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Here we describe the first crystal structure of a beta‐1,4‐endoglucanase from a brown‐rot fungus, Gloeophyllum trabeum GtCel45A, which belongs to subfamily C of glycoside hydrolase family 45 (GH45). GtCel45A is ~ 18 kDa in size and the crystal structure contains 179 amino acids. The structure is refined at 1.30 Å resolution and Rfree 0.18. The enzyme consists of a single catalytic module folded into a six‐stranded double‐psi beta‐barrel domain surrounded by long loops. GtCel45A is very similar in sequence (82% identity) and structure to PcCel45A from the white‐rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Surprisingly though, initial hydrolysis of barley beta‐glucan was almost twice as fast in GtCel45A as compared to PcCel45A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identified an extracellular bacterial polysaccharide produced by Bacillus velezensis strain 40B that contains more than 90% of the monosaccharide glucose as alpha-glucan. A prominent peak at 1074 cm-1, a characteristic of glycoside couplings, was visible in the FTIR spectrum. There were traces of xylose, sucrose, and lactose, according to the HPLC study. The ability of this bacterial glucan to operate as a biosorbent of the heavy metals cobalt, chromium, copper, and lead from aqueous solutions was investigated in conjunction with Ca-alginate beads. It proved that glucan 40B has a low affinity for chromium ions and is selective for lead. Initial concentration measurements showed an inverse relationship between concentration and the amount of metal ions eliminated. Lead and chromium removal increased as the glucan dose was increased. It was shown that as the pH of the starting solution is elevated, there is an increase in the sorption of metal ions onto the glucan. It was clear that when the temperature increased, the fraction of metal ion sorption slightly increased. Glucan has a wide range of industrial applications, from food and medicine to health and nutrition. As a result, the investigation's scope was expanded to include heavy metal removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The glycoside hydrolase family 71 α-1,3-glucanase (Agn1p) of Schizosaccharomyces pombe was expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta-gami B (DE3). Agn1p (0.5 nmol/mL) hydrolyzed insoluble α-1,3-glucan (1%), and about 3.3 mm reducing sugars were released after 1440 min of reaction. The analysis of reaction products by high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that pentasaccharides accumulated in the reaction mixture as the main products, along with a small amount of mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, and hexasaccharides. Soluble glucan was prepared from insoluble α-1,3;1,6-glucan by alkaline and sonication treatment to improve the hydrolytic efficiency. As a result, this solubilized α-1,3;1,6-glucan maintained a solubilized state for at least 6 h. Agn1p (0.5 nmol/mL) hydrolyzed the solubilized α-1,3;1,6-glucan (1%), and about 8.2 mm reducing sugars were released after 240 min of reaction. Moreover, Agn1p released about 12.3 mm reducing sugars from 2% of the solubilized α-1,3;1,6-glucan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β1-3/1-6 Glucans, known for their diverse structures, comprise a β1-3-linked main chain and β1-6-linked short branches. Laminarin, a β1-3/1-6 glucan extracted from brown seaweed, for instance, includes β1-6 linkages even in the main chain. The diverse structures provide various beneficial functions for the glucan. To investigate the relationship between structure and functionality, and to enable the characterization of β1-3/1-6 glucan-metabolizing enzymes, oligosaccharides containing the exact structures of β1-3/1-6 glucans are required. We synthesized the monomeric units for the synthesis of β1-3/1-6 mixed-linked glucooligosaccharides. 2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2-O-benzoyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-β-d-glucopyranoside served as an acceptor in the formation of β1-3 linkages. Phenyl 2-O-benzoyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-3-O-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside and phenyl 2,3-di-O-benzoyl-4,6-di-O-levulinyl-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside acted as donors, synthesizing acceptors suitable for the formation of β1-3- and β1-6-linkages, respectively. These were used to synthesize a derivative of Glcβ1-6Glcβ1-3Glcβ1-3Glc, demonstrating that the proposed route can be applied to synthesize the main chain of β-glucan, with the inclusion of both β1-3 and β1-6 linkages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal keratitis (FK) is a severe infectious corneal disease. Since traditional eye drops exhibit poor dissolution and high corneal toxicity, the efficacy of current treatments for FK remains limited. It is needed to develop new approaches to control the cornea damage from FK. In this study, a nanobody (Nb) specific to β-glucan in the fungal cell wall was prepared. The conjugate of the Nb with natamycin (NAT), a traditional antifungal drug, was synthesized. Firstly, we found the Nb specific to β-glucan inhibited fungal growth by disrupting cell wall and biofilm formation.. In addition, the content of β-glucan in the fungal cell wall decreased after Nb treatment. The Nb also reduced the adhesion ability of fungal conidia to human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). Further, we examined the difference between NAT and Nb-NAT in antifungal growth. Nb-NAT showed better antifungal effects than NAT which was caused by the interaction between Nb and β-glucan. Moreover, Nb concentration below 0.5 mg/mL did not affect the viability of HCECs. Nb-NAT had less cytotoxicity and ocular surface irritation than NAT. Nb specific to β-glucan attenuated Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) virulence and relieved inflammatory responses in FK. Nb-NAT treatment of the cornea improved therapeutic effects compared with NAT. It decreased clinical scores and expression level of inflammatory factors. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report a Nb specific to β-glucan and Nb-NAT for the treatment of FK. These unique functions of the Nb specific to β-glucan and Nb-NAT would render it as an alternative molecule to control fungal infections including FK. Fungal keratitis is a corneal disease with a high rate of blindness. Due to the poor dissolution and high corneal toxicity exhibited by traditional eye drops, the efficacy of current therapeutic treatments for fungal keratitis (FK) remains limited. To enhance the therapeutic effect of natamycin in treating fungal keratitis, this study developed an innovative approach by preparing a β-glucan-specific nanobody and loading it with the antifungal drug natamycin. The β-glucan-specific nanobody has the ability to control both fungal pathogen invasion and inflammation, which can cause damage to the cornea in FK. The conjugation with the β-glucan-specific nanobody significantly increased the antifungal capacity of natamycin and reduced its toxicity. The further application of natamycin conjugated with the β-glucan-specific nanobody could be expanded to other diseases caused by fungal pathogen infections. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the cardioprotective effect of beta-glucan against isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity in rats, and elucidate the underlying mechanism. Methods: Rats were orally pretreated with beta-glucan (40 mg/kg body weight) for 30 d, and isoproterenol (20 mg/100 g body weight) was administered on days 31 and 32. The effects of beta-glucan on markers of cardiac injury, hemodynamic changes, production of proinflammatory cytokines, and the corresponding mRNA expressions were evaluated. In addition, histological analysis was performed. Results: Pretreatment with beta-glucan prevented isoproterenolinduced cardiac injury by preserving the structural and functional integrity of the plasma membrane and attenuating the production of proinflammatory cytokines (NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ) in the heart. Moreover, beta-glucan significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of ACE, AT1R, TNF- α, IL-6, NF- κB, caspase-3, TLR-4, and Bax, and upregulated Bcl-2 in the heart. At the same time, pretreatment with beta-glucan alleviated myocardial damage as reflected in a reduction in myonecrosis, edema, and erythrocyte extravasation with almost imperceptible inflammation. Conclusions: Beta-glucan can protect against isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity by attenuating cardiac inflammation and apoptosis and regulating the ACE-AT1R axis, thereby preventing cardiac remodeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review is to summarize and analyze the currently available knowledge concerning the action of oat (Avena sativa L.) consumption on obesity, as well as possible constituents and extra- and intracellular mediators responsible for its anti-obesity effect. The oat constituents could reduce fat storage via several mediatory mechanisms - brain centers regulating appetite, gastrointestinal functions, gut bacteria, fat synthesis and metabolism and maybe via changes in oxidative processes, steroid hormones receptors and adipose tissue vascularization. Several oat constituents (starch, fiber and beta-glucan) could have anti-obesity properties, whilst one oat constituent (starch or fiber) could affect fat storage via several mechanisms of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diet with barley may suppress the glycemic response after consuming the next meal ("second meal effect"). This study aimed to investigate the second meal effect and its mechanism. Mice were given a single dose of β-glucan or arabinoxylan, the primary sources of soluble fiber in barley. A single dose of β-glucan or arabinoxylan extract, followed 6 h later by a 20% glucose solution (second meal), suppressed blood glucose elevation. Arabinoxylan and β-glucan increased the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the ileum and cecum, respectively. Total GLP-1 secretion in the blood increased with β-glucan and showed an increasing trend with arabinoxylan. These results suggest barley β-glucan and arabinoxylan are fermented in the intestinal tract to generate SCFAs, which may induce GLP-1 secretion and control blood glucose levels during the second meal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grifola frondosa is a highly valued, edible and biologically active fungus in which the polysaccharide component plays a major role. To investigate the fundamental structure, in vitro digestion and fermentation characteristics of Grifola frondosa polysaccharides (GFP), GFP from the waste residue of Grifola frondosa after water extraction was re-extracted by alkaline solution. The carbohydrate and β-glucan contents of GFP were 91.61% and 60.57%, respectively, and were mainly composed of glucose. GFP can form triple supercoils and combine with Congo red, and the surface of GFP was smooth and dense, and the particles were in the shape of long column, sheet and ellipse. Analysis of carbohydrate, reducing sugars, and further chromatogram data also showed that GFP was not degraded by the simulated digestion process of the mouth, stomach and small intestine. Fecal fermentation of GFP significantly increased the abundance of Bacteroidota, and decreased Proteobacterias in both normal weight and obese subjects in vitro. The short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, Faecalibacterium , Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG_003 , Lactococcus were increased, and Dorea and Escherichia-Shigella were reduced after GFP treatment. Thus, the molecular of GFP was utilized and degraded by the gut microbiota and metabolized into SCFAs. This decreased pH, H 2 S, and NH 3, as well as increased CO 2 in the fermentation broth. In conclusion, GFP can modulate the composition of the gut microbiota and is a potentially functional product. [Display omitted] • Grifola frondosa polysaccharides (GFP) were extracted and investigated. • The carbohydrate and β-glucan contents of GFP were 91.61% and 60.57%. • GFP plays beneficial roles in regulating gut flora in healthy and overweight people. • GFP can promote the production of SCFAs by increasing SCFA-producing bacteria. • GFP can be developed as a prebiotic in functional foods to regulate gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of natural preservatives and active packaging in extending the shelf life of food products during storage is vital to meet consumer demand for minimally processed food under sustainable systems. Fiber and nanofiber, isolated from cells of different biologically active plants, possess antimicrobial activity and can be used as packaging material with an active ingredient. Soluble or insoluble fibers incorporated into edible films or coatings are particularly popular as functional food additives because of their characteristics. Moreover, fiber serves as an excellent packaging material with mechanical strength, antimicrobial properties, water vapor and oxygen permeability, high phenolic content, and thermal stability and therefore can be enhanced by the incorporation of different ingredients, which is also discussed in this work. It has been found that fiber and nanofiber based edible packaging materials can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and lipid oxidation. Furthermore, substantial changes have been reported in the surface morphology and mechanical properties of films/coatings with the addition of fiber based active materials like beta-glucan, pectin, guar gum, inulin, psyllium, cellulose, hemicellulose, chitosan and lignin. Hence, the existing literature articulates recent developments and their applications. Therefore, fiber/nanofiber can be a promising substitute for synthetic preservatives. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cukurova Medical Journal / Çukurova Üniversitesi Tip Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Cukurova University, Faculty of Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: By using data from the CEDMIC trial (n = 413), we conducted a post-hoc analysis of the diagnostic value of biomarker monitoring and chest computed tomography (CT) scans for the early detection of invasive fungal disease (IFD) in neutropenic hematological patients.Methods: IFDs were defined in accordance with the EORTC/MSG definition with some modifications. Biomarkers such as Aspergillus galactomannan (GM) and (1→3)-β-D-glucan (βDG) were measured weekly.Results: The positive predictive value (PPV) of GM and βDG in cases of high-risk treatment were 0.70 and 0.69, while those in low-risk treatment were 0.08 and 0, respectively. All of the positive biomarkers that were measured before the development of fever in low-risk treatment were false positives. The proportion of patients who had abnormal chest CT findings was 19% in persistent fever at 4-6 days, 57% at 7 days or later and 36% in recurrent fever. Sixty-nine percent of the patients who had abnormal findings at 7 days or later did not have abnormalities at 4-6 days.Conclusions: Afebrile screening of biomarkers in low-risk treatment is not useful. Chest CT should be reevaluated in persistent fever lasting for 7 days or longer even in patients who did not have abnormalities within 6 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use of curldlan, an insoluble β-1,3-glucan, as an enrichment substrate under aerobic conditions resulted in the selection from hypersaline soda lakes of a single natronarchaeon, strain AArc-curdl1. This organism is an obligately aerobic saccharolytic, possessing a poorly explored (in Archaea) potential to utilize beta-1–3 glucans, being only a second example of a haloarchaeon with this ability known in pure culture. The main phenotypic property of the isolate is the ability to grow with insoluble β-1,3-backboned glucans, i.e. curdlan and pachyman. Furthermore, the strain utilized starch family α-glucans, beta-fructan inulin and a limited spectrum of sugars. The major ether-bound membrane polar phospholipids included PGP-Me and PG. The glyco- and sulfolipids were absent. The major respiratory menaquinone is MK-8:8. According to phylogenomic analysis, AArc-curdl1 represents a separate species in the recently described genus Natronosalvus within the family Natrialbaceae. The closest related species is Natronosalvus amylolyticus (ANI, AAI and DDH values of 90.2, 91.6 and 44 %, respectively). On the basis of its unique physiological properties and phylogenomic distance, strain AArc-curdl1T is classified as a novel species Natronosalvus hydrolyticus sp. nov. (=JCM 34865 = UQM 41566). