Search

Applications of Raman spectroscopy in bio-sensing and bio-detection were previously limited due to its low sensitivity resulting from weak Raman scattering. Over time, improvements in instrumentation and the discovery of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) have increased sensitivity and specificity for target analytes, making Raman spectroscopy a technique of choice for many applications, ranging from biomedical to environmental sensing. However, despite significant progress in the field, novel SERS substrates are still being synthesized and tested by researchers to achieve lower detection limits and increase the reproducibility of this technique. Accordingly, substrate materials have developed from traditional plasmonic materials, which provide primarily electromagnetic enhancements, to semiconductor materials that primarily rely on the chemical enhancement mechanism. A diverse body of research has equally explored combining these materials in a hybrid manner with variable results. Notable semiconductor materials include metal oxides ZnO and TiO2, which exhibit high flexibility and integration into SERS sensing designs to potentially enhance sensitivity and modify biocompatibility. In light of these recent developments, this review summarizes recent approaches to synthesize ZnO and TiO2SERS nanostructures and examines recent biological applications of these substrates. Over 60 papers were consulted to develop an overview of current synthesis approaches to integrating ZnO and TiO2into SERS substrates. A summary of various bio-detection applications and potential advancements in the field are presented.

This paper investigates voiding issues in the underfilling process of ball grid array (BGA) chip packages under various parameter settings such as chip conveyor speed, valve pressure, temperature, and dispense pattern complicate. The study identifies valve pressure as the primary cause of voiding in large quantity BGA chips, achieving 88.9% in accuracy, supported with the deformation of the valve nozzle. Additionally, the findings reveal that racing effects occurs due to asymmetry of the solder ball array arrangement with percentage difference between the TSAM BGA chips experiments and its simulation counterparts in the range of 0.089–3.65%.

Abstract:This article offers the first extensive analysis of female agency in the marine insurance industry of early modern Europe. Drawing from a data set of more than four thousand insurance policies signed in the Royal Insurance Chamber in Paris between 1668 and 1672, the article studies the activities of Parisian women within the institution. These policies illustrate that women played a crucial role in the Chamber as underwriters, creditors, commission agents, and policyholders. Moreover, institutional papers and the records of the Parisian admiralty court reveal that women acted ably in defense of their interests when conflicts emerged, although there were limitations to their agency in the Chamber itself. In this way, the article challenges the long-standing perception that underwriting was an exclusively masculine activity in pre-modern Europe. Moreover, it sheds light on the role of women in supporting the maritime and colonial policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Louis XIV's eminent minister, thereby becoming underwriters of France's early Atlantic Empire.

Energy storage is a common challenge for spacecraft and vehicles, whose operating range and operational availability are limited to a considerable extent by the storage capacity; mass and volume are the main issues. Composite structural batteries (CSBs) are emerging as a new solution to reduce the size of electric systems that can bear loads and store energy. Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) offer significant advantages over metallic structures. This paper reviews the recent design of multifunctional composites by combining batteries with CFRP to obtain structural lightweight and excellent mechanical properties. The assembly methods for different CSBs based on the type of electrolyte used are discussed. A comparative analysis is performed on the energy density, rate performance, cycle performance, and mechanical performance with a particular focus on the multifunctional efficiency of various CSBs. Furthermore, the opportunities and challenges in CSBs are discussed, and research ideas are proposed for this emerging field.

With the development of lithium-ion batteries, high capacity and high cycle stability have been the two main goals being pursued. Recent studies have shown that ZrV2O7 does not perform well in energy storage due to its low electrical conductivity and poor cycling stability. Elemental doping has proven to be an effective strategy for improving electrochemical performance. In this paper, we prepared Zr0.1Fe0.9V1.1Mo0.9O7(ZFVMO) and Zr0.1Fe0.9V1.1Mo0.9O7@c (ZFVMO@c) materials using a simple solid-phase sintering method and a fast microwave sintering method. Double ionic heterovalent substitution of Zr4+/V5+ in ZrV2O7 using Fe3+/Mo6+, Fe3+/Mo6+ gives it near-zero thermal expansion characteristics and excellent conductive properties. In electrochemical tests, the first discharge capacities of ZFVMO and ZFVMO@C are 2261 mA h g−1 and 727 mA h g−1, respectively, and the batteries were finally stabilized for 475 and 500 cycles. Compared to ZrV2O7, the electrochemical properties of ZFVMO are greatly improved.

