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The unpolluted freshwater is an essential ingredient for the healthy life of animals and humans. Aquatic pollution is the most important problem for living organisms. The main source of water pollution is industrial sewages. In the current study bioaccumulation and genotoxic effects of different metals e.g. Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu were determined in various tissues of Puntius sophore (P. sophore). The water sample and fish P. sophore were brought from different sites of the Gomati river (coordinates: 25°30′29″N 83°10′11″E), India. The heavy metals in water and fish tissues were determined by using ICP-MS. The mutagenic and genotoxic potential of the river water in P. sophore were evaluated using micronucleus and single-cell gel electrophoresis techniques. We have observed that the concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu) in the river water and bioaccumulation of these metals in P. sophore are equal in order. Thus it was confirmed that fish act as a sentinel indicator of metal pollution of the surrounding environment. The formation of micronuclei, as well as fragmentation of DNA, were significantly increased (p < 0.05, 0.01) in river fish as compared to the control. Thus we might consider the fish for biomonitoring of aquatic ecosystems. Also, these findings confirmed that water of the Gomati river was contaminated with heavy metals. So, it is important to prevent the inflow of domestic and industrial sewage in the river. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes especially type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is securing the rank under five around the world and leading cause of death cardiac disease and cancer. T2DM is a severe inflammatory state mainly associated to obesity and enhanced oxidative stress. We have investigated eleven genetic polymorphisms of seven important genes viz. IL-10, TNF-α, IL-6, adiponectin, IL-1, IL-18, and Vitamin D-receptor. We have focused to investigate the haplotypes, gene-gene interactions and their role in determining individual susceptibility to T2DM and their manifestation. Eleven genetic variants of seven important candidate genes in 440 T2DM individuals and 440 controls were genotyped using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). All calculations were done by SPSS software and LD were analysed by haploview (SHEsis software). Genotypic frequency of rs1800872, rs1800795, rs2241766, rs17846866 and rs1946518 showed highly significant association in our population. While allele frequencies of rs1800795, rs2241766 and rs1946518 showed highly significant association. The allele set of "CGGAGGTAFTB", "CGGAGTTAFTB" and "CGGATGTCFTB" increase the chance of diabetes up to 1.6 times. This study reflects that these individuals are more susceptible of having T2DM. The present study will provide a new insight in the development and the manifestation of T2DM. These genetic studies showing gene interaction for the susceptibility of the disease may be used as prognostic markers and alter treatment strategies for T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]