Atlantic Equatorial Current, is also projected to weaken in all scenarios. These changes are likely to negatively impact the ability of the AIMPA to provide ecosystem services such as healthy ecosystems, fish stocks, the removal of carbon dioxide from the air, and attract tourism. This work is important because it is the first projection of the climate around the AIMPA since it was created, and it has allowed local policymakers to understand how the changing climate is likely to affect their environment and ecosystem services. We present the first projection of the future marine circulation and biogeochemistry of the Ascension Island Marine Protected Area (AIMPA)The AIMPA will become warmer, more saline, more acidic, with less surface nutrients, primary production and chlorophyllThe AIMPA's capacity to provide ecosystem services will be significantly negatively impacted under a high emission scenario We present the first projection of the future marine circulation and biogeochemistry of the Ascension Island Marine Protected Area (AIMPA) The AIMPA will become warmer, more saline, more acidic, with less surface nutrients, primary production and chlorophyll The AIMPA's capacity to provide ecosystem services will be significantly negatively impacted under a high emission scenario

The consequences of chronic stress on brain structure and function are far reaching. Whereas stress can produce short-term adaptive changes in the brain, chronic stress leads to long-term maladaptive changes that increase vulnerability to psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and addiction. These two disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in the United States, and are typically chronic, disabling, and highly comorbid. Emerging evidence implicates a tiny brain region—the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST)—in the body’s stress response and in anxiety and addiction. Rodent studies provide compelling evidence that the BNST plays a central role in sustained threat monitoring, a form of adaptive anxiety, and in the withdrawal and relapse stages of addiction; however, little is known about the role of BNST in humans. Here, we review current evidence for BNST function in humans, including evidence for a role in the production of both adaptive and maladaptive anxiety. We also review preliminary evidence of the role of BNST in addiction in humans. Together, these studies provide a foundation of knowledge about the role of BNST in adaptive anxiety and stress-related disorders. Although the field is in its infancy, future investigations of human BNST function have tremendous potential to illuminate mechanisms underlying stress-related disorders and identify novel neural targets for treatment.

The 2-5A system is an interferon-regulated RNA degradation pathway with antiviral, growth-inhibitory, and pro-apoptotic activities. RNase-L mediates the antiviral activity through the degradation of viral RNAs, and the anticellular effects of the 2-5A system are thought to be similarly mediated through the degradation of cellular transcripts. However, specific RNase-L-regulated cellular RNAs have not been identified. To isolate candidate RNase-L substrates, differential display was used to identify mRNAs that exhibited increased expression in RNase-L-deficient N1E-115 cells as compared with RNase-L-transfected cells. A novel interferon-stimulated gene encoding a 43-kDa ubiquitin-specific protease, designated ISG43, was identified in this screen. ISG43 expression is induced by interferon and negatively regulated by RNase-L. ISG43 induction is a primary response to interferon treatment and requires a functional JAK/STAT signaling pathway. The kinetics of ISG43 induction were identical in wild type and RNase-L knock-out fibroblasts; however, the decline in ISG43 mRNA following interferon treatment was markedly attenuated in RNase-L knock-out fibroblasts. The delayed shut-off kinetics of ISG43 mRNA corresponded to an increase in its half-life in RNase-L-deficient cells. ISG15 mRNA also displayed RNase-L-dependent regulation. These findings identify a novel role for the 2-5A system in the attenuation of the interferon response.

The evolution of microstructures of extruded ingot Fe-25AI material during multipass hot rolling at 800°C (B2 ordered) and 1000°C (disordered) has been studied. Grain refinement was found to be difficult at 1000°C because, in the processing times, recrystallisation and grain growth were too rapid. At 800° C, however, recrystallisation and grain growth were significantly slower, which makes grain refinement and microstructural control feasible. Good agreements were found between the loads measured in rolling and the flow stress values obtainedfrom plane strain compression testing. Roll chilling was found to cause a significant increase inflow stress because the surface of the Fe-25AI material is cooled below Tcin this case. After a number of consecutive rolling passes, a dramatic increase in the flow stress was observed, which can be attributed to the additional effect of work hardening, combined with the effects of roll chilling and ordering. The properties of the material processed by different hot rolling schedules were examined by tensile testing and, by manipulation of hot rolling and heat treatment parameters, it was possible to produce higher proof stress and lower elongation, or vice versa.