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the relationship between our child analytic theories and what we say to the children with whom we work. This is a complicated relationship, one that involves the analyst’s conscious and unconscious ideas, formulations, and emotional reactions. This paper explores the complexities and vicissitudes of this relationship, and encourages an approach to intervention that is direct, simple, respectful, and at times focused on difficult aspects of the child’s intrapsychic landscape.

ABSTRACTThis is an introduction to a collection of papers on developmental trauma which describe psychological and biological effects of exposure to extreme adversity that affects all of development from childhood into adulthood. Each of the papers contributes a different lens in the way we think about and treat people who have experienced trauma.

ABSTRACTWhile parental divorce can have a profound effect on the development of a child, the effect of a custody conflict following divorce can have an extreme, traumatic, and lifelong impact on a child. The conflict between the parents that occurred prior to their divorce can be sustained long after the parental divorce, reinforcing highly dysfunctional patterns of relationships between the parents, between each parent and child, and then put the child at risk for pathological patterns of relationships with peers and intimates. Though difficulties in the development of mature object relations and a mature sense of self are obviously at risk given this milieu of overt interpersonal conflict, anger, hatred, and parental preoccupation, difficulties in a child’s capacity to explore the environment, i.e. play, learn academically, and value their body can also be adversely affected. This paper presents cases from varying stages of childhood development to demonstrate the potentially traumatic effects on the development of children living through parental custody conflict, as well as the lifelong effect on an adult experiencing a parental custody conflict in childhood.

ABSTRACTThis paper looks at how difficult early experiences may give rise to defenses in which patients rely excessively on their minds, or on bodily activity, having little faith in good reliable objects, internal or external, and little capacity for relaxation and “just being.” Links are made between Winnicott’s theories about mind and psyche-soma as well as both older and more recent thinking about the body, nervous system, and the importance of safeness. This is illustrated with clinical examples of patients with bright, busy minds who were distrustful of others and out of touch with their own bodily states. Examples of some ways in which psychoanalytic therapy can incorporate work with embodied processes are demonstrated and discussed.

ABSTRACTThis paper is a summary of findings from the “Adoption and Attachment Representations” study which was a collaboration between the Anna Freud Centre, Great Ormond Street, and Coram that focused on the nature and development of parent and child attachment representations in an adoption context. The study began with Adult Attachment Interview assessments of both mothers and fathers who would go on to adopt a group of 58 previously maltreated children aged four to eight years. There was also a comparison group of 42 children, also aged four to eight years but who had been adopted in their infancy. The children were assessed early in their adoptive placement, with the Story Stem Assessment Profile in order to focus on their attachment representations along with a range of cognitive and psychological functioning assessments. The parents were interviewed using the Parent Development Interview to access their attachment representations of their children. These assessments were repeated one year and two years later with subsequent follow-ups in early adolescence and a recently completed phase in the adoptees’ adulthood. The study is unique in exploring aspects of intergenerational patterns of attachment in nonbiologically related parents and children in a longitudinal design. The findings suggest that parental attachment states of mind are associated with their children’s attachment representations and the “intervention” of adoption is powerful with “late placed” children adopting more secure themes in their story stem narratives over time while also retaining some less optimal features such as avoidance and disorganization. The paper makes links with previous developmental and psychoanalytic work in the field of adoption and explores the potential policy implications of the study.

ABSTRACTOf all current psychologies, psychoanalysis is the most engaged with the complex and chaotic dimensions of human development and suffering – intricate psychic processes, fluxing mental and physical states, unexpected shifts between clarity and confusion, big changes following small inputs, uncertainty about causes and locations – including whose thoughts belong to whom, and more. These crucial elements, however, have not always been taken up explicitly. Nonlinear dynamic systems theory (NLDS) provides an aesthetically pleasing and scientifically current framework for these factors and illuminates established clinical practice and theory. Through clinical examples, conceptual elaboration, and an account of the author’s growing interest in this field, this paper offers a user-friendly invitation to NLDS.

