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Copyright of Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research / Revue Canadienne de Recherche Vétérinaire is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research / Revue Canadienne de Recherche Vétérinaire is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Equine enterotyphlocolitis is an inflammatory process of the intestinal tract of horses that is associated with multiple etiologic agents and risk factors. Most clinical cases do not have an etiologic diagnosis. We describe here the pathogens detected and the histologic lesions found in horses with enterotyphlocolitis in Ontario that were submitted for postmortem examination, 2007–2019. We reviewed the medical records of 208 horses that fulfilled inclusion criteria. Cultures were positive in 67 of 208 (32%) equids for Clostridium perfringens, in 16 of 208 (8%) for Clostridioides difficile, and in 14 of 208 (7%) for Salmonella spp.; 6 of 208 (3%) were positive for Neorickettsia risticii by PCR assay. One horse was positive in a Rhodococcus equi PCR assay. All horses tested by PCR assay for equine coronavirus and Lawsonia intracellularis were negative. The histologic lesions were characterized as follows: 6 of 208 (3%) enteritis, 5 of 208 (2%) typhlitis, 104 of 208 (50%) colitis, 37 of 208 (18%) enterocolitis, 45 of 208 (22%) typhlocolitis, and 11 of 208 (5%) enterotyphlocolitis. We strongly recommend standardized testing of diarrheic horses during and/or after postmortem examination, as well as standardized reporting of histologic lesions in enterotyphlocolitis cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research / Revue Canadienne de Recherche Vétérinaire is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research / Revue Canadienne de Recherche Vétérinaire is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Letras is the property of Revista de Letras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Enteritis, colitis, and enterocolitis are considered some of the most common causes of disease and death in horses. Determining the etiology of these conditions is challenging, among other reasons because different causes produce similar clinical signs and lesions, and also because some agents of colitis can be present in the intestine of normal animals. We review here the main bacterial and viral causes of enterocolitis of horses, including Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens type A NetF-positive, C. perfringens type C, Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium piliforme, Paeniclostridium sordellii, other clostridia, Rhodococcus equi, Neorickettsia risticii, Lawsonia intracellularis, equine rotavirus, and equine coronavirus. Diarrhea and colic are the hallmark clinical signs of colitis and enterocolitis, and the majority of these conditions are characterized by necrotizing changes in the mucosa of the small intestine, colon, cecum, or in a combination of these organs. The presumptive diagnosis is based on clinical, gross, and microscopic findings, and confirmed by detection of some of the agents and/or their toxins in the intestinal content or feces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research / Revue Canadienne de Recherche Vétérinaire is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis), which transmits Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, has undergone rapid range expansion in Ontario. In horses, Lyme disease remains an enigmatic disease, with limited understanding of the pathogenesis and many issues pertaining to selection and interpretation of laboratory tests. We evaluated B. burgdorferi seropositivity in naturally exposed horses over a 12-mo period and compared paired samples with 2 common serologic tests. Serum samples were collected in 2017, ~1 y after initial testing, from a cohort of 22 horses that were seropositive in a 2016 seroprevalence study. Samples were tested using a C6 ELISA and a multiplex ELISA targeting outer surface proteins A, C, and F. 1 y after initial testing, 14 of 22 (64%) horses remained seropositive; 7 (32%) were positive on the multiplex ELISA, 2 (9%) on C6 ELISA, and 5 (23%) on both tests. Repeatability was 100% for the C6 ELISA, and 95% for the multiplex ELISA, with no significant difference between paired sample multiplex titer values. Our results indicate strong intra-test reliability, although further investigation is required to determine the clinical significance of serologic testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research / Revue Canadienne de Recherche Vétérinaire is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) is linked to calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) neurotoxicity in solid organ transplant recipients. We will discuss CNI avoidance with belatacept, a co-stimulation blocker, in a heart transplant (HT) recipient with PRES in this case report. A 21-year-old, African American male with a medical history of osteosarcoma of the right tibia, right below the knee amputation, non-ischemic cardiomyopathy due to anthracycline, and childhood seizure disorder underwent an orthotopic HT in October 2021. Mycophenolate 500 mg IV twice daily and a steroid taper were initiated on the day of transplant. Within 24 hours post HT, the decision was made to induce with a total of 4.5 mg/kg of rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (rATG) for increased immunologic risk (young age, ethnicity) and mild postoperative left/right ventricular dysfunction. Tacrolimus (TAC) 1mg oral twice daily was started 48 hours post HT. Approximately 96 hours post HT, he complained of headache and, subsequently, was observed seizing. Despite a negative workup with computed tomography of the head and electroencephalogram, the patient was started on antiepileptics. The patient was stable for 36 hours until he had a total of 5 tonic clonic seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain confirmed the diagnosis of PRES, which was thought to be related to TAC despite a maximum trough level of 8.3 ng/mL. TAC was discontinued and mental status improved. Five days later, a CNI rechallenge was attempted with cyclosporine to a maximum trough level of 205 ng/mL over the next 48 hours. There remained a concern for PRES related to CNI; thus, cyclosporine was discontinued. Belatacept (BTC) was initiated as a CNI alternative at 10 mg/kg IV infusion on days 1, 5, 14, 28, week 8, week 12, followed by 5 mg/kg every 4 weeks. Dose adjustments were made if the weight changed by more than 10%. He remains on BTC 5 mg/kg infusions every 4 weeks, mycophenolic acid 1080mg twice daily and steroids. He is tolerating the therapy without neurological compromise. He experienced one grade 2 cellular rejection episode during his first postoperative month, but has been rejection free since. There is a paucity of data surrounding the use of BTC in transplant recipients with CNI related PRES. Previous studies have reported improvement of PRES with the use of BTC in lung (Iasella et al., 2018) and HT recipients (Launay et al., 2020). This case highlights the use of BTC as an alternative maintenance immunosuppression regimen in HT recipients with PRES related to CNI. Further studies are warranted to investigate the efficacy and safety of BTC for CNI related PRES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Veterinary Journal / Revue Vétérinaire Canadienne is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Veterinary Journal / Revue Vétérinaire Canadienne is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Veterinary Journal / Revue Vétérinaire Canadienne is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Veterinary Journal / Revue Vétérinaire Canadienne is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Despite the arterial pulse wave's