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Fungal β-glucans are well-known for their immunomodulatory activity. They act as pathogenassociated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and can bind to a number of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Activation of PRRs leads to inflammatory response and, although these receptors are primarily found in immune cells, chondrocytes express certain types of PRRs as well (toll-like receptors –TLRs). Although β-glucans are primarily considered immunestimulatory agents, recent research found that they may have beneficial effectsin some inflammatory conditions (hence the term “immunomodulators”), in a complex way that is yet to be uncovered. The aim of this study was to investigate if the mushroom β-glucans could induce any changes in metabolic activity and phenotype of bovine chondrocytes, using a 3D cell culture model. For this purpose, glucan-enriched extract of mosaic puffball fruiting bodies, containing up to 70% (1→6)(1→3)β-D-glucan-protein complex was used. EXPERIMENTAL: Bovine chondrocyte pellets were incubated with the extract at a concentration of 100 µg/mL for 7 days, with regular medium changes. During incubation, nitric oxide (NO) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) concentrations were monitored in the medium, using photometric assays [1]. At the end of the incubation, GAGs and total DNA content were determined in the pellets [1]. The gene expression of aggrecan (ACAN), collagen type 1 (COL1), collagen type 2 (COL2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), matrix metallopeptidase 3 (MMP3) and matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP13) was determined by real-time RT-PCR. All measurements were done in triplicate and one-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis of the results. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The treatment of the pellets with the extract caused an initial increase in the release of GAGs (by 157% on the 2nd day, compared to the control), which was followed by a steady decline and a decrease of GAG content both in the medium (by 55 %) and in the pellets (by 82 %), compared to the control at the end of the incubation period. This is consistent with the 80% decrease in ACAN expression compared to the control. The expression of COL1 and COL2 also decreased by 71 and 93 %, respectively, indicating a strong suppression of both aggrecan and collagen synthesis. The production of matrix-degrading metalloproteinases was on the other hand greatly enhanced, as expression of MMP3 and MMP13 increased by 248-fold and 217-fold, compared to the control, respectively. The IL-6 expression was also upregulated (increase by 1718-foldcompared to the control). Initially, NO production was enhanced (by 17-fold on the 2nd day of the incubation) but declined during the incubation and was 73 % lower than that in the control on the 7th day. There was no significant difference in total DNA content between the control and treated pellets, indicating that the treatment did not cause cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS: In a 3D chondrocyte monoculture, the β-glucan-enriched mosaic puffball fraction exhibited strong pro-inflammatory and catabolic activity during a short-term treatment. Further research in more physiologically relevant models is needed to better understand the way β-glucan products could affect cartilage homeostasis, as well as to assess the influence of their structure, concentration, and route of administration on their potential activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Carbohydrate-based adjuvants are safe, biocompatible and capable to stimulate strong and long-lasting humoral and cellular immune responses. • Lipid A derived compounds, as well as, chitosan, saponins and glucans continue to be commonly used as adjuvants, however, there is significant progress on the use of galactosylceramides, mannans, alginates and plant polysaccharides. • In nature a broad library of compounds is produced with vast diversity of potential biological activities, new natural sources of novel carbohydrate-based molecules should continue to be explored. Carbohydrate adjuvants are safe and biocompatible compounds usable as sustained delivery systems and stimulants of ongoing humoral and cellular immune responses, being especially suitable for the development of vaccines against intracellular pathogens where alum is useless. The development of new adjuvants is difficult and expensive, however, in the last two years, seven new carbohydrate-based adjuvants have been patented, also there are twelve ongoing clinical trials of vaccines that contain carbohydrate-based adjuvants, as well as numerous publications on their mechanism of action and safety. More research is necessary to improve the existent adjuvants and develop innovative ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research / Revue Canadienne de Recherche Vétérinaire is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The aim of this study was to compare bran yields of short‐ and long‐flow roller mill from biofortified (+) and nonbiofortified (−) hull‐less oats cv. Haskara and determine effect of biofortification (Zn, I, Se) on composition and physicochemical properties of fractions. Findings: Zn, I, and Se contents were significantly increased by biofortification. Yields of coarse bran (CB) obtained by short flow were 42.6% for both Haskara samples, while those of fine bran (FB) obtained by long flow were 46.6% and 47.4% for Haskara (+) and Haskara (−). Beta‐glucan (BG) contents of CB were 8.42% and 8.31%, while those of FB were 8.68% and 8.65% for respective samples. There were no significant differences between CB of Haskara (+) and Haskara (−) samples in terms of mass median diameter, dispersion, particle density, porosity, BG solubility, and RVA viscosity. The differences between FB of the same samples were also not significant in terms of those parameters. However, long flow significantly increased dispersion, porosity, BG solubility, and RVA viscosity and significantly decreased mass median diameter and bulk density compared to short flow. Conclusions: Biofortified oats can be used to obtain β‐glucan‐enriched milling fractions. Significance and novelty: This is the first study on bran fractions obtained by different milling flows from biofortified hull‐less oats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Bulgur, an ancient and traditional food extensively consumed in Turkey and the Middle East, has been gaining popularity elsewhere as a nutritious and convenient cereal product with prolonged shelf life. The cooking, drying, and comminution methods used for bulgur production may affect the color, yield, chemical composition, nutritive quality, and physical properties of bulgur. The objectives of this study were to produce bulgur from high‐amylose and waxy hull‐less barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties and to investigate the effects of different drying methods: hot air, microwave, and superheated steam on the physicochemical and nutritional properties of barley bulgur. Findings: Different drying methods applied in this study for the preparation of barley bulgur had significant effects on the physicochemical and nutritious properties of the final products. Bulgur products from high‐amylose barley (cv. CDC Hilose) contained lower amounts of proteins, but higher amounts of ash, arabinoxylans, resistant starch, total dietary fiber, and vitamin E than bulgur products from waxy barley (cv. CDC Marlina). However, bulgur products from CDC Marlina exhibited significantly higher solubility of β‐glucans compared with bulgur from CDC Hilose. Conclusions: Overall, the optimal quality characteristics in terms of high bulgur yield, short cooking time, low cooking losses, high β‐glucan solubility, and high retention of vitamin E were achieved for bulgur prepared from grain dried with superheated steam at 110°C. The second best results were obtained for bulgur prepared from the microwave‐dried grain. Some differences in composition and properties of bulgur prepared from waxy and high‐amylose barley were related to genetic variations and differences in starch composition. The higher content of total