The effects of cold rolling and subsequent heat treatment are reported for ingot cast-hot rolled and strip cast iron aluminides (23–29 at.-%Al). Partially recrystallised microstructures obtained by hot rolling at 800°C gave higher strength and elongation to fracture than hot rolling at 1000° C. Elongation increased and proof strength decreased in proceeding from DO3to mixed B2 + DO3and to B2 order as a result of heat treatment following cold rolling. Variability in the properties of strip cast material was associated with casting defects such as laps, but the best properties were comparable with those of ingot processed material. The detrimental effects of tensile specimen preparation by spark erosion are discussed.

Objective: this paper reports on the experience of two researchers who worked with nurses to trial a reflective model of 'peer clinical supervision'. The model had been successfully used for professional development in education. The research aims were to evaluate the model's suitability for professional development in nursing, and as an educational tool in post-graduate nursing programmes. Setting:: the research was undertaken in the cardiac unit at the Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Australia. Design:: eight nurses volunteered to participate. Using peer clinical supervision the nurses decided to examine the practice of conducting painful procedures on children to determine whether they could be managed to minimize the child's distress. Findings:: it was demonstrated that peer clinical supervision was an effective model in assisting nurses to examine their practice. It was discovered that the structuring of nursing roles and practices when conducting painful procedures interfered with the opportunity for the child to receive comfort from their parent or a designated staff member/caregiver. Conclusion:: the reflective model of peer clinical supervision proved to be a usefulstrategy, but required modifications for the nursing context. Following the modifications it was adopted for use in a pilot paediatric intensive care nursing course to assist nurses in their learning and contribute to their professional development.

Summary: Fibroblast proliferation and enhancement of collagen synthesis are key steps in the development and progression of pulmonary fibrosis. The current investigation presents a fibroblast proliferation assay to detect the release of competence factors from pneumocytes. The specific objective of this study was to define cell culture conditions for fibroblasts that would allow selective detection of competence factors in test media. The results indicate the following: (a) fibroblasts should be cultured for 2 days in plasma-free medium rather than 2% plasma to assure complete quiescence; (b) 1% plasma was optimum for producing progression activity for the bioassay of a competence factor, while 0.5% plasma did not produce sufficient progression activity (yielding false negatives) and 2% plasma often contained significant competence activity (yielding false positives); and (c) fresh plasma should be used since the progression activity of plasma was adversely affected by freezing and thawing. Under these conditions, this bioassay can be employed with either rat or human lung fibroblasts to detect competence factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), at levels as low as 25 ng/ml.

Disease of the gallbladder is diagnosed in our clinic more often than any other chronic intra-abdominal lesion. Twelve years ago we1 reported that gallbladder disease was found twice as frequently as peptic ulcer and gastric cancer combined and that it was the most common organic cause of dyspepsia. Nearly 6 per cent of all our patients over 20 years of age are diagnosed as having gallbladder disease. Yet pathologic studies show that ten times this percentage, or 60 per cent of adults, show cholecystopathies at routine autopsies.CHOLECYSTOPATHY AT AUTOPSYAutopsies recently performed (table 1) to study the gallbladder carefully have shown that cholecystitis and cholesterosis are the most common cholecystopathies, with stones frequently present. Stewart2 of Leeds reports a 16.4 per cent incidence of gallstones in 6,000 autopsies. Crump,3 recently working in Vienna, reports a 32.5 per cent incidence of gallstones and 60 per cent incidence

