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This article provides the first comparative overview in English of Japanese colonial banks before World War II with an emphasis on their roles as banks of issue in Taiwan, Korea and Northeast China. It discusses at length similarities and differences in these banks’ note circulation patterns, in their note-reserve requirements and their actual application, and in their geographical spread and respective colonial mandates. There was some variation in Japanese bank note issuance in the colonial setting of Korea and Taiwan, in ‘Manchukuo’ and in those parts of China that remained nominally sovereign. But all Japanese colonial banks seem, in one way or another, to have astutely adjusted the spread of their note issue in order to control for flagging demand due to nationalist boycotts, or to conversely cash in on demand spurts for notes resulting from crises in the indigenous financial sector. The banks of issue under review here were theoretically subject to a 100 per cent reserve requirement, but the make-up of their metallic bullion reserve and the degree of their notes’ convertibility were very dissimilar, reflecting varying local conditions. Both in terms of reserve ratios, and note denominations—the banks prudently followed charter obligations that were devised by the Japanese Treasury but, at the same time, were reminiscent of the obligations that British overseas banks also had to abide by. Thus, the findings discussed here shed light on the inception and adaptability of Japanese colonial policy in the lead-up to the Pacific War. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Drawing on multi-year fieldwork in two wine regions in two emerging wine producing counties, namely Erlin in Taiwan and the Kofu Basin in Japan, this paper discusses key institutional arrangements contributing the development processes of wine sector in the New-New World. Unlike existing studies on the catch-up experiences of wine industries in the New World with emphases on the capability-enhancing mechanisms embedded in the state- or MNC-initiated trans-local networks, this paper finds that the development of Taiwanese and Japanese wine sectors in these two regions has been driven mainly by local actors' active exploration of competence residing in their regional networks. This article employs the Triple Helix (TH) and Innovation systems (IS) as principal frameworks to narrow the research focus on the industry-government-university interaction, and examine the development process and nature of critical institutions supporting the interactive learning and collaboration among the TH actors. Through studying the cases of Taiwanese and Japanese wine industries, this paper goes beyond stating "institutions matter" as in existing IS and TH literature, by illuminating on how to develop institutions to allow actors' interaction to occur and be boosted especially when their local TH are still in the early phase of formation. • This article explains key mechanisms influencing the development of two newly-emerged wine-producing countries. • It provides cases demonstrating the effectiveness of the Triple Helix and Innovation systems as principal frameworks. • It illuminates how to develop institutions to allow enhanced interaction between actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses language policy behind the spread of Japanese among Japanese linguistic majorities and Japanese colonial subjects. The period discussed stretches from 1868, the year of the Meiji restoration, until 1945, when Japan withdrew from all its colonies. Policies in four polities are discussed: Ainu Mosir (Hokkaidō), the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan and Korea. In Japan, modernization included aspects of colonialism and colonialist features of modernization. Hence, the policies for spreading Japanese are found to be similar, if not identical, but the policy effects differ. Japanese modernization and colonization are best discussed in connection with each other. This paper discusses the language repertoires that emerged as a consequence of Japanese language spread in the four polities studied, the limits of language policy and planning, and the limits of imagining communities on the basis of language. This allows for some general conclusions about Japan's present-day problems with indigenous minorities and its Asian neighbours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Publication pattern, Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Doubling time (Dt), Country-wise distribution and Subject-wise papers of Cryptography published during 2000-2011 were analyzed. This bibliometric study was made using the data retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) through the filter of the category in Cryptography as a subject search. A total number of 6610 records which were retrieved from the Web of Science was used to assess the academic productivity and distribution of research diversity of cryptography field from four major countries -China, USA, Taiwan and Japan which contributed more papers in cryptography and allied field of researches. The highest RGR is 0.44 in 2002 and Dt is 21. 656 in 2008 measured during the period. China was the country with the highest productivity rare and the most-frequent partners among the collaborative papers at global level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the market potential of social shopping is increased by social networking sites (SNSs), the social shopping research can be interesting and valuable for social shopping firms to clearly understand the determinants affecting consumers’ purchase intention toward social shopping sites (SSSs). The objectives of this study are to examine consumers’ purchase intention toward a target SSS in different countries and to understand these differences from a cross-cultural perspective. In order to explore the cross-cultural differences in consumers’ purchase intention toward a target SSS, we propose an analytic framework that consists of website quality (i.e. system, information, and service quality) and relationship quality (i.e. satisfaction, commitment, and trust) that the SSS provides. To identify the determinants of purchase intention of SSS, large-scale online surveys were conducted in Taiwan and Japan simultaneously with the same questionnaire. Results show that perceptions of the two types of quality for a target SSS are significantly different between Taiwan and Japan, and effects of the quality types on the degree of purchase intention derived from the SSS also vary across the two countries. This paper ends with a discussion and limitations of the study results, as well as