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The social and economic evolution in the Carpathian-Danubian-Pontic area, now integrated into Romania's national territory, is indissolubly connected to the special relationship of man and horse. Therefore, by synthesizing the literature, we bring to the scientific circuit this study of the progress and results recorded in a high-interest public sector, i.e. the whole range of activities related to HBCC (Horse breeding, care and capitalization). Currently, certain parameters from this sector and the highlighted trends indicate that the equidae in Romania are not adequately exploited economically, requiring the diminution of their role in the classical activities from rural households and the reorientation towards the recreation and leisure industry. The approach to HBCC in Romania strongly considers, beyond the historical and economic side, the institutional element that targets them. Our justification in this regard is given by the fact that HBCC is an objective of state policies/strategies, involving special legislation, always in line with context changes – i.e. economic, social, political, environmental, etc. The situation is explained by the Romanian state's responsibility to preserve the national genetic patrimony, represented by the great genetic value of horse populations, as well as by the extensive responsibilities in terms of breeding, improving, qualifying and perfecting pure horse breeds within herds. Thus, special attention was paid to the amendment of the Romanian institutional framework regarding HBCC in the transition process to the functional market economy. First, we directed our efforts in order to address historical issues - the horse in the Carpathian-Danubian-Pontic area (the old and the more recent history, with the errors committed to the horse in Romania). An important part of the study refers to certain HBCC coordinates, with adequate criticism, but also to the trends characterizing the context of Romania's accession to the European Union. The HBCC parameters, which are associated with the reconsideration of the horse's role in the economic and social life, provide significant guarantees for generating multiple favorable effects in Romania, even if the society is increasingly technological/computerized. • Reconsidering the horse's role in the Romanian economic and social life. • The approach to Horse breeding, care and capitalization activities (HBCC) in Romania considers, beyond the historical and economic side, the institutional element that targets them. • Modification of the Romanian institutional framework on breeding, care and capitalization of horses in the transition to an operational market economy. • By analyzing the trends in the context of Romania's accession to the European Union, we noticed several favorable changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our paper is to identify key factors that affect the evolution of the banking profitability and to empirically evaluate the effects of different micro and macroeconomic elements that could affect the profitability of commercial banks from seven Central and Eastern European countries (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland and Romania) during ten years (2003-2012). Our research is based on data provided by the Bureau Van Dijk database, the annual reports of the banks from our sample, the databases of the World Bank and ECB (Statistical Data Warehouse) and uses panel data estimation techniques. Our empirical research results show that the profitability of the sample banks is affected especially by the ratio of cost to income, loan loss reserves, GDP per capita growth and domestic bank credit to private sector, which is in line with our expectations as well as with the empirical results of the other researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery of entropy in thermodynamics has set fundamental premises for the study and analysis of the relationship between the entropy law and economic processes, as one of the main objectives of such endeavours was to separate the qualitative aspects from the realm of economics. The law we have chosen to focus on in the present paper states that, in the universe or in isolated structures, entropy increases constantly and irreversibly, thus causing a continuous and unidirectional degradation of free energy into unavailable energy. Undoubtedly, this degradation follows its natural course in economic processes or is the result of human interference. A comprehensive analysis of professional literature has allowed us to conclude that, towards the end of the 20th century, the law of entropy was believed to be the most economic of all natural laws and the basis of the economy of life on all levels, revealing the fact that everything is constantly changing, both in nature and in society as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate Social Responsibility activities bring organizations closer to the community they operate in, up to the level of making them a citizen of that community. Currently, companies invest in CSR all around the world, the phenomena being of great importance in any businesses activity. Most of the Romanian studies on the subject are performed at management level, targeting the perspective it has on the concept, the investment value they put into social activities and the general developing methods of such activities. The current paper proposes a study on the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility notoriety and consumers' attitude. Giving that, the leader of the Romanian oil industry has great experience in this area and that the company's most known campaign is "Tara lui Andrei/ Country of Andrew", the general objective of the research is to see the impact of Country of Andrew social responsibility campaign notoriety on the company's consumers' attitude. The secondary objectives are based on the relationship between notoriety and each dimension of attitude, cognition, affect and the conative aspect. The research was developed in Iasi city, on 120 respondents who use this company's products and tested their attitude with respect to spontaneous and assisted notoriety on both the company and the campaign - Country of Andrew. The main conclusion of the study is that the Romanian leader of the oil industry and Country of Andrew social campaign notoriety has a negative influence on consumers' attitude. Both hypotheses have been confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through this approach we intend on actually achieving glances on basic legal norms in the field of taxation - Tax Code and the Fiscal Procedure Code - in terms of their potential to confer sustainability of public financial resources. Therefore, after playing some considerations regarding the sustainability of fiscal resources, highlighting the relationship taxation - development, we stop on the first reunification tax laws in the context of the market economy in Romania (2003), marked by the adoption of the Tax Code - by law - and legislating procedure by governmental tax legislation, then the desire circumscribed debate issues of sustainability of public finances. By placing our focus on massive renewal of the provisions of the tax code, which took place in 2015, and treat problems related to sustainability, prudence, predictability and efficiency - as imperative contained in the Fiscal Responsibility Law. Creating the premises to ensure predictability of the tax system and the continuation of conduct necessary fiscal consolidation sustainable, by rewriting the Tax Code and re-systematization of rules of Fiscal Procedure are prominently presented in this paper (Part Two), to finally reveal the economic impact of rewriting Codes the tax area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global energy demand is following a strong upward trend. As highlighted by the latest analyses the overall black coal resources are able to satisfy human needs for more than 200 years including the particular case of intensive exploitation. