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Zusammenfassung: Die Kombination von Kyphoplastie und Fixateur interne ist bei osteoporotischen instabilen Wirbelfrakturen eine wesentliche Therapie. Die Materialkosten von ca. 5500 Euro sind mit den Erlösen der DRG I09 nicht hinreichend gedeckt. So werden die Eingriffe oft zweizeitig nach einem Intervall von 30 Tagen durchgeführt. Dies hat für die Patienten eine vermehrte Belastung und z. T. auch Repositionsverluste zur Folge. Daher haben wir im Jahr 2008 einen Antrag beim Institut für das Entgeltsystem im Krankenhaus (InEK) gestellt, dass die Kodes für die ein- und zweisegmentale Implantation von Material in einen Wirbelkörper mit vorheriger Wirbelkörperaufrichtung (5-839.a0 und 5-839.a1) in Kombination mit einer perkutanen, dorsalen Versorgung durch ein Schrauben-Stab-System (5-835.5) zukünftig die I19B der G-DRG-Systematik mit einem Erlös von 11.110,40 Euro triggert. Voraussetzung dafür ist aber die Verschlüsselung der Kyphoplastie als Hauptdiagnose und ein perkutan eingebrachter Fixateur mit der Prozedur 5-835.5! Einige Prozeduren sind in der Unfallchirurgie bei technischen Weiterentwicklungen und steigenden Implantatpreisen nicht hinreichend abgebildet. Es ist daher sinnvoll, diese durch entsprechende Anträge dem InEK anzuzeigen.

In traditional organic geochemical investigations analyses are usually segmented in rather time-consuming single working steps that also require off-line preparation for each analytical instrument which can add to analytical bias. Since industry laboratories need to be precise, as well as cost- and time-efficient, we present a flexible and modular analytical concept which enables the user to perform advanced organic geochemical methods on a single gas chromatograph coupled to multiple detectors. The coupled analytical system can perform analyses of natural gas composition up to n-butane, stable carbon isotopes of natural gas compounds up to n-butane, identification and quantification of major compounds in oils and extracts, and compound-specific isotopes of oil and extracts. The analytical methodologies are appropriate for enhancement to broaden the application spectrum of coupled detectors.

The late Early Aptian Fischschiefer, a laminated black shale horizon deposited under anoxic conditions in a shallow epicontinental sea in northwest Europe (Lower Saxony Basin), has been investigated in detail over the last decades. Biostratigraphic studies indicate, that the Fischschiefer horizon corresponds to the Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a (OAE 1a). So far high resolution carbon isotope records across the Fischschiefer horizon are still missing. These may help to improve the stratigraphy of the OAE 1a in northwest Europe. In order to fill this gap, we have analyzed two sediment cores of Aptian age (Hoheneggelsen KB 9 and 40) from the Brunswick area, north Germany, for their lithostratigraphy, geochemistry (CaCO3, TOC), biostratigraphy (coccoliths, nannoliths) and high resolution chemostratigraphy (δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg). The data allow to establish a detailed stratigraphy for the cores, suggesting an Early to early Late Aptian age. The isotope curves are divided into characteristic segments (C2-C7), which were originally described from marine sediments of the Tethys Ocean. Some of these segments are difficult to recognise in the investigated cores, which might be due to diagenesis. Strong δ13Ccarb depletion in some intervals of the core Hoheneggelsen KB 9 indicate an influence of early diagenesis at times (sulfate reduction and methanogenesis, accompanied by authigenic carbonate formation). The combination of bio- and chemostratigraphy, however, allows to correlate the Fisch schiefer horizon with the OAE 1a. The high-resolution stratigraphy sheds new light on previous publications of the Fischschiefer horizon. Independent evidence suggests, that anoxic and sulfidic conditions prevailed during the early phase of the OAE 1a in sediment and bottom waters of the Lower Saxony Basin. This was accompanied by high sulfate reduction and authigenic carbonate formation rates. The environmental conditions were probably triggered by a prominent global warming trend near the onset of the OAE 1a and associated processes (e.g.establishment of a freshwater cap, increased primary productivity/organic matter supply to the sediments and stable water stratification). Sulfate reduction and diagenetic carbonate formation rates then gradually decreased over the course of the OAE 1a.