When injected intravenously into laboratory animals, extracts of most tissues show the presence of one or more substances with some depressor action. Rabbits and cats have been used for these experiments, but the dog is the animal best adapted for the purpose. By using an arterial cannula direct records of blood-pressure are obtained by means of the mercury manometer and the kymograph. It is observed also that with certain substances a marked fall in blood-pressure occurs on the first injection, but on the administration of a second dose a few minutes later a remarkable tolerance is revealed. The action of peptone on the blood and blood-pressure has been the subject of physiologic investigation for years. This substance causes a marked fall in blood-pressure with a subsequent tolerance to the same dose when injected intravenously.Howell,1 Jordan and Eyster,2 Dixon and Halliburton,3 and others, working with pineal extracts,

The past decade has given us a wealth of new knowledge concerning the functions of the liver, gallbladder and biliary ducts. Because of this added knowledge of the factors influencing these functions, the immediate hospital mortality of 6 per cent noted in the earlier groups of patients operated on for chronic cholecystitis has been reduced to less than 2 per cent in later groups. We now know that a diseased gallbladder is almost always accompanied by inflammatory changes in the liver and in the biliary ducts, with resulting damage to liver function.The damaged liver functions best with a high glycogen reserve. Dextrose by mouth passes through the portal circulation and is quickly stored as hepatic glycogen. The excess reaches the general circulation and is stored as muscle glycogen, not readily available for vital functions because it is not so readily released. For this reason apparently, ingested dextrose is actually

BackgroundInternationally the recommended system-wide approach to ACP has been successful in health care settings and communities with a homogenous population. A multi-faceted ACP was developed, trialled and evaluated in diverse Australian community palliative care services.AimTo identify the conditions for successful integration of ACP into Australian community palliative care services.MethodsUsing a multi-site action research approach data collected between 2008 and 2010 included medical record audit; document analysis; key individual health professional interviews (22); six clinician focus group interviews (38).ResultsNine Australian community palliative care services participated; two sites later withdrew. The services differed in geographic location, staff profile, client and family demographics and services offered. The conditions for success were determined by an interconnected construction of supportive relationships between government (including National, State and local government authorities), health care organisations who manage the community service, and the microcosm of community palliative care practice. The specific conditions identified related to policy, financial resources, size of the service, and staffing profile, documentation processes, and geographic context.DiscussionNationally a consistent ACP policy environment alongside a supportive economic health care climate is required if ACP is to be routinised into health care services.ConclusionIndividual clinicians or small community services may demonstrate short-term success in ACP but long-term it is contingent on conditions of stable health care infrastructure, supportive national policy adequate funding and stable workforce.

BackgroundEngaging older community-dwelling healthy adults in ACP discussions is an international public health challenge that requires social strategies to ensure uptake of ACP in non clinical settings.AimThe entrust-u study developed and tested an approach to ACP with older adults in rural communities that addressed guiding values, appointment of a decision maker, content of ACP discussions for healthy adults, documenting conversations and informing GPs.MethodsCollaborative action research was conducted over three cycles of planning, action, evaluation and reflection to develop and test the entrust-u process. We tested the use of life review, ecomaps and the ‘Go Wish’ game as strategies through interviews, focus groups and analysis of life reviews with 25 older people, 7 palliative care volunteers and four co-ordinators.Results25/25 older people completed a Future Wishes document, 18/25 appointed a substitute decision maker and 14/16 requested a follow up letter to their GP. All volunteers completed or re-visited their own MEPOAs and Future Wishes documents. We developed and refined a volunteer training module to be included in the Palliative Care Volunteers Kit that included a Train the Trainer process and a manual for coordinators of volunteers.DiscussionDiscussions on preparation for death require a range of strategies and tools. We worked collaboratively with rural community palliative care services to initiate discussions on facing death and ACP through a three-stage flexible structured interview process.ConclusionEntrust-u used a variety of tools and strategies to successfully involve palliative care volunteers in conducting ACP discussions with older people.

Aluminide coatings produced by an ion vapour deposition and hipping process show certain technical advantages over those produced by conventional pack techniques. Examples are given of aluminide coatings produced on nickel based superalloys.