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) renewable energy and natural gas resources have encouraging perspectives for further expansion. Even so coal will continue to cover almost a quarter of primary energy resources needs. The EU is currently developing an energy policy which covers all energy sources from fossil fuels, to nuclear and renewable energy. This paper analyses the circumstances in which Romania has revised in several stages its own energy strategy in order to reconsider the particular place of coal exploitation. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the most important economic issues which motivates (or not) the insertion of such resource within the national strategy. On the one hand we might take into consideration that Romanian coal deposits are located in complex geo-mining conditions, while mineralogical features which influence their quality are placed at the lower limit. On the other hand, from an economic and energy perspective, national resources of black coal are becoming marginal sources for the production of electricity. Therefore, excluding renewable energy sources, the lignite is the only domestic resource able to generate primary energy which might considerably support electricity supply for consumption for the next 20-40 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cross-compliance requirements, namely those regulation requirements targeting the management of European funds for meeting environmental and sustainable development objectives, must be respected by all EU citizens, whether they benefit or not, as farmers, of EU support under CAP. The European Commission (EC) pays special attention to the institutional framework of assessment, monitoring and checking / auditing / coercion, focusing on the appropriate use of it, on continued pursuit of non-compliance cases, so on. Therefore, over the recent years, several check and audit systems have been developed in order to increase the compliance and performance in using those funds. In this context, our paper aims at highlighting the most significant aspects at Community level of 2011 financial year, revealed through the external public audit means used by the Court of Auditors (ECA), after first insisting on the importance and impact of „green” financial operations in the current European context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide the financial resources oriented to the ecological area are still undersized against the necessities. An eventual recalibration depends directly on the economical growth. In Romania, the Environment Fund is built according to the European principles „polluter pays" and „producer responsibility", to implement environmental protection rules. The state entity which is responsible for the management of the Environmental Fund is the Environmental Fund Administration, a public institution with legal status, financed from their own revenue, which is under the Minister of Environment and Forests coordination. It is noted that, given the commitments on Chapter no. 22, Environmental Fund Administration continued financing those environmental projects that have started in previous years and launched new sessions of financing for national projects, aiming for national, regional and local social-economic benefits. The projects financed by the Environmental Fund aim to promote sustainable development and to cover an important segment of the environmental problems which Romania faces right now, creating jobs and entailing multiple components of the secondary economical sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 6th action program of the EU, about the environmental policies, entitled "The 2010 Environment: Our Future, Our Choice", stimulates the developing of the EC environmental policies, finalizing and establishing clearly the objectives and interventions for the next decade, determining the activity which must be made in a period of 5-10 years. The new EU Program presents a series of thematic strategies that mainly aim to confront the persisting environment problems within the next seven years (atmospheric pollution, scrap recycling, soil protection, pesticides, urban and marine environments and resources) and also four other main domains (climate change, nature and diversity, environment, health and quality of life, natural resources and scrap). The objective of this paper is to analyze the way in which the EC allows access to financing instruments for the environmental policies for the period 2007-2013, varying with certain criteria (such as the size and density of each member state's population, the importance of certain communitarian surfaces etc). Taking into consideration that the financing and fiscal policies will have a decisive role in the next year, concerning the realization of the communitarian environmental policies' objectives, the authors have set to present and analyze these financing instruments, essential in maintaining this policy type's sustainability, but also in sending a clear signal to the investors and consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent legislation evolution on both a national and community level has modified considerably the frame of benefits and the opportunities for environmental financing. At the same time, the changes opened new possibilities of investing in reusable resources and in energetic efficient technologies. The objective of this work is to emphasize the role of the community funds and of the politics of financing, by illustrating the possibilities of public and private benefits that companies can take advantage of. Also, it is shown that the green economy is one of the few domains that have not been affected by the current world crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to several factors, the infringement of environmental regulations can be considered a simple contravention or a crime. The present approach aims to discuss the conditions for involving criminal responsibility according to the nature of environmental crimes. Our considerations related to serious noncompliance that harms the environment focus on pollution crimes and legal infringements, in relation to the personal characteristics of criminal law responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central authority for environmental protection fulfils, by specialized organism, the attributions regarding the environment supervision, prevention and contravention penalty as well as the intimation of the legal authorities in case of offences committed in this domain as a result of the activities carried out by civilians or legal company representatives within the limits of our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses some aspects concerning environmental issues