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The results of a survey on the activities and functions of hospital-based pharmacy and therapeutics (P&T) committees are presented. Questionnaires were mailed to the pharmacy director or the person responsible for the pharmacy's drug information service at 267 teaching hospitals throughout the United States in 1994 and 1995. The survey questions covered P&T committee composition, functions, roles of members, policies and procedures, and formulary-maintenance activities. The overall response rate was 70%. The mean number of members on the P&T committees was 19.3, of whom 91% were allowed to vote. There was an average of 12.3 physicians on the committees. Each P&T committee had at least one pharmacist member, with an average of 3.2 pharmacist members; 69.5% of the institutions reported having a committee secretary, who was almost always a pharmacist. On almost all committees, pharmacists wrote the minutes, prepared the formulary review documents, and were responsible for monitoring formulary activities outside the meeting. The P&T committee functioned in a very formal manner. Most (87.7%) of the respondents reported that their institutions had a closed formulary. At all hospitals, the attending medical staff could request additions to the formulary, but at only 62.4% of the hospitals could pharmacy staff make a similar request. The committees were active in changing the formulary. P&T committees in large teaching hospitals are active in formulary management, are large and diverse, and consist mainly of physicians, although pharmacists play an important role in the meetings.

We report an investigation on the inelastic energy loss of doubly charged Ne2+ ions produced in the single scattering of Ne+ from Al and Si surfaces. The inelasticity of 86 ± 5eV found in the binary encounter agrees well with the energy needed to excite two electrons from Ne+ to Ne2+*. Our results suggest that direct decay or autoionization decay of Ne+** formed subsequently by capturing one electron from the solid is the main mechanism for the production of Ne2+ detected in ion-scattering spectroscopy.

The proposed paper is focused on some of the main conceptions, design criteria and expected energy performance of a new nZEB built in Benevento, a middle-size city of South Italy with typical Mediterranean climate. It is the result of an Italian research project - SMARTCASE - promoted under the umbrella of the European Regional Development Fund. The paper discusses the results of the wintertime monitoring campaign. Measurements on building envelope are shown as well as monitoring of energy uses and indoor microclimatic conditions. The discussion about the hourly energy balance evidences the effectiveness of selected solutions to reach the zero objective also during the winter and to evaluate the incidence of PV-production.