dietary fiber in bulgur products from CDC Hilose was partly attributed to a higher content of resistant starch formed during the processing of this high‐amylose barley. Significance and novelty: Barley has been long considered a wholesome and nutritious grain, and the results of this study clearly showed that it can be used for the preparation of bulgur, a convenient and functional food product. The use of superheated steam as a drying method for the preparation of barley bulgur proved to generate product with superior properties, especially when compared to conventional hot air drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Fermented barley bran (FBB) using Bacillus spp. is the main ingredient of sigumjang , a traditional fermented food in South Korea. The aim of this study was to evaluate the gastro-protective effects of β-glucan-enriched FBB extracts in an experimental mouse model of the EtOH-induced gastric ulcer. The gastro-protective activity of FBB was determined using histopathological inspection, level of EtOH absorption from the gastrointestinal-tract and measurement of pro-inflammatory cytokine. Pretreatment of FBB showed less gastrointestinal bleeding and reduced EtOH absorption into the bloodstream with the gastric mucosa. Furthermore, FBB effectively reduced the EtOH-induced mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor α in the gastric mucosa and its level in the blood. These results showed that FBB can prevent gastric mucosal damage induced by acute EtOH-administration in mice by reducing absorption of EtOH by gastric mucosa along with decreasing the inflammatory response. Altogether, this data provides useful information on how β-glucan-enriched food modulates the EtOH-induced gastric mucosal damage, and thus, it could lead to the development of formulations for protecting gastric mucosal injury with acute alcohol intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spent Brewers yeast was studied as a low-cost alternative feedstock for sustainably producing a high value-added microbial β-D-glucan (lasiodiplodan). The potential of using the mycelial biomass (single-cell protein, SCP) generated in the production of β-glucan was also evaluated as a strategy of an integrated biorefining. Five cell lysis protocols were studied to obtain a yeast cell lysate rich in nutrients. Mineral supplementation of the fermentation medium was assessed, and the SCP produced was characterized by the nutritional composition, amino acid, and lipid profiles. Lasiodiplodia theobromae MMPI was effective in the co-production of lasiodiplodan ((1 → 6)-β-D-glucan)) and SCP in a cell lyzate-based medium. Enzymatic lysis with Alcalase promoted more significant cell rupture and release of soluble intracellular components. Highest production of lasiodiplodan (2.12 gL-1) and mycelial biomass (9.95 gL-1) resulted from Alcalase-treated cell lysate-based medium (7 g protein L−1) supplemented with sucrose (60 gL-1). Under these conditions, volumetric productivities of lasiodiplodan and mycelial biomass: 0.029 gL−1h−1 and 0.138 gL−1h−1, respectively, were obtained. Mycelial biomass generated in this cultivation was rich in protein and contained all essential amino acids, especially high concentrations of leucine (69 mgg−1 protein), lysine (62.2 mgg−1 protein), valine (44.2 mgg−1 protein), threonine (43.2 mgg−1 protein). Co-production of lasiodiplodan and SCP could be an economically promising bioprospecting alternative. [Display omitted] • Spent Brewer's yeast has nutritional potential as a substrate in bioprocessing. • β-Glucan and Single-Cell Protein were co-produced from a cell lyzate-based medium. • Cell biomass of L. theobromae MMPI is an attractive single-cell protein source. • All essential amino acids are present in the cell biomass of L. theobromae MMPI. • Enzymatic hydrolysis of Brewer's yeast with Alcalase was effective in cell rupture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although mushroom extracts are consumed as tea, comparative studies of the functional composition and bioactivities of Ganoderma species are limited. Herein, hot-water extracts of G. lucidum (GL) and G. neo-japonicum (GnJ) were obtained. The bio-functional composition, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties were compared. The extracts comprise comparable carbohydrate contents, but GL contains significantly higher (P < 0.05) protein and phenolic compounds, and lower flavonoids. FTIR confirmed polysaccharides; β-glucans and mannose, protein, and fat as the main composition. Monosaccharides included glucose, galactose, and mannose. GL exhibited 403.9 ± 4.8 FRAP value/1g, a maximum DPPH scavenging ability of 52.1% at 5 mg/mL, and 99.6% ABTS scavenging ability at 3 mg/mL. Whereas GnJ has a FRAP value of 181.113.5 and maximum scavenging of 27.9% on DPPH and 76.0% on ABTS at 5 mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of GL on Salmonella typhimurium TISTR 292, Salmonella Enteritidis KUB-S003, and Escherichia coli KUB-E010 were 1.25 mg/mL to 2.5 mg/mL, while GnJ MICs on the pathogens were 2.5 mg/mL to 5 mg/mL. SEM showed that both extracts acted by causing cell lysis and shrinkages of the cell walls of these pathogens. When compared to G. lucidum , G. neo-japonicum showed remarkable antibacterial and antioxidant properties. • Hot-water extract of G. lucidum (GL) and G. neo-japonicum (GnJ) revealed varying proportions of functional profiles. • GL contained a higher amount of phenolics, β-glucans, mannose, and galactose. • GnJ only showed a higher value of flavonoids. • GL appeared to have a 2-fold increase in antioxidant and antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer incidence continues to be a major health problem possibly because cancer is a complex system comprising many agents that interact in a non-linear manner resulting in many possible outcomes. The degree of complexity of a cancer system could be vast involving multiple endogenous and exogenous agents interacting with the over 10 trillion cells comprising the body. It is hypothesized that the practical management of this complexity may be a key to cancer prevention and possibly treatment. But the management and resolution of such an immensely complex system is difficult and may require a multidisciplinary approach including physics, biology, biochemistry and medical science. Research such as in systems biology involving large data sets may offer resolution in time, but the scale of the task is daunting. In evaluating the hypothesis, this paper proposes a method of resolution of the complex cancer system through a proxy in the form of the vital body system, energy balance, involved in several cancer processes. Although I suggest that the energy balance system is itself complex, it may permit access to factors that may be used in limiting cancer initiation. Meta-analysis related to factors of blood sugar, inflammation, stress and immune response reveal that they could be likely candidates for management. Analysis also reveals certain devices that may give practical effect to these management options. Due to the inherent complexity of a cancer system, multiple devices may need to be applied in a combination. The analysis suggests that the low-risk and low-cost devices metformin, vitamin D and vitamin C, may prove to be suitable for use as a practical cancer prevention strategy. If the presented hypothesis is correct, a practical method for prevention or management of cancer may be possible. A trial to test the hypothesis is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel facultatively anaerobic moderately thermophilic bacterium, strain B-154 T, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring in the Baikal lake region (Russian Federation). Gram-negative, motile, spherical cells were present singly, in pairs, or aggregates, and reproduced by binary fission. The strain grew at 30–57 °C and within a pH range of 5.1–8.4 with the optimum at 50 °C and pH 6.8–7.1. Strain B-154 T was a chemoorganoheterotroph, growing on mono-, di- and polysaccharides (xylan, starch, galactan, galactomannan, glucomannan, xyloglucan, pullulan, arabinan, lichenan, beta-glucan, pachyman, locust bean gum, xanthan gum). It did not require sodium chloride or yeast extract for growth. Major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C 15:0 , iso -C 16:0 and iso -C 14:0. The