ABSTRACTNonlinear Dynamic Systems Theory has been used by researchers in development for over 25 years. This paper demonstrates how this theory applies to psychodynamic development throughout the life cycle and illustrates how it can be used to explain change in psychoanalytic treatment.

ABSTRACTPsychic development over the course of adulthood has been largely neglected in the psychoanalytic literature over the past 30 years. This paper is an attempt to update a psychoanalytic understanding of adult development and to begin to illustrate its clinical value. Over time, increased longevity has changed the experience of life phases, and our ideas about development have moved away from rigid stage theories and universal concepts toward a more flexible, individualized, and socio-culturally informed understanding of the core challenges that define development of the personality over the course of life. In this paper I will focus on important aspects of self-experience across the adult life cycle to outline a revised and expanded scheme of the key intrapsychic tasks of adulthood. I will use an extended case example to illustrate how the psychoanalytic practitioner can use this adult development perspective to inform treatment. Finally, I will consider the applicability of the “developmental object” concept to adult treatment and to our ideas of how people change over the course of life, both within and outside treatment.

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the effect of more than 55 years of exposure to psychoanalytic theory and the practice of adult and child psychoanalysis on the author’s understanding of the human condition and his personal reflections on the requirements for a happy and fulfilled life.

ABSTRACTThe contributions to Honoring Fred Pine represent several generations of Pine’s influence. All highlight developmental processes, which lie at the heart of Pine’s work. Slade integrates Pine’s work with Attachment theory—threat and fear in the first year can become supercharged affective moments, as the child seeks connection to regulate fear. My paper emphasizes the formative role of early supercharged affective moments and their lifelong role in internalization and identification processes. Eagle emphasizes the role of subjectivity, staying as close as possible to experience-near interpretations as central in both his and Pine’s work. Blum emphasizes Pine’s contributions to preoedipal development with his paper on the meaning of Leonardo’s screen memory from earliest life and its relation to the Mona Lisa. Lastly, Akhtar describes the essence of Pine’s work with clarity and charm.

ABSTRACTFred Pine was a brilliant theoretician, an extraordinarily gifted clinician, an inspiring teacher, and a beautiful writer. He was also a master synthesizer who could hold multiple possibilities, multiple phenomena, multiple observations, and multiple theories in mind, bringing them together in an elegant and rich whole. This paper focuses on Fred Pine’s vision of a truly developmental and “radically open-minded” psychoanalysis, as it was described in a series of theoretical and clinical papers compiled in the volume Developmental Theory and Clinical Process(1985).

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to focus on the role of identification processes, how they change and transform over the course of 60 years, to highlight the depth and complexity that has been added to our psychoanalytic endeavor through the far-reaching developmental perspective of Fred Pine. My goal has been to fill in some of the gaps in the evolution of complex, coherent, integrated mental representations of self and other and the evolving quality of intimacy. By tracing the developmental trajectories of two sisters over 60 years, one – the oldest daughter – rejected and neglected for being a girl and, the younger daughter – the child whom the mother “always wanted.” I will show how supercharged affective moments of disrupted merger played out differently in each sister because each identified with a different aspect of mother. Some differences include a focus on transforming and evolving identifications as the subjects faced the challenges of the different developmental periods, not only during earliest childhood but including latency, emerging adulthood, midlife, and late middle age. Also highlighted is the role of different ways of coping with early aggression – those that interfere, causing rigidity. and those that facilitate flexibility in evolving mental representations.

ABSTRACTThis paper is a contribution to a special section in honor of Fred Pine. After briefly describing my personal relationship with Fred, I discuss some issues in which our perspectives converge. These issues include the pluralism of different psychoanalytic schools, the possibility of a unified psychoanalytic theory, the use of experience-near interpretation, and the importance of subjective experience. I then summarize a proposal for a revamping of some fundamental concepts and formulations of classical theory, including the concepts of unconscious mental contents and the dynamic unconscious, in order to render them more faithful to lived experience.