pathophysiologic importance its basis is not fully elucidated. Experimental cardiovascular modelling is useful in arterial mechanical and haemodynamic research2; however, current phantom construction techniques limit replication of arterial elastic and anatomic complexities. The elastic-pressure response of phantoms incorporating longitudinal structural corrugations was investigated. Methods: Polyester-polyurethane phantoms (160 mm length) were printed with a fused filament fabrication 3D printer. Five designs differing by corrugation number or magnitude (B-F) were compared to a traditional smooth wall phantom (A). Diametrical compliance behavior was observed under quasistatic hydraulic inflation and pulse wave velocities were measured over a range of mean pulse wave pressures. Results: As luminal pressure increased (5-35 mmHg), corrugated phantom diametrical compliance decreased (p < 0.01) whereas smooth wall phantom compliance did not. Compliance was axially anisotropic (p < 0.05), increased in the axial mid-span and towards the upper build height. Corrugated phantom pulse wave velocities increased (1.7-4 m/s) as did pulse wave velocity slopes (p < 0.01) with increased mean wave pressure (5-40 mmHg). Pulse wave velocity was lower in the 50 vs 100 mm axial mid-span region (p < 0.01). Conclusions: As determined by quasistatic diametrical compliance and pulse wave velocity, corrugated phantom circumferential elastic response was consistent with the physiologic behaviour of arteries, stiffening with increasing pressure. Elasticity varied significantly with wall design (p < 0.05); however, height associated printing artefacts decreased while end fixation increased compliance. The functional structure wall approach is novel in arterial phantom construction and further development will improve the utility of phantoms in pulse wave behavior research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Veterinary Journal / Revue Vétérinaire Canadienne is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The navigation behavior of catheters within the equine pulmonary artery (PA) was investigated using en bloc heart and lung preparations for the purpose of developing a method of blind catheter placement. An equine ex vivo heart and lung perfusion system with controlled perfusate pulsatile flow, pressure, and temperature was used to evaluate a blind navigation technique for placement of balloon-tipped catheters into the distal main stem of the PA. Catheter performance was observed with an intravascular endoscope. Three balloon catheters were selected for navigation trials: a 4 mm diameter × 1.2 cm, 2.7Fr, 142 cm angioplasty catheter (C4mm); a 10 mm diameter × 4 cm, 5Fr, 150-cm angioplasty catheter (C10mm); and a 16-mm diameter, 7Fr, 200-cm pancreatic duct sphincteroplasty catheter (C16mm). Successful catheter placement was defined as insertion within a left or right main stem of the PA to a distance greater than 20 cm beyond the bifurcation. A method of blind catheter placement into the distal main stem of the equine PA using balloon-tipped catheters was successfully developed. The 16-mm catheter was superior with an average proportion of successful insertions (PSIavg) of 93.6%; an average insertion distance in the main stem (IDMavg) of 30.1 ± 5.7 cm; and an average insertion distance anywhere in the PA (IDAavg) of 29.3 ± 6.4 cm versus the 10 mm (PSIavg 25%, IDMavg 39.3 ± 11.4 cm, IDAavg 19.3 ± 15.1 cm) and 4 mm (PSIavg 11%, IDMavg 40.0 ± 11.0 cm, IDAavg 12.8 ± 13.2 cm), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary blood pressure measurements were collected from 5 clinically healthy horses. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) values were calculated using five techniques, four existing (minimum foot-to-foot, F2F; maximum 1st derivative, M1D; maximum 2nd derivative, M2D; and cross correlation, CC) and the new statistical phase offset technique (SPO). The SPO technique was also applied to systolic (SPO-S), diastolic (SPO-D) and full wave (SPO-FW) data. The reliability of each analysis technique was determined using the consistency of calculated PWV values. Using the original data sets, of variable length (2 ≤ n ≤ 5) due to the effects of respiration, the SPO technique gave the most consistent results (SPO-D, 2.31 ± 0.31 m/s; SPO-S, 2.18 ± 0.30 m/s; and SPO-FW, 2.45 ± 0.35 m/s). The CC technique, was complex to implement but also gave considerable consistency (CC, 2.64 ± 0.36 m/s). The family of techniques utilizing only a single point of comparison all provided less consistent results (M1D, 2.82 ± 0.56 m/s; M2D, 2.90 ± 1.09 m/s; and F2F, 3.42 ± 1.67 m/s). Consistent length data sets were then created (n = 5) and analyzed. Results were: SPO-S, 2.74 ± 0.34 m/s; SPO-D, 2.67 ± 0.40 m/s; SPO-FW, 2.78 ± 0.36 m/s; F2F, 2.53 ± 0.52 m/s; M1D, 3.39 ± 1.28 m/s; M2D, 3.20 ± 1.90 m/s; and CC, 3.23 ± 0.40 m/s. Comparison of the results indicate that of the techniques included in this study, the new SPO technique provided the greatest reliability for determining PWV values. It was also intuitive to implement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Environment and management practices shape the equine gastrointestinal microbiota • Horses sharing the same environment have similar gastrointestinal microbiota • Gastrointestinal microbiota studies can be affected by the control group used • Farm and management conditions should be considered when choosing control groups The objective of this study was to compare the fecal microbiota of two healthy teaching horse herds with that of client-owned horses from the same geographic areas. The fecal microbiota of client-owned horses from Ontario Canada (n = 15) and Florida, USA (n = 11) was compared with that teaching horses from the University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada (n = 10) and the University of Florida, Florida, USA (n = 15). The fecal microbiota was characterized by sequencing of bacterial DNA using the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. The diversity (inverse Simpson index) of the fecal microbiota was significantly higher in teaching than client owned horses from the same geographical area (P <.05). The community membership (Jaccard Index) and structure (Yue and Clayton index) of teaching horses was also significantly different from that of client owned horses from the same geographical area (AMOVA P <.001). The bacterial membership and structure of the fecal microbiota of Ontario and Florida teaching horses were significantly different, while the bacterial membership, but not the structure of Ontario and Florida client owned horses was significantly different (AMOVA P <.001). In all four groups of healthy horses, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Bacteroidales, Clostridiales, and Treponema were detected in high relative abundance. The fecal microbiota of healthy horses from teaching herds kept in the same environment with identical management practices differs significantly from that of horses housed in different facilities with dissimilar management practices. Our results suggest an effect of the environment and management practices on the gastrointestinal microbiota. Researchers should attempt to include healthy horses from the same farm with similar management as control groups when comparing with diseased horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study related to endoscopic removal of esophageal and ruminal foreign bodies in 5 Holstein-Friesian calves. Topics discussed include surgery done after giving general anesthesia by using an electrocautery snare or a wire-guided Dormi basket, description of endoscopic manipulations, treatment, and outcomes of esophageal foreign body in the calves, and esophagostomy not considered as a treatment alternative in these cases.