respiratory quinone was MK-7. The complete genome of strain B-154 T was 4.73 Mbp in size; its G + C content was 61%. According to the phylogenomic analysis strain B-154 T forms a separate family-level phylogenetic lineage. Moreover, together with Limisphaera ngatamarikiensis and "Pedosphaera parvula" this strain forms a separate order-level phylogenetic lineage within Verrucomicrobiae class. Hence, we propose a novel order, Limisphaerales ord. nov., with two families Limisphaeraceae fam. nov. and Fontisphaeraceae fam. nov., and a novel genus and species Fontisphaera persica gen. nov., sp. nov. with type strain B-154 T. Ecogenomic analysis showed that representatives of the Limisphaerales are widespread in various environments. Although some of them were detected in hot springs the majority of Limisphaerales (54% of the studied metagenome-assembled genomes) were found in marine habitats. This study allowed a better understanding of physiology and ecology of Verrucomicrobiota – a rather understudied bacterial phylum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, agro-industrial waste (banana peels and de-oiled groundnut cake) was valorised through submerged fermentation employing Calocybe indica. The fermented agro-waste revealed an increase in Ergosta-compounds, (3.57%), which include Ergosta-5,7,9(11),22-tetraen-3-ol,(3.beta.,22E)- (1.87%), Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol,(3.beta.,22e)- (1.24%) and Ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol,(3.beta.,5.alpha.,22E)- (0.46%). A reduction of phytic acid (26.25–6.84 mg/100g), oxalate (81.82–18.69 mg/100g), water holding capacity (34.29–30.97 ml/g), least gelation concentration (18–12.5%), bulk density (6.82–2.28 g/ml) and swelling volume (9.5–6.1 ml/g) with an increase in β-glucan (8–24.57%), dispersibility (78.27–92.92%), oil holding capacity (0.59–1.73 ml/g), valine (ten-fold) and threonine (four-fold) seen in the fermented product makes it suitable for the food industry. GC-MS analysis confirmed the enriched levels of bioactive compounds namely, (S)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol, α.-Longipinene, isozonarol, widdrol, hydroxy valerenic acid, reynosin, β-Eudesmol, lupenone, etc. in fermented agro-waste mixture. The valorised agro-waste-mycelia mixture can be used as a potential nutraceutically enriched health supplement in the food and pharma industries. [Display omitted] • Banana peel and ground nut cake were bio-valorised through fermentation using C.indica. • Functional attributes and in-vitro protein digestibility increased with a decrease in phytic acid and oxalates. • Beta glucans, amino acids and volatile bioactives were increased in fermented product. • Fermented agrowaste were found to contain Ergosta-compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this combined in-vitro and in-vivo study was to investigate whether state of the art dialysis modalities produce false positive serum 1,3-ß-d-Glucan (BDG) levels.Methods: Dialysis fluid for simulated dialysis treatments was spiked with BDG from different sources. Samples were taken from the dialysate and dialyzer blood compartments at various time points. In addition, serum samples were obtained in three groups of patients without invasive fungal disease: a.) twelve patients on chronic hemodialysis (HD)/hemodiafiltration (HDF); b.) ten patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD); and c.) ten patients with stable chronic kidney disease (CKD) but without dialysis.Results: Median BDG levels in BDG spiked dialysate were 3250.9, 2050.4, and 390.1 pg/ml respectively. All corresponding samples from the blood compartments were BDG negative. In HD/HDF patients no increase of serum BDG levels could be observed over the duration of treatment. 71/72 BDG tests in this group remained negative. BDG tests were also negative in 9/10 CAPD patients, both in in- and outflow dialysates as well as in all ten patients with CKD.Conclusion: We conclude that state of the art renal replacement therapies using up-to-date treatments are not a cause of falsely elevated serum BDG levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The ß-D-glucan assay (BDG) has been added to the EORTC/MSG criteria for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections (IFI), but data from pediatric populations is scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate performance of BDG in a cohort of hemato-oncological children with hematological malignancy at risk for IFI.Methods: 113 patients were included through an 18-month period. In addition to routine IFI screening, BDG was assayed once a week. IFIs were classified using EORTC/MSG criteria without including the BDG results. Performances were assessed after a ROC analysis for optimization and multivariate analysis to detect the causes of false positivity.Results: 8 proven and 4 probable IFIs, and 7 possible IFIs were diagnosed in 9 and 7 patients, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity increased from 75% and 56% to 100% and 91.1%, respectively when considering the whole population and patients not having received any antifungals prior to the test. Multivariate analysis revealed that being younger than 7, severe colitis/mucositis, recent administration of polyvalent immunoglobulins and digestive colonization with Enterococcus sp were independent risk factors for false positivity.Conclusions: BDG is a valuable test to detect IFI in pediatric patients not previously treated with antifungals and to detect the occurrence of chronic infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/β-glucan (BG)-based films (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75) were developed and characterized to extend the survivability of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and establish a shelf life prediction model. The incorporation of inulin (IL, 2% and 4%) into the CMC matrix was also assessed. Films containing 2% IL and 50% BG were selected to develop probiotic films due to their suitable physicomechanical and barrier properties. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy spectra and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed good compatibility between prebiotics and CMC films matrix. Although tensile strength and water vapor permeability (WVP) of films reduced by prebiotics addition, their oxygen barrier and extensibility were significantly improved. Acceptable viability of probiotic cells was observed in film containing BG; at 4 °C (8.3 Log CFU/g), 10 °C (8.06 Log CFU/g) and 25 °C (7.37 Log CFU/g), and under simulated gastrointestinal conditions (7.87 Log CFU/g). This new edible film would be inspiring for future bioactive-loaded packaging. [Display omitted] • Synbiotic films were made of carboxymethyl cellulose, β-glucan, inulin and L. acidophilus. • Prebiotics inclusion effectively improved extensibility of films. • Prebiotics reduced oxygen permeability in carboxymethyl cellulose films. • Synbiotic films showed outstanding protective effect on L. acidophilus viability. • β-glucan applied maximum viability in simulated gastrointestinal conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating microalgal cultivation with wastewater treatment is a promising option for sustainable resource recovery and eco-friendly wastewater bioremediation. However, harvesting and culture control are major hurdles hindering its application. This study provided an effective solution to these challenges by selective enrichment of auto-floating microalgae in mixed cultures. This was achieved by repeatedly retaining the floe layer and discharging the subnatant in a semi-batch photo-bioreactor. The enriched auto-floating microalgae were dominated by Tribonema sp., which maintained its dominance (84.8 ± 9.2 %) over 180 days under non-sterile conditions. Effective autoflotation (>90 %) was achieved at a separation time of 30 min without coagulation, which enabled cost-effective microalgae harvesting. The autoflotation mechanism was in situ gas flotation, induced by photosynthetic micro‑oxygen bubbles. Cell surface hydrophobicity played a pivotal role in effective bubble-cell adhesion. This autoflotation mechanism inherently led to excellent dewaterability (SRF = 2.7 × 1011 m/kg). The enriched auto-floating microalgae demonstrated excellent nutrient removal efficiency (N and P > 98 %), and high biodiesel