considered from an economic perspective, since economic globalization as well as ecological globalization follows new ways of conditioning each other. In the past the most important thing was the impact of the environmental protection pressure - soil deterioration, water system, the atmosphere and the forests - upon economical perspectives. In the recent past years the society had to face the quick growth of the economical interdependency among nations, but also the environmental interdependency among them is being accelerated. Economy and environmental issues interfere more and more with each other - on a local, regional, national and global level - forming a network of cause and effect. The harsh cycles operate at a national and regional level. The deterioration in the arid areas make million of people go over the national borders. Some consideration on water resource scarcity and agriculture and environmental impacts are made from economic perspective. It was highlighted that economic premises and principles play a major role in the shaping of environmental policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of the IAS 41 aims at the implementation of a common accounting language both for the entities that deploy activities with agriculture profile, as well as for as the sector operators are regarded, such as consultants on accounting issues, auditors, economic-financial analysts etc Within the context of the market economy, the agriculture constitutes a priority branch of the economy that has a greater and greater contribution to the creation of the Gross Domestic Product. The agriculture exploitations, considered being basic forms of the organization and the functioning of agriculture constitutes the object of an attentive and complex analysis that should be treated in a systematic vision, enclosed in the fundamental structures of the national economy, and externally in the Community agriculture policies Concerning the theme that we approached, we aim at analyzing the financial risk in tight connection to the monitoring of liquidity and solvency in accounting trying using the personal exemples to make a evaluation of the risk using the cited indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of the protection of environmental factors it is noticed more and more obviously the attempt to create a special responsibility, specific for this branch of law, so-called "ecological responsibility". Until then, however, in case violations of environmental law norms are noticed, setting juridical responsibility, as a function of the character of violated norm, of the nature and the danger degree of the committed fact and of its consequences, will be done by resorting to the known forms of responsibility: civil, contravening, penal, disciplinary or material, according to case, to which special environmental responsibility is added [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental law is by excellence a preventive law. All the pollution accidents and especially their serious, sometime transfrontalier, consequences have convinced that preventing the damages caused to environment is much easier and less expensive then looking for a culprit and repairing the damage. The role of environmental law will therefore be prevailingly preventive. In European legislation there is a sum of elements characterized by similarity. The present paper refers to the most important of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the theory of relations between economical branches, a variety of balance of connections between the branches (BLR) models is used, whose theoretical construction is based on a series of hypotheses according to the purpose of each model. In this paper models which make use of the natural units are applied in the analysis of fluxes between industrial branches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fiscal system represents one of the fundaments of the nations' suzerainty, allowing for that without financial resources no government can lead its policies; it is also an instrument of economic settlement, capable to influence the consumption, to promote the economies or to orientate the organisation ways of the enterprises. Usually, the fiscal policy takes a big importance for all member states, and the measures adopted in certain country can produce effects in neighbour countries, also. In EU, characterised by a unique market, is very important that in mater of fiscal policy, the member countries to work and collaborate together and not to fallow opposite interests. In the future the fiscal policy of EU will can fix on new priorities, but in the essence will be the same. The fiscal policy of EU follows that the policy of the same nature of the other states of EU not to produce uncalled effects over other states (members) and to guarantee an effective suzerainty of its citizens and representatives, through common actions. In this article we propose to analyse types of duties and indirect taxes afferent to agriculture entities, imposed by EU, through community legislation, and to distinguish the lead between accounting and fiscality at entity level. Ascending evolution of world economy needs creation of an adequate informational system, capable to reflect, permanent and efficient the events, facts, transactions, and activities carried out both by the multinational companies and by national enterprises. In these circumstances, is existed and will exist for accounting the "order" of fiscal interest payment, but in conditions of neutrality with all information users, respecting the fundamental principle of accounting "faithful image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world economic frame has gone in the last years through an inevitable and irreversible transformation process. The main directions of these changes are pointed towards the globalization of the markets, the technologic progress, the informational and communication system, the extension of the EU borders and towards a series of reforms from the social and financial area that have made this reference context more and more complex and instable. These new modifications have transformed the borders of the markets, canceling both the physical and geographical distances as well as the commercial and financial barriers, allowing the free movement of goods, services, capitals and information. The fair value, as it is treated in other accounting standards, will have to be an important element for the users of the financial statements that concerns the presentation of the key elements used in its determination but also the consistency of these elements from one financial year to another. Estimating the rate of the bringing up to date and the estimation techniques used for the determination of the volume of the agriculture assets, can have a significant impact on the level of the fair value. IAS 41 does not contain explicit information regarding how often the assessment of the biological assets should be done. As a general rule, IAS 41 -- Agriculture- establishes the assessment of the agriculture assets at the value less the estimated point-of-sale costs, only in exceptional situations (initial recognition), the agriculture assets are assessed at cost less cumulated depreciations and any loss from the cumulated losses that could be considered as an alternative accounting treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]