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Reports on the determination of structure, height and diameter growth, above-and below-ground biomass and nutrient distribution of a paper birch and subalpine fir mixed species stand in the Sub-Boreal Spruce zone of British Columbia. Findings that suggest normal distribution of height and diameter in paper birch; Distribution pattern of subalpine fir; Total biomass of both plants.

Growth and survival responses of 8 year-old interior spruce to reductions in paper birch density from 2500 to 1000, 50 and 0 overtopping stems ha[sup -1] were examined after five years on a single site in the Interior Cedar Hemlock biogeoclimatic zone of southern British Columbia. Stem diameter increased and height: diameter ratio decreased when birch density was reduced from 2500 to 50 stems ha[sup -1], but there were no further benefits to spruce growth when the entire birch overstory was removed. Spruce growth did not improve where birch was thinned to 1000 stems ha[sup -1], but its potential for release may have been confounded by the higher density of taller conifers in that treatment. Interspecific competition between spruce and paper birch appeared to be primarily for light because spruce responded to dramatic reductions in overstory density but not to reductions in understory sprout density. Spruce survival was unaffected by thinning treatments, indicating that birch density of 2500 stems ha[sup -1] was too low to induce mortality. Armillaria root disease was the main cause of mortality, and spruce leader weevil and Cooley's spruce gall adelgid were important damaging agents, but the behaviour of these organisms was unaffected by treatment. Stand structure was dramatically changed from a mixed coniferous-deciduous to a predominantly coniferous overstory when birch was thinned to 50 or 0 stems ha[sup -1], which may have negative implications for wildlife. If balancing maximum spruce growth with biodiversity is the primary objective, then between 50 and 1000 stems ha[sup -1] birch should be retained on sites similar to the one used in our experiment. This will require modification of the current legislation governing reforestation in British Columbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports that Fletcher Challenge Canada has received eco-certification for its Elk Falls paper mill on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, making it the first major mill in Canada capable of producing environmentally sound paper.

This paper responds to the call to explore pedagogical relations and dialogues in considering how to create climate pedagogies that are responsive, dynamic, and transformative in thinking about human and nonhuman relations. Using the lens of entanglement, the paper attempts to bring into dialogue children's rights and more-than-human ways of thinking to understand what, if any, commonalities lie in these two projects and whether and how a rights-respecting approach can be productively reconfigured in envisaging a dynamic climate pedagogy. It considers several tensions that arise from this entangled dialogue to probe both the overlaps and points of incommensurability in the two approaches. This includes viewing asymmetrical power and logics of coloniality that assert themselves through rights discourses and rights-based techniques based in an Anglo-Eurocentric worldview that narrowly defines who is included in the "human" of human rights. To illustrate these entanglements, the paper draws on a child/youth-led and child/youth-driven participatory model called Shaking the Movers (STM) created in 2007 by the Landon Pearson Centre and used with youth as well as with children in early childhood and other settings across Canada each year. The model aims to enable children's civil and political rights. Shaking the Movers was used as the framework for a workshop held in Williams Lake, British Columbia in 2017. The workshop serves as a case study in this paper to illustrate some of the entanglements that arise in practice when considering rights-respecting and more-than-human approaches. The analysis draws on scholarship from several disciplinary locations, including Stuart Aitken's critical childhood concept of the post-child, Veronica Pacini-Ketchabaw and Affrica Taylors notion of agency as not exclusively human and conceived as collective rather than an outcome of individual intent, and Shenila Khoja-Mooljis analysis of an ethic of interdependency and alliance when understanding human rights in context. Each of these perspectives informs a contemplation of how to reconfigure the Shaking the Movers model amplify its strengths. The paper concludes with thoughts on the ways entanglements create a productive space both for bringing together a more-than-human and rights-respecting approach to attend to actions emanating from the margins and for invigorating and understanding how to meaningfully engage children located in interconnected and interdependent worlds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power engineering certification in Canada comprises a hierarchical, graduated system available to both young and adult learners. This paper offers insight into the knowledge gap regarding factors influencing Canadian power engineers' decision to pursue advanced certification in the Provinces of British Columbia and Alberta, with implications for adult learning in the power engineering sector of Canada. Comprehension of factors that influence intentions for power engineering certification may illuminate barriers and enablers to adult learning and provide evidentiary knowledge to support a format that facilitates advancement of certification. The research methodology was quantitative correlational design in which linear and logistic regressions employing a modified Bonferroni equivalent alpha were utilised. An original survey was developed for the study and pilot tested for validity and reliability. The sample comprised 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Class power engineers in British Columbia and Alberta. The dependent variable (DV) was the power engineers' advancement intention. In the context of this paper, advancement intention is an influence leading to the inclination or reluctance to pursue promotion, succession, or advancement in employment. The independent variables (IVs) were time commitment, educational support, locus of control, time elapsed since previous certification, responsibility, and peer appraisal. Revealed in the results were positive, statistically significant relationships between the DV of advancement intention and three of the six IVs. Time commitment, responsibility, and elapsed time exert statistically significant effects on advancement intention (DV). The three remaining IVs that did not exhibit significant relationships with the DV were educational support, locus of control, and peer appraisal. This indicated that the IVs of educational support, locus of control, and peer appraisal did not significantly influence the DV when compared to the significant influences of time commitment, responsibility, and elapsed time on the DV. Comprehension of the influential factors regarding the intention of Canadian power engineers to pursue advanced certification may assist industry and academia with insight into the barriers and enablers to higher certification, and the correlation of decision factors with advancement intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Announces paper company Canfor Corp.'s completion of its capital upgrades at its Houston, British Columbia sawmill. Amount of capital investment.