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research / Revue Canadienne de Recherche Vétérinaire is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Other diseases of the GI tract include gastric ruptures and/or intestinal displacements, and the less frequently diagnosed dysautonomias. Although there has been substantial progress in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases of horses over the past few decades, diseases of the GI tract remain the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in horses. Several infectious and noninfectious causes of diseases of the GI tract in horses are well characterized.[6],[10] However, an etiologic agent remains undetermined in a large proportion of cases (~60%).[1],[3],[6] Extensive investigative efforts have aimed to better understand the intricate nature and pathogenesis of GI tract diseases in horses. [Extracted from the article]

• Streptococcus equi is present in horses in Colombia, with a high culture positive in guttural pouches, suggesting endemicity of the disease. • The S. equi culture prevalence in the GP found was 15%; 13.5 % for S. equi subsp. equi and 1.5% for S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus • Younger horses and horses with recent history of travelling had higher odds of testing positive for S. equi in swabs of the GP. • S. equi colonies were susceptible to TMS and B-lactam antimicrobial drugs, but resistant to enrofloxacin and oxytetracycline The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of S. equi in a horse population in Colombia, to determine the risk factors associated with its detection in the guttural pouches and to report the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. Fifteen farms and 137 horses >6 months of age were enrolled. Sampling was randomly, stratified and proportional to the population size of each farm. The guttural pouch (GP) was swabbed via endoscopic guidance and culture was performed. DNA extraction and conventional PCR were performed in colonies compatibles with S. equi , the PCR products were sequenced and subjected to BLAST analysis. Antimicrobial drug sensitivity was assessed using an antimicrobial disc diffusion assay including penicillin, ceftiofur, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxasole (TMS), enrofloxacin and oxytetracycline. A mixed logistic regression model was constructed to evaluate risk factors associated with the presence of S. equi. The S. equi culture prevalence in the GP was 15%; 13.5 % for S. equi subsp. equi and 1.5% for S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus. History of travel was associated with the presence of S. equi , whereas every 1-year increase in age decreased the risk for S. equi detection in the GP. All isolates were susceptible to TMS, ceftiofur and penicillin, but resistant to enrofloxacin and oxytetracycline. S. equi is present in horses in Colombia, with a high prevalence and appear to be endemic in the tested population. Younger horses and horses with recent history of travelling had higher odds of testing positive for S. equi in swabs of the GP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of the presence of portomesenteric venous gas in a Holstein Friesian female calf. The calf presented with diarrhea and clinicopathological findings included hypoproteinemia, hypoglycemia, hyperlactatemia, and hyperfibrinogenemia. Pulsed wave Doppler blood flow examination of the mesenteric vein revealed bidirectional peaks superimposed with a venous trace.