production potential (TFA content: 27–29 %; biodiesel productivity: 48–76 mg/L/d). It also had a high content (29–31 %) of β-(1–3/1–6)-glucans, which are well-known biological response modifiers and have wide applications in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, food, feed, and cosmetics sectors. Overall, the present work demonstrates that selective enrichment of auto-floating microalgae offers great opportunities for a microalgae-based biorefinery in sustainable wastewater bioremediation. [Display omitted] • Auto-floating microalgae were enriched in mixed cultures via selective process. • Autoflotation mechanism was in situ gas (oxygen) flotation without coagulation. • Cost-effective microalgal harvesting and culture control by autoflotation • Auto-floating microalgae achieved efficient nutrient removal. • Auto-floating microalgae demonstrated high biofuel/bioproduct production potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highland barley (HB), oats, and unpolished rice (UR) are known to inhibit starch digestion. β-Glucan and structural barriers are the main factors contributing to low digestibility; however, the hypoglycaemic mechanism of these grains is still unclear. Here, food systems in the forms of flour and chymes were constructed to understand their roles. There was little difference in starch digestibility for the flours of the various grains. We speculated that β-glucan in flours could not delay digestion, and the low viscosity of gelatinised HB flour supported this hypothesis. The digestibility of chymes was lower than flours, especially for HB chyme. After cooking, more bran structures and granular starch were still observed in the HB kernels. The digested grain structure showed that the starch hydrolysis level of UR and oats was higher than that of HB. Also, the starches in the bran encapsulated exhibited a good ability of anti-hydrolysis than those in the exposed endosperm. These results all indicate that intact physical structures effectively hindered gelatinisation and digestion. This study demonstrates that structural barriers exert a more important effect on starch bioaccessibility than β-glucan, which can provide useful guidance for glycaemia management. [Display omitted] • Highland barley flour had a high starch digestibility even with more β-glucan. • Bran and cell walls hinder starch gelatinisation and hydrolysis. • Structural barriers of highland barley effectively inhibit starch digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potent anti-cancer metastatic effects induced by the immunostimulatory activities of intravenously administered BF–I, an active polysaccharide purified from fermented barley, were previously evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-cancer metastatic effect of orally administered BF–I and elucidated the microstructure and active moiety of BF–I using sequential enzymatic hydrolysis. In experiments using Colon26-M3.1 carcinoma, prophylactic oral administration of BF–I potently suppressed lung cancer metastasis. Furthermore, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of partially methylated alditol acetate showed that BF–I comprised 15 different glycosyl linkages, including 4-linked Xyl p (16.1%), terminal Ara f (12.4%), 4-linked Glc p (32.8%), 3-linked Glc p (13.5%), 3,6-linked Glc p (1.5%), and 3,6-linked Gal p (5.3%). These glycosyl linkage combinations are typical for arabinoxylan, yeast-derived β-glucan, barley-derived β-glucan, and type II arabinogalactan. To clarify the microstructure, BF–I was sequentially degraded via linkage-specific enzymatic hydrolysis using five enzymes. Furthermore, the sugar composition, glycosyl linkage, and reactivity with the β-glucosyl Yariv reagent were analyzed, along with sequencing based on tandem mass spectra of partially degraded fragment fractions. The results confirmed that BF–I comprises a mixture of four different types of polysaccharides (arabinoxylan, yeast-derived β-glucan, barley-derived β-glucan, and type II arabinogalactan) with similar molecular weights. Furthermore, different polysaccharides contribute significantly to cytokine (interleukin-6, -12, and tumor necrosis factor-α) secretion by peritoneal macrophages. Therefore, the potent anti-cancer metastatic activity of BF–I is proposed to be related to the immunostimulatory activities of the four different types of polysaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the prognostic potential of 1,3-beta-d-glucan (BDG) testing in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples.Methods: A total of 300 BALF samples from 252 patients were investigated for BDG (Fungitell(®) assay). Prognostic potential of BALF BDG was evaluated by using: i.) Kaplan-Meier analysis, and ii.) multivariable Cox hazard regression analyses.Results: BALF BDG levels were found to be significantly higher in samples with Candida spp. colonization (p < 0.001). A total of 61/252 patients (24.2%) died within 90-days of BALF sampling (18.1% of patients with BALF BDG <200 pg/mL, 32.4% with BALF BDG ≥200 pg/mL). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that overall cumulative 90-day mortality was significantly higher in those with BALF BDG levels ≥200 pg/mL when compared to those with levels <200 pg/mL (log-rank p = 0.006, Breslow p = 0.005 and Tarone-Ware p = 0.005). The multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that BALF BDG levels were a strong predictor of 90-day overall mortality, with a hazard ratio of 1.048 (per 100 pg/mL increase of BALF BDG).Conclusion: False positive BALF BDG results in the presence of Candida spp. colonization of the lower respiratory tract may explain the limited diagnostic potential of BALF BDG testing. In contrast, prognostic potential of BALF BDG may be promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel facultatively anaerobic moderately thermophilic bacterium, strain B-254T, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring near the town of Goryachinsk in the Baikal lake region (Russian Federation). Motile spherical cells of the strain were present as single cocci, in pairs, or aggregates. The cells had a Gram negative cell wall and reproduced by binary fission. The isolate grew at 30–57 °C (opt. 50–54 °C) and at pH 5.1–8.4 (opt. 6.6–7.1). Strain B-254T was a chemoorganoheterotroph, growing on mono-, di- and polysaccharides (xylan, starch, galactan, galactomannan, xyloglucan, arabinan, curdlan, beta-glucan, locust bean gum, xanthan gum). Sodium chloride or yeast extract were not required for growth. Major cellular fatty acids were iso-C 16:0 , anteiso-C 17:0 , and C 20:0 ; major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The complete genome of strain B-254T was 5.54 Mb; its GC content was 64 %. According to the results of 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis and the conserved proteins sequences-based phylogenomic analysis strain B-254T was on a separate lineage within the order Tepidisphaerales (Phycisphaerae, Planctomycetes). Based on phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses of Phycisphaerae , whole genome comparisons of Tepidisphaerales as well as distinctive phenotypic features of the strain, it was assigned to a novel genus and species for which the name Fontivita pretiosa gen. nov. sp. nov. is proposed. Strain B-254T = KCTC 82380T = VKM B-3507T. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushrooms either alone or in combination with conventional cancer treatment have been enhanced the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy improving the patients' quality of life. These therapy effects have been attributed to polysaccharides; the most potent compounds found in the fungi kingdom. Due to their wide range of biological activity and the backbone of glucose residues linked by β-(1 → 3)-glycosidic bonds, often with attached side-chain glucose residues joined by β-(1 → 6) linkages, the mushroom's polysaccharides, particularly the β-glucans, are the most versatile metabolites. Lentinan, D-fraction, and schizophyllan from Lentinula edodes , Grifola frondosa, and Schizophyllum commune , respectively are well-known β-glucans, however, the precise immunomodulation and anticancer mechanisms of action remain to be uncovered. According to several studies, β-glucan can interact with certain receptors on macrophages and dendritic cells, such as dectin-1 and TLRs, producing different cytokines and, in turn, indirectly activating other immune cells including T and B cells. Moreover, recent findings have proved that β-glucans have a direct cytotoxic effect on cancer cells suppressing proliferation and enhancing apoptosis possibly via multiple pathways such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NF-κB-, ERK-, ERα-, caspase- and p53-dependent pathways. Indeed, this study intends to provide information on the lentinan, D-fraction, and schizophyllan by examining the extraction procedures, chemical composition, and immunostimulatory and antitumoral biological activities. Future research directions should be directed toward improving the validity and reliability of randomized trials to confirm the potential role of β-glucans on the immune system and as anticancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present investigation was undertaken to explore buffalo milk paneer whey for the preparation of zinc complex using different glucans (β-glucan and dextran). Addition of zinc and glucan, both individually and in combination, increased the apparent viscosity and endothermic heat flow characteristics of whey. Particle size distribution of whey remained multi-modal but the lower sized particles aggregated to form larger particles with the addition of zinc and glucan. Zeta potential of whey increased with glucan addition and decreased with zinc addition. Complexed zinc concentration increased from 18.96% (in whey) to 51.02% and 67.06% with dextran and β-glucan addition, respectively. FTIR absorbance spectra revealed that carboxylic and hydroxyl groups were involved in complex formation with zinc. Complex formation resulted into decrease in the zeta potential and fluorescence intensity of whey. Micro-structural imaging revealed that the particle surface became smooth with glucan addition and complex formation. • Carboxylic and hydroxyl groups were involved in complex formation with zinc. • Particle size and apparent viscosity of whey increased with complex formation. • Zeta potential increased with glucan addition and decreased with zinc addition. • Microstructure of whey changed to smooth surface with the addition of glucan and zinc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To classify four new Sparassis strains (CLM1, CKM1, CKM2, and KJM1) using the internal transcribed spacer sequence and to elucidate their ß-glucan content and mycelial growth. Methods: Two different microbiological media were used to determine growth rate. The β-glucan contents were analyzed using the Megazyme Mushroom and Yeast Beta-Glucan kit. To determine the genetic relationships, phylogenetic trees were constructed using ClustalX. Multiple sequence alignments were printed and shaded with the BOXSHADE 3.21 program. Results: In this study, four new Sparassis strains were isolated from the southern region of the Korea Peninsula. They were all classified into the Sparassis latifolia clade as a monophyletic group based on the internal transcribed spacer sequence. Mycelial growth rate of the CLM1 strain was highest in potato dextrose agar and potato dextrose agar larch. The β-glucan content of the CLM1 strain was highest at 29.5% (w/w). A high degree of sequence divergence was detected in the RNA polymerase second largest subunit II gene (RPB2) within Sparassis spp. tested. The putative amino acid sequences of the RPB2 had a distinct sequence. The nucleotide sequences of the RPB2's intron were also divergent among Sparassis spp., even though their nucleotide length was well conserved within Sparassis latifolia. Conclusions: These results indicate that the nucleotide sequences and the amino acid sequences of RPB2 can be used to identify individual Sparassis sp. The Sparassis strain CLM1 may be best for developing a remedy to prevent or treat cancer and other chronic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure wheat malt beer (PWMB) with potentially functional properties may attract consumer interest. To explore the functional properties of non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) in PWMB, NSPs were extracted from PWMB and separated into PWMB non-starch polysaccharides-1 (PNSP-1) and PWMB non-starch polysaccharides-2 (PNSP-2) by Q-Sepharose Fast Flow column. PNSP-1 exhibited more effects on increasing the viscosity of beers, which had higher purity of 92.58% containing 88.53% arabinoxylan with arabinose/xylose (A/X) 0.60 and 2.78% β-glucan but no glucomannan and mannan; while PNSP-2 showed greater effects on promoting beer haze and foam retention, which had more diverse NSPs including 46.03% arabinoxylan with A/X 1.13, 41.47% arabinogalactan, 10.26% glucomannan, and 2.70% mannan but no β-glucan. Diversity of sugar composition resulted in a better antioxidant capacity of PNSP-2. NSPs proliferated Lactobacillus casei LC6117 and LC0331, but did not promote L. plantarum LP-28 and L. fermentium LF-2H. PNSP-2 was also utilized by L. rhamnosus SRG. PNSP-2 had better effects on prebiotics activities. PNSP, PNSP-1 and PNSP-2 all exhibited mild inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and lipase but not on α-amylase, and showed a binding capacity to fat and cholesterol. This work is of great reference significance for improving the viscosity, haze, foam retention and health value of wheat beer. • Non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) from pure wheat malt beer improved beer quality. • NSPs from pure wheat malt beer (PWMB) showed well antioxidant capacity. • NSPs from PWMB promoted proliferation of probiotics. • NSPs from PWMB had the ability to bind fat and cholesterol. • NSPs from PWMB inhibited the activities of α-glucosidase and lipase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ergosterol-enriched extracts obtained from Agaricus bisporus were incorporated into lard, butter and white chocolate as food carriers to study their potential as ingredients with hypocholesterolemic properties to design functional foods. Lard was selected and supplemented with several concentrations of cholesterol and ergosterol, beta-sitosterol (as control) and two types of ergosterol-enriched extracts obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). The prepared food combinations were submitted to a specific in vitro digestion model, their dietary mixed micelle (DMM) fractions isolated and administrated to Caco2 cell cultures. Ergosterol was as effective as some phytosterols such as sitosterol, in the displacement of cholesterol from the DMMs when applied to the food matrix in a ratio (1:2, w/w, cholesterol:sterol). The ASE extract was not effective but addition of the SFE extract provoked a 67% reduction in the DMM cholesterol content. Lard supplementation with fungal beta-glucans able to bind bile-acids enhanced the cholesterol displacement from the DMMs induced by the sterols although it also reduced ergosterol incorporation. Fungal sterols also impaired proper cholesterol transport through Caco2 monolayers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutritional value of routinely used synthetic antioxidants is being reemphasized in today's preventative medicine and food sector. The split gill mushroom is a pharmaceutical mushroom distinguished by its high nutritional content and biological activity. It contains schizophyllan and a polysaccharide made up of β-glucan. The β-glucan has a significant level of antioxidant activity. Therefore, this is an investigation into producing split gill mushroom essence rich in bioactive components. This study examined the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity (radical scavenging activity) of the schizophyllan (the hot water combined with ethanolic extraction of polysaccharide), supernatant from the separation of the extraction of the polysaccharide, and the mushroom essence (the production of split gill mushroom essence steamed in an electric pressure cooker). From this research, split gill mushroom essence (using an electric pressure cooker) showed more great total phenolic content (14.07 mg of gallic acid equivalent [GAE]/g of dry extract) compared to the supernatant and ethanolic schizophyllan (12.85 and 6.22 mg of GAE/g of dry extract). Furthermore, this mushroom essence revealed more potential for antioxidant activity (IC 50 value) for inhibition of free radical (0.73 mg of dry extract/ml), compared