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The research on oxide semiconductor thin-film transistors (OSTFTs) is experiencing exponential growth worldwide, aimed at enhancing the mobility, stability, film quality, and device performance while reducing the density of defect states in the channel material. In our study, we investigated indium aluminum zinc oxide (IAZO) films with varying O2flow rates of 25, 17, 8, and 3 sccm to optimize the channel material. Interestingly, we observed that as the flow rate of the O2decreased, the deposition rate increased exponentially. However, when the O2flow rate was set to 3 sccm, the films exhibited an extremely high density of defect states, low surface roughness, and different crystalline phases, including Zn, Al2O3, and ZnO crystals oriented in various directions. On the other hand, films deposited with an O2flow rate of 8 sccm demonstrated the second-highest deposition rate with high film quality, indicating a trade-off between film quality and deposition rate. Our analysis using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy techniques revealed very high-quality films and a low density of defect states, respectively. Remarkably, we report for the first time the successful deposition of c-axis aligned crystalline (CAAC) IAZO films at room temperature with an O2flow rate of 8 sccm, which exhibited the second-highest deposition rate, high film quality, low density of defect states, a comparable electron affinity (χ = 3.53 eV) to IGZO, a very high mobility (244.65 cm2/V·s), and a suitable carrier concentration (3.25 × 1018cm–3). CAAC-IAZO can be a potential candidate to serve as a promising channel material for enhancing device performance and addressing stability concerns in OSTFTs.

Anastrozole, an aromatase inhibitor drug, is used for the treatment of breast cancer in pre- and postmenopausal women. Anastrozole’s incorporation into nanoparticulate carriers would enhance its therapeutic performance. To perceive the exact loaded amount of drug in nanocarriers, a valid analytical method is required. The reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated by using the C18 column, 150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm particle size, in isocratic mobile phase composed of 50:50 V/V (volume/volume) acetonitrile–phosphate buffer (pH 3) flowing at a rate of 1.0 mL/min, and a diode array detector (DAD) set at λmax = 215 nm. The validation parameters such as linearity, accuracy, specificity, precision, and robustness have proven the accuracy of the method, with the relative standard deviation percentage (% RSD) values < 2. The limit of detection of the method was found equal to 0.0150 µg/mL, and the limit of quantitation was 0.0607 µg/mL. The percent recovery of sample was in the range of 98.04–99.25%. The method has the advantage of being rapid with a drug retention time of 2.767 min, specific in terms of resolution of peaks void of interference with any of the excipients, and high reproducibility. This makes it highly applicable for quality control purposes.

Fiscal Decentralization is the devolution of fiscal assignments to lower governments for high growth and better delivery of public services. The current study covering the period from 1972 to 2009 is an attempt to find out the impacts of fiscal decentralization on public services deliveries in Pakistan. Public services are proxy by Gross enrollment at primary school level while fiscal decentralization by fiscal transfer and expenditure sides of devolution. Using time series data, it is found that the individual impacts of fiscal transfer are although insignificant but still support the theoretical proposition regarding fiscal decentralization and public services relationship while delegation of expenditure responsibilities helps in improving the gross enrollment at primary school level. Furthermore the study evident that complete delegation of fiscal responsibilities to lower governments enhance enrollment ratio in Pakistan.

Physicochemical studies of pomegranate fruits ( Punica granatum ) variety Taifi, including total seed juice extracted from unripe, half-ripe and full-ripe stages are reported. Edible portion of pomegranate (57.51% of total fruit wt.) comprised 63.58% of juice and 36.21% of seeds. Fresh juice contained 84.57% moisture, 14.1% sugar, 1.05% protein and 0.33% ash. Total protein, ascorbic acid, fat and phenolic compounds in seeds were 4.06, 0.23, 0.15, 2.92%, respectively. The pH of the fruit increased with the advance in maturity, whereas ripe fruits were significantly less acidic than green unripe and half-ripe fruits. Ripe fruits had a higher percentage of glucose (53.5%) than fructose (46.6%). Polyphenols were lower in full-ripe fruits than unripe. The amounts of K, Na, Mg and Ca were highest among other minerals in the fruit. Cu, Zn and Ca contents were higher in seeds, whereas K, Na and Fe were higher in juices.

Anastrozole, an aromatase inhibitor drug, is used for the treatment of breast cancer in pre- and postmenopausal women. Anastrozole’s incorporation into nanoparticulate carriers would enhance its therapeutic performance. To perceive the exact loaded amount of drug in nanocarriers, a valid analytical method is required. The reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated by using the C18 column, 150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm particle size, in isocratic mobile phase composed of 50:50 V/V (volume/volume) acetonitrile–phosphate buffer (pH 3) flowing at a rate of 1.0 mL/min, and a diode array detector (DAD) set at λmax = 215 nm. The validation parameters such as linearity, accuracy, specificity, precision, and robustness have proven the accuracy of the method, with the relative standard deviation percentage (% RSD) values < 2. The limit of detection of the method was found equal to 0.0150 µg/mL, and the limit of quantitation was 0.0607 µg/mL. The percent recovery of sample was in the range of 98.04–99.25%. The method has the advantage of being rapid with a drug retention time of 2.767 min, specific in terms of resolution of peaks void of interference with any of the excipients, and high reproducibility. This makes it highly applicable for quality control purposes.

A dielectric elastomer is capable of large deformation under three basic modes of deformation: equi-biaxial, pure shear and uniaxial. Pre-stretching of dielectric elastomer improves the actuation strain appreciably. Experimental results shows that pre-stretching using equal biaxial mode can result to higher actuation strain compared to other two modes of stretching, i.e., uniaxial and pure shear. However, analysis of the experimental results shows that the actuation strain is independent of the modes of pre-stretching rather it is dependent upon the thickness stretch. For same thickness stretch at a particular voltage, the actuation strain is almost similar for all pre-stretching modes. Power trend lines are obtained to predict the actuation strain at any thickness stretch for a particular voltage. The present analysis opens the door to easily design the actuators, sensors and energy harvesting devices.