Case studies of several foals including 7-month-old Thoroughbred foal, 7-month-old Standardbred foal and 8-month-old Thoroughbred foal with Lawsonia intracellularis are presented. It states in the Lawsonia intracellularis is associated with ulcerative and necro-hemorrhagic enteritis. It reports that the lesions of the L. intracellularis-were similar with necro-hemorrhagic enteritis syndrome in pigs in all cases.

The article offers information on a research conducted by doctor Frank W. Schofield related to potomac fever in Ontario and another research on the disease from 1979 to 2010. It states that Schofield conducted a study in 1924 which revealed that not a year pass when the disease doesn't occur and sometimes it leads to mortality. It mentions that research conducted between 1979-1997 shows that horses with the disease showed depression and anorexia.

The article discusses a study on whether heart transplant recipients treated with a single-drug immunosuppression with tacrolimus (TAC) has a similar composite rejection score as recipients treated with TAC/mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) combination therapy. Patients who received oral TAC together with MMF and corticosteroids for the first 2 weeks after transplantation were studied. It supports the efficacy of either TAC monotherapy or TAC/MMF based on the three-year survival and low rates of allograft rejection and vasculopathy observed in the study.

The article presents a study which examined the differences between woodcrete and wooden nest boxes with regard to the microclimate of the nest and the reproductive parameters of the tree sparrow Passer montanus in central Spain. The study was conducted at the Castilla-La Mancha University campus in Toledo. Parameters recorded for each nest include laying date, clutch size, length of incubation period, hatching, brood size and breeding success. It found that higher temperatures were registered by woodcrete nestboxes compared to those of wood.

The article discusses research on the occurrence of liver tumors in horses. It references a study by Luis Arroyo and colleagues, published in the 2010 issue of the "Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation." The researchers described three cases of horses with tumors that are classified as hepatoblastoma (HB). They also found that liver tumors in such animal have different morphology and they have subtypes that are compatible with categorization criteria that are commonly applied to tumors in humans.

Abstract: Calcification of the pulmonary artery has been found in a large number of racing horses. The majority of calcified lesions are found immediately distal to the primary arterial bifurcation. Increased arterial wall stress levels have been previously demonstrated at these locations, with the wall stress levels increasing under intra-luminal pressures associated with exercise. We hypothesize therefore that the formation of calcified lesions is mediated by transient and repeated increases in pulmonary artery intra-luminal pressure. The presence of calcified lesions would likely further exacerbate the levels of wall stress, leading to growth of the lesions. A level of wall stress may exist above which calcified lesions form, and a second level may exist above which the calcified lesions grow at an increased rate. A computer model of pulmonary artery wall stress with calcified lesions was created, and wall stress levels were found to be greatest at the periphery of the calcified lesions. Osteo/chondrocyte-like cells have also been found at the periphery of the calcified lesions and could be responsible for collagen deposition and lesion growth, mediated by local wall stress levels. These increased levels of wall stress could place racehorses at a greater risk of acute pulmonary arterial rupture at the site of the calcified lesions, due to the high levels of intra-luminal pressure within the pulmonary artery during exercise. The hypothesis may also have implications in the etiology of human vascular diseases. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]