future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This overview article examines the major similarities and differences among the three countries in East Asia - Japan, Taiwan and Korea - in terms of their immigration policies and observed flows as an introduction to three country- specific papers and a contribution on the simulation of economic impacts of different migration scenarios in Asia. These papers are from a two-year project, "From Origin to Destination: Policy Alternatives for Managing Two- Way Migration Pathways in Asia," funded by the Korea Foundation. The papers demonstrate important common patterns, including the special treatment of ethnic return migrants, population aging and demands for low-skilled migrant workers in the industrial and service sectors, the strict policy on temporary migration for low-skilled migrant workers, and the concentration of women in marriage migration and as carers in labor migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper explores the practical experiences of the cluster development of the deep ocean water (DOW) industry in the U.S., Japan, and Taiwan. The DOW industry is emerging as a new sector for utilizing diverse applications in the water, aquaculture, agriculture, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, tourism, and energy industries. Porter''s perspective of the cluster is used to compare DOW commercialization in the three countries and to analyze their interactions with the economy, society, and technology. Using a multiple case study, this paper presents some implications beyond the geographical proximity, especially the triple-helix of academy, industry, and government within the borderless cluster. Finally, a comprehensive comparison among the three countries is examined to offer implications to managers and policy makers in the DOW industry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper explores social stratification and social inequality in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan by comprehensively analyzing the effects of occupation on one's class status. In this paper, the author examines the effects that a person's occupational conditions, such as occupation (interpreted narrowly), employment status, type of employment contract (standard or non-standard), and company size, have on his/her individual income and class consciousness, and how these effects vary within East Asian societies on the basis of each society's unique labor market structure and local institutions. The analysis of the 2005 Social Stratification and Social Mobility (SSM) survey data led to the following findings. On the whole, the effects of occupational conditions on income and class consciousness are similar within all these societies. However, the relative impacts of these conditions differ considerably. While occupation (narrowly interpreted) has predominant effects in Taiwan, the effects of company size and type of employment contract are also considerable in Japan, and partly so in Korea. It is also notable that in the case of Japanese males, company size and type of employment contract have significant effects on class consciousness, even after the effects of individual income are controlled. These effects can be attributed to some factors that are unique to the Japanese management system, such as career-long employment and the wage seniority system that are usually offered to the standard male employees of large companies. From these findings, we can conclude that we should focus on local institutional factors as well as global factors for a better understanding of present-day social stratification and social inequality in East Asian societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the governmentality in the change of regime. It focuses on the continuity and transformation of the Pao-chia system under the KMT regime, which came to Taiwan claiming its power and sovereignty after the end of Japanese colonization in 1945. It is an area that historians, sociologists, and political scientists in Taiwan have neglected. This paper is mainly driven by two puzzles. First, what is the KMT's attitude towards Pao-chia system, which without doubt is one of the most efficient governmental technologies in colonial history? Second, how can it be possible that the KMT as an emigree regime now enjoys such a solid power base in each and every locality in Taiwan? The argument in this paper is mainly divided into three parts. First, I introduce the Pao-chia system from the perspective of governmentality. Second, I deal with the continuity and discontinuity of the "village/li leaders" between 1945 and 1951. Third, I discuss the effect of the KMT's political rationality on the village/li. This paper concludes that the KMT did not discover the strategic importance and governmental efficiency of the village/li system until 1953. After 1953, the KMT regime gradually transformed village/li from a system of social control, as in the Japanese colonial period, to a system of election mobilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immediate Response Syndrome (IRS) is driven by the obsession that they must reply immediately once they receive an e-mail, and this is a state where they can’t release their mobile phone even for a moment. In this paper, we aimed to compare and examine the relationships between consciousness of AI Robots and IRS among Japanese and Taiwanese college students by questionnaire survey. As a result of ANOVA, it was found that Taiwanese students often use the Internet from Japanese students, and their IRS tendency is high. For AI Robots, Japanese college students tended to be higher than in Taiwan concerning [Expectation] [Anxiety] [Interest] [Concern] [Excite] [Useful] items. Regarding expected robots, for Japanese college students from Taiwan about robots active during disasters, rescuing activity robots such as rescue workers, robots serving dangerous work, cooking robots, security robots, and transportation industry robots. It is expected that the Taiwanese students are expecting from Taiwanese students about cleaning robots, answering machine robots, robots that oppose children, agricultural working robots, customer service robots, and family robots. 　　 