to other extracts (IC 50 values of the supernatant and the schizophyllan extract as 0.76 and 2.64 mg of dry extract/ml). Therefore, split gill mushroom essence is probably developed as an innovative antioxidant functional food product with beneficial compounds to human health. [Display omitted] • Split gill mushroom is a pharmaceutical mushroom. • Split gill mushroom cell wall contains abundant schizophyllan. • Functional schizophyllan has more potential for production of the nutraceutical products or medicines. • This study achieved high reponse of total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and radical scavenging activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to develop functional breads with powdered Pleurotus eryngii. The breads were produced applying the traditional Italian style sourdough technology. P. eryngii powder was added to flour of tender wheat varieties (Grano Dei Miracoli, Inalettabile, Mentana, Gentilrosso, Ardito and a mix of Rieti, Verna, and Mentana) or semolina of durum wheat landrace (Saragolla) and subjected to sourdough fermentation. Sourdough inoculum was produced with selected strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) belonging to the species Levilactobacillus brevis , Weissella cibaria and Leuconostoc citreum. The addition of Pleurotus powdered (PP) (10% w/w) did not influence the fermentation process, since LAB developed until 109 CFU/g after 8 h of leavening. The values of pH, TTA and organic acids of doughs prepared with PP were higher than those of control fermentation. All breads differed for height, weight loss, firmness, color and void fraction. Sensory evaluation indicated that the bread produced with Mentana flour added with PP was mostly appreciated by the judges. Hence, only the bread processed from this wheat variety was investigated for vitamins and microelements showing an increase in B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , and D vitamins, total polyphenols, and beta-glucans. This work provided evidences to perform PP supplementation to increase the functional aspects of bread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To prospectively assess the diagnostic utility of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) and (1→3)-β-D-glucan (β-D-glucan) serum markers for Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in HIV-negative patients.Methods: HIV-negative, immunocompromised patients suspected of PCP based on clinical presentation and chest imaging were included. PCP was confirmed or rejected by results of direct microscopy and/or real-time PCR on broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Measurement of serum β-D-glucan and AdoMet was performed on serum samples collected at enrollment and during follow-up. Both serum β-D-glucan and AdoMet were assessed for diagnostic accuracy and correlation with clinical and laboratory parameters.Results: In 31 patients enrolled (21 PCP-positive, 10 PCP-negative), AdoMet levels did not discriminate between patients with and without PCP. Elevated serum β-D-glucan was a reliable indicator for PCP with a sensitivity of 0.90 and specificity of 0.89 at the 60 pg/ml cut-off. In PCP-positive patients β-D-glucan serum levels decreased during treatment and inversely correlated with Pneumocystis PCR cycle threshold values in BAL fluid.Conclusions: The level of β-D-glucan--but not AdoMet--was diagnostic for PCP within the clinical context and may serve as marker for pulmonary fungal load and treatment monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a research study about the role of beta-glucan in the treatment of women with recurrent vulvar candidiasis or previously treated with diathermocoagulation (DTC) for human papillomavirus (HPV)-correlated lesions and in the reparative process of epidermis. The women subjects in this study were recruited at the U.S. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital of Rome. Results showed five percent and three percent of recurrence of candidiasis or lesions secondary to HPV infection in both study groups.

Abstract: Dietary beta-glucans lower the blood concentrations of cholesterol in animals and humans. Recent studies have uncovered mechanisms by which dietary beta-glucans may regulate cholesterol homeostasis. There is evidence that beta-glucans sequester bile acids in the intestine, reducing their reabsorption and return to the liver. Reducing hepatic bile acid concentrations activates the enzyme CYP7A1, which converts cholesterol into bile acids. This action leads to a reduction of hepatic cell cholesterol content, which up-regulates low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor synthesis and thereby accelerates the transportation of LDL-cholesterol from the blood into hepatocytes. Reduced intracellular cholesterol also up-regulates the hepatic synthesis of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Statins inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and could therefore provide an additive effect in suppressing hepatocyte cholesterol to that produced by enhancing its depletion with beta-glucans. Through this combination of agents, one would expect a greater clearance of LDL from the plasma with lower steady state levels of LDL-cholesterol. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Nine pure cultures of neutrophilic haloaloarchaea capable of anaerobic growth by carbohydrate-dependent sulfur respiration were isolated from hypersaline lakes in southwestern Siberia and southern Russia. According to phylogenomic analysis the isolates were closely related to each other and formed a new species within the genus Halapricum (family Haloarculaceae). They have three types of catabolism: fermentative, resulting in H 2 formation; anaerobic respiration using sulfur compounds as e -acceptors and aerobic respiration. Apart from elemental sulfur, all isolates can also use three different sulfoxides as acceptors and the type strain also grows with thiosulfate, reducing it partially to sulfide and sulfite. All strains utilized sugars and glycerol as the e -donors and C source for anaerobic growth and some can also grow with alpha-glucans, such as starch and dextrins. The major respiratory menaquinones are MK-8:8 and MK-8:7, but 5–19% consists of "thermoplasmata" quinones (MMK-8:8 and MMK-8:7), whose occurrence in haloarchaea is unprecedented. On the basis of their unique physiological properties and results of phylogenomic analysis, the isolates are suggested to be classified into a novel species Halapricum desulfuricans sp. nov. (type strain HSR12-2T = JCM 34032T = UNIQEM U1001T). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the monsoon season, a wild-termite mushroom Termitomyces heimii RFES 230662 (THR2) was successfully isolated from Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. The mushroom was morphologically labelled based on its stipe, pileus, and the budding mycelia from the termites nest. Genetic component of THR2 (300 bp) was sequenced and found to be 99% identical to Termitomyces sp. strain. The evolutionary distance (K nuc) of the isolate justified THR2 as T. heimii species. Two THR2 extracts were prepared from fruiting body (FB) and mycelial biomass (MB) for antimicrobial responses. THR2 was cultivated in a submerged-fermentation (SF) producing 8.55 g/L of MB, 0.80 g/L of endopolysaccharide (ENS) and 1.44 g/L of exopolysaccharide (EPS), respectively. For THR2-FB, two ENS extracts were obtained using hot (3.20 g/L) and cold-water (1.36 g/L) treatments. FTIR spectra analysis verified all polysaccharide as β-glucan when compared to laminarin standard. Those β-glucan possess antibacterial properties with highest response shown by ß-glucan-FB compared to ß-glucan-MB extracts. These findings serve as the blueprint for the production of β-glucan from a rare termite mushroom. [Display omitted] • A rare wild termite mushroom was successfully isolated from Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. • The termite mushroom was molecularly verified as Termitomyces heimii RFES 230662. • T. heimii was cultivated in liquid fermentation producing endopolysaccharide and exopolysaccharide. • Endo and Exo-polysaccharide extracts from T. heimii were confirmed as β-glucan. • An identified T. heimii β-glucan exhibited promising antibacterial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]