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This article explores the auenues of cooperation between SCO members, prospects of working together, mutual issues of concern and the challenges they face in the working of the organization. The paper also investigates the importance of the Central Asian Republics for Russia, vice versa and the economic dependence they share. Special consideration is given to the prospects for Pakistan in joining the SCO and Russia 's critical role being one of its strategic partners and a key player in the functioning of the SCO, thus prouiding a bridge between the SCO and Pakistan. Further, the extent of implementation of the SCO Charter is also assessed, referring to its articles, to deduce the effectiveness of the functioning of the organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to review the current literature on electromagnetic radiation (EMR): physical, biophysical, and telecommunication. The widespread application of EMR in modern technologies requires telecommunication and healthcare professionals to possess some knowledge of its physical and biological properties. In this review article, we will discuss biophysical principles of EMR, its interactions with living organisms and its application in clinical practices. We will discuss here beneficial as well as hazardous effects of EMR. We will also discuss the safety guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To re-evaluate the red cell diameter width distribution (RDW) to help predict iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency in the older person (>65years old). Design: Cross-sectional analysis of haematological parameters in old subjects with iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies. Setting: District General Hospital in Harrow, Middlesex, United Kingdom. Participants: Subjects (both inpatient and outpatient) where haemoglobin and haematinics (ferritin, vitamin B12 and red cell folate) were undertaken as part of investigative work-up. Measurements: We evaluated the RDW, microcytosis, macrocytosis and haemoglobin (Joosten anaemia) in subjects with the above deficiencies. Method: Two hundred and forty-eight older subjects were retrospectively identified and categorised as definite iron, probable iron, vitamin B12, B12 and probable iron and folate deficiency. Results: Raised RDW was superior to microcytosis in predicting iron status in both definite iron (χ2 =21.3, P <0.0001) and probable deficient group (χ2 =30.0, P <0.0001). RDW was also superior to macrocytosis in predicting B12 (χ2 =12.2, P =0.0005) and folate status (χ2 =10.6, P =0.001). Similarly, RDW was better than Joosten anaemic criteria for iron deficient (χ2 =4.08, P =0.04), probable iron deficient (χ2 =9.3, P =0.002), combined B12 and probable iron deficiency (χ2 =4.7, P =0.03), folate deficiency (χ2 =5.9, P =0.015) but not for B12 deficiency (χ2 =0.05, P =0.83). Conclusion: Although RDW lacked sensitivity, it is the most useful haematological parameter to alert clinicians to check the haematinics to determine anaemic type in the older person. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The sole purpose of the study is to carve out the performance and structure of the small and medium scale manufacturing sector of Pakistan in terms of employment and productivity. The present study has incorporated the transcendental logarithmic cost function to apply on secondary, cross section data of the 3-digit forty nine SMEs of Pakistan. This functional form allows for and assists in exploring the true production structure of the firms. It has been revealed that structure of SMEs in Pakistan is based on Non-homothetic, Nonhomogeneous, Variable returns to scale and Non-unitary elasticities. It has further been found that SMEs are overwhelmingly efficient as the pro- SMEs advocate them, in terms of employment generation and productivity, as capital and labor are found to be substitutes, which means employment generation is possible without the expansion in capital in a densely populated country like Pakistan. The conclusion suggests that although public policy should be targeted to provide parallel support to capital and labor yet distinguished favor should be given to labor to generate employment in SMEs of Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]