The naturally occurring layered double hydroxides (LDH, or anionic clays) are of particular interest in environmental geochemistry because of their ability to retain hazardous cations and especially anions. However, incorporation of these minerals into predictive models of water-rock interaction in contaminant environments, including radioactive-waste repositories, is hampered by a lack of thermodynamic and stability data. To fill part of this gap the present authors have derived properties of one of the complex multicomponent solid solutions within the LDH family: the hydrotalcite-pyroaurite series, Mg3(Al1−xFex)(OH)8(CO3)0.5·2.5H2O. Members of the hydrotalcite-pyroaurite series with fixed MgII/(AlIII+FeIII) = 3 and various FeIII/(FeIII+AlIII) ratios were synthesized by co-precipitation and dissolved in long-term experiments at 23±2°C and pH = 11.40±0.03. The chemical compositions of co-existing solid and aqueous phases were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and liquid scintillation counting of 55Fe tracers; X-ray diffraction and Raman were used to characterize the solids. Based on good evidence for reversible equilibrium in the experiments, the thermodynamic properties of the solid solution were examined using total-scale Lippmann solubility products, ΣΠT. No significant difference was observed between values of SPT from co-precipitation and from dissolution experiments throughout the whole range of Fe/Al ratios. A simple ideal solid-solution model with similar end-member ΣΠTvalues (a regular model with 0 < WG< 2 kJ mol −1sufficient to describe the full range of intermediate mineral compositions. In turn, this yielded the first estimate of the standard Gibbs free energy of the pyroaurite end member, G298,Pyro= −3882.60±2.00 kJ/mol, consistent with G298,Htlco= −4339.85 kJ/mol of the hydrotalcite end member, and with the whole range of solubilities of the mixed phases. The molar volumes of the solid-solution at standard conditions were derived from X-ray data. Finally, Helgeson’s method was used to extend the estimates of standard molar entropy and heat capacity of the end members over the pressure-temperature range 0−70°C and 1–100 bar.

The Nagra/PSI Chemical Thermodynamic Data Base has been updated to support performance assessments of the planned Swiss repositories for radioactive waste. The update from version 05/92 to 01/01 involved major revisions for most of the actinides and fission products. Altogether, more than 70% of the database contents have been revised. Data for U, Np, Pu, Am and Tc recommended by the NEA TDB project were considered in the update. Thermodynamic data for Th, Sn, Eu, Pd, Al, and solubility and metal complexation of sulphides and silicates were extensively reviewed. Data for Zr, Ni and Se were examined less rigorously as these elements are currently being reviewed in phase II of the NEA TDB project. Our experiences from this two year team effort can be summarised as follows. Detailed in-house reviews and critical appraisal of NEA recommendations greatly improved the chemical consistency and quality of the selected data. On the other hand, we could discern major gaps in the data, especially missing carbonate complexes. In some systems, e.g. Th(IV)-H2O and U(IV)-H2O, experimental data could not be described by a unique set of thermodynamic constants. There, a pragmatic approach based on solubility data was chosen for application to performance assessment. The electronic version of our database and information concerning its full documentation is available on our PSI web site (http://www.psi.ch/les).

Abstract: The Makran accretionary complex shows a distinct bottom-simulating reflector, indicating a thick gas-hydrate-bearing horizon between the deformational front and about 1350 m water depth which seals off the upward flow of gas-charged fluids. A field of presently inactive mud diapirs with elevations up to 65 m was discovered in the abyssal plain seawards of the deformation front, suggesting that in the past conditions were favorable for periodic but localized vigorous mud diapirism. Regional destabilization of the gas hydrate leading to focused flow was observed where deep-penetrating, active faults reach the base of the gas-hydrate layer, as in a deeply incised submarine canyon (2100–2500 m water depth). At this location we discovered seeps of methane and H2S-rich fluids associated with chemoautotrophic vent faunas (e.g., Calyptogena sp.). Driven by the accretionary wedge dynamics, the landward part of the gas-hydrate layer below the Makran margin is being progressively uplifted. Due to reduced hydrostatic pressure and rising ocean bottom-water temperatures, gas hydrates are progressively destabilized and dissociated into hydrate water, methane and H2S. Sediment temperatures lie outside the methane stability field wherever water depth is less than 800 m. Above this depth, upward migration of fluids to the seafloor is unimpeded, thus explaining the abundance of randomly distributed gas seeps observed at water depths of 350 to 800 m.