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Daily new information emerges regarding the COVID-19, infection of SARS-CoV-2, which is considered a global pandemic. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) are required to complete the viral invasion pathway and are present in the oral mucosa, gingiva and periodontal pocket. Thus, increasing the likelihood of periodontitis and gingivitis caused by COVID-19. The cytokine storm during COVID-19 similarly arises during periodontal inflammation. Studies have reported that NOD-Like Receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is significant in the cytokine storm. Recently, the course of the COVID-19 has been related to the melatonin levels in both COVID-19 and periodontal diseases. It is known that melatonin prevents the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. In light of these findings, we think that melatonin treatment during COVID-19 or periodontal diseases may prevent the damage seen in periodontal tissues by preventing the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization, COVID-19 causes damage to tissues with the cytokine storm. It even causes death in people who are fond of it. In this case, the role of the immune system is vital. In particular, the cycle of melatonin and 5-methoxytryptophol released from the pineal hormone ensures that immunity continues for 24 h. While 5-MTX is active in sunlight, melatonin secretion increases in the dark at night. 5-MTX, like melatonin, has shown antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties in studies. Therefore, people who are sick and those who are not must strictly comply with the 24-h circadian rhythm during this period. We think that it is crucial in terms of being protected from the disease that we should carry out our activities according to the circadian rhythm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) affects several organs including the kidneys. When examining patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) due to COVID-19, it is important to consider the circadian rhythm because in addition to its biological clock function, disruption of the circadian rhythm has been reported to be associated with the pathogenesis of several disorders, including AKI. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an important component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), displays circadian rhythmicity. Studies have shown that over-expression of human ACE2 increases the replication of SARS-CoV-2, which may lead to disruptions and tissue damage due to the suppression of the brain and muscle ARNT-like protein-1(Bmal1) gene and high pro-inflammatory cytokines expressions in the tissues. Therefore, understanding and regulating the circadian rhythm and expression pattern of the key components of RAAS can prevent or reduce the severity of acute kidney injury that may occur with COVID-19 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]