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The East China Sea offers rich fishery resources and is a very important fishing ground for both Taiwan and Japan. However, both parties have claimed 200-nautical-mile Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) consistent with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, resulting in overlapping EEZ claims. Additionally, an issue of disputed sovereignty exists with regards to the eight uninhabited Islands between Taiwan, Japan and China in the southern part of the East China Sea, a situation further complicated by the fact that Taiwan and Japan have no formal diplomatic relations. Against this context, Taiwan and Japan have chosen to shelve their territorial disputes and address their fisheries conflict by signing a fisheries agreement in 2013, with the hope of resolving, or at least managing, the fisheries dispute within their shared waters. This paper aims to provide the analysis of the fisheries dispute caused by overlapping EEZs between Taiwan and Japan, the challenges encountered during the two sides׳ fishery negotiations, as well as the scope and the significance of the fisheries agreement signed by Taiwan and Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isawa Shūji studied in the United States and made major contributions to the development of the music education in Japan and Taiwan. This paper provides a perspective of Isawa's activities based on sources in Japanese, Chinese, and English. Isawa was familiar with Western education and music before he went to the United States. In Massachusetts, he attended Bridgewater Normal School and studied music with Luther Whiting Mason. In Japan, Isawa worked with the Music Research Institute to publish Japanese music textbooks Shōgaku shōkashū (1881-84), which combined Japanese traditional music and Western music. In the 1890s, Isawa published Shōgaku shōka (1892-93), which continued his combination of Japanese and Western ideas (wayō secchū). As Chief of the Education Bureau in Taiwan, Isawa believed that the essential goal of education was to teach Taiwanese people the Japanese language. The Shizangan school was the first national language school. Isawa brought Japanese music teachers to Taiwan and introduced Japanese songbooks. He was influential in developing normal schools and primary schools. Isawa influenced the history of music education internationally as he brought Western songs to Japan, combined Japanese traditional music and Western music in his publications, and brought Japanese songbooks to Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares media relations in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and the United States. There are several significant findings. First, the media-public relations practitioner relationship is more informal and closer in Asia than it is in the U.S. Second, media ethics, such as gift giving and informal gatherings, are different in these Asian cultures and in the U.S. Finally, the U.S. journalists and public relations practitioners have more positive attitudes toward on-line types of source-reporter relations than Asian journalists and practitioners do. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed based on the findings of this comparative analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether and how educational expansion affects inequality of educational opportunity, focusing on the two hypotheses which argue that educational expansion transforms class inequality through saturation of education. Under the condition that a level of education approaches nearly saturation, the MMI hypothesis claims class inequality in attaining the level of education begins to decrease and the EMI hypothesis maintains class inequality over types within the level of education emerges. Taiwan and Japan showed similarity in educational system, but education in Taiwan has expanded more drastically than that in Japan. To test the hypotheses, utilizing their different time point in appearance of Saturation caused by the respective pace of expansion, we present the expectations on changes in class inequality for the two countries. The result of analysis using survey data collected in each country is more consistent with the MMI rather than the EMI. Class inequality in attaining levels of education persisted until approaching saturation, but reduced in attaining senior high school education in Japan when this level of education reached saturation. Class inequality in attaining university education rather than junior college over types of higher education emerged clearly corresponding to approaching saturation in Taiwan but appeared in Japan before saturation. The result also indicates that educational expansion urges the transformation of class inequality and gender inequality through respective process. Educational expansion leads to reduction of gender inequality in attaining levels of education irrespective of rapidity and saturation of expansion and without interaction by class and gender in both countries, but hardly erodes gender-specific educational paths institutionalized by gender norm or preference preserved in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper uses the traditional variance ratio test of Lo and MacKinlay (1988, 1989), the non-parametric-based variance ratio test of Wright (2000) and the multiple-variance ratio test of Chow and Denning (1993), to re-examine the validity of the weak form efficient market hypothesis for foreign exchange markets in four floating-rate markets in neighboring Asian economies (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines). The results show that the random walk patterns of the exchange rate return series cannot be rejected, with the one exception of Taiwan, where inefficiency is shown to be most prominent. We therefore conclude that the foreign exchange markets of Japan, South Korea and the Philippines are weak form efficient, while the foreign exchange market of Taiwan is inefficient. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper has provided a basis to outline some key governance features of professional baseball systems both in Japan and Taiwan. It seeks to highlight and compare with the various forms of interactions between actors in these two systems. Associated with this, the paper undertakes a qualitative content analysis method with reviewing and explaining the dynamics in the interactions among three main actors, namely, state, owners of clubs, and players. Four principal conclusions are as follows: first, this case points to evidence that owners of clubs own dominant power while players' voices are relatively weak; second, it demonstrates how these two states adopt different attitudes to intervene or non-intervene their domestic professional baseball industry in some respects; third, it identifies the most powerful actors in the two systems are Committee Mediation and Committee Board, which represent the extended power of clubs' owners; finally, the article suggests that the outcomes of interactions between the above actors have shaped the two sporting contexts for managerial decisions, which have made a contribution to a development of their own operating mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]