Copyright of Forestry Chronicle is the property of Canadian Institute of Forestry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Estimation shows that the waste LED lamps will reach 12 kt by 2021 in Canada. • Aluminum concentration of LED lamps was ˜22%. • Other major elements present in LED lamps were iron, copper and zinc. • Presence of heavy metals such as arsenic, antimony and lead were reported. • The toxic leachate concentration was reported below the BC landfill limit. Lamps and lighting products are the most commonly used electrical products around the globe. With the improvement in lamp technologies, products have grown complex and hence require an improved recycling process. Light emitting diode (LED) lamps consist of various valuable and hazardous metals such as copper, aluminum, iron, zinc, lead, arsenic, and antimony. This paper provides an estimation of the waste LED lamps generation in Canada. It shows that the cumulative waste from LED lamps is expected to reach 12 kT by 2021. A characterization of LED lamps was also conducted to estimate the metal concentration and landfill leachate toxicity characteristics, which have not yet been studied with a bulk sample. The results showed that aluminum is the major metal present in LED lamps with a concentration of over 22%, followed by iron, copper, and zinc. It also showed the presence of heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, and antimony. On the contrary to the previous study, the landfill leachate concentration for waste LED lamps was found to be lower than the British Columbia (BC) landfill limits for all metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Global warming is already affecting the oceans through changes in water temperature, acidification, oxygen content and sea level rise, amongst many others. These changes are having multiple effects on marine species worldwide, with subsequent impacts on marine fisheries, peoples' livelihoods and food security. This work presents a review of the recent literature on the current and projected impacts of climate change on Canada's Pacific marine ecosystem. We find that there is an increasing number of studies in British Columbia focusing on changes in ocean conditions and marine species responses under climate change, including an emerging literature on the socio-economic impacts of these changes considered to be a knowledge gap. According to the literature, it is well established that ocean temperatures are increasing over the long-term, especially, in southern areas of British Columbia. Warming trends are increasing in the spring and are strongest in summer. However, there are important uncertainties regarding other climate drivers, such as oxygen concentration and acidification, stemming mainly from the insufficiency of data. Pacific salmon, elasmobranchs, invertebrates and rockfishes are amongst the most vulnerable species groups to climate change in British Columbia. Also, shifts in stock distribution and fish abundance under climate change may have a significant impact on fish supply affecting the livelihoods and food security of some British Columbians. The magnitude of these impacts is likely to vary according to a latitudinal gradient, with southern coastal areas being more affected than northern and central areas; challenging multiple areas of governance, such as equity and fishing access amongst First Nations; and institutional arrangements for transboundary stocks between the U.S. and Canada. Highlights • Climate change is impacting marine species worldwide, affecting marine fisheries, peoples' livelihoods and food security. • There is an emerging literature on the socio-economic impacts of climate change at the local level. • This paper presents a review of the literature published on these impacts in British Columbia's marine species and fisheries. • Socio-economic impacts will vary according to a latitudinal gradient with unequal distribution of losses in marine catches. • We identify some of the risks that fisheries, communities and the economy are facing in the region due to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The literature indicates that youth with intellectual/developmental disabilities (IDD), such as Down syndrome or autism, have poor oral health. A number of factors influence their oral health, including the use of medically required dental treatments. Methods: This paper describes the first use of population-level administrative health data to examine the use of medically required dental services by youth with IDD compared with youth without IDD in Canada. Results: Youth with IDD had 4-9 times the odds of a medically required dental treatment compared with youth without IDD. Odds varied with age and type of IDD. Conclusions: Youth with IDD used medically required dental services to a greater extent than youth without IDD. Use of medically required dental treatments by youth with IDD declined with age; this may indicate greater difficulty accessing services when youth transition from pediatric to adult services. These findings provide baseline information on the use of medically required dental treatments and can contribute to future assessments of dental services for youth with IDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the articulation and mobilization of competing notions of energy (in) justice and energy future visions in the struggle over the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion project (TMX) in British Columbia, Canada. The TMX is a controversial fossil fuel project because it leads to the appropriation of First Nations lands, gender violence, and the unequal distribution of the socio-environmental costs of tar sands operations. Despite these impacts, the Canadian state argues that the TMX contributes to economic growth, job creation, and increased tax revenues, thereby legitimizing tar sands expansion on Indigenous lands. Drawing upon literature on Indigenous climate/energy justice, we problematize conventional understandings of energy justice and energy futures by examining multiple, interconnected, and often neglected dimensions of justice in the TMX conflict. Through critical discourse analysis, this paper explores how First Nations opposing this pipeline mobilize different notions of justice to envision alternative energy futures. Our study shows how they challenge Canada's fossil fuel future vision by asserting jurisdiction over the lands crossed by the TMX and demanding the cancellation of this pipeline. Centering counter-hegemonic perspectives in discussions about tar sands development provides a starting point for imagining and building more just energy futures. • Indigenous notions of justice problematize Western hegemonic understandings of energy justice. • Energy justice involves Indigenous self-determination, gender justice, and community-led renewable energy development. • First Nations discourses of justice challenge Canada's fossil fuel future vision. • Indigenous energy futures are based on multiple interconnected dimensions of justice. • Just energy futures involves dismantling the settler colonial logic underpinning the TMX project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental impact assessments (EIAs) include economic benefit predictions that influence whether project proposals proceed to the construction and operational phases of development. Decision-makers often reason these benefits outweigh the potential adverse effects to environmental and social valued components, e.g. endangered species. But rarely are the economic impacts monitored and audited. This paper evaluates predicted and actual economic benefits through a predictive audit of three coal mines in the critical habitat of endangered caribou in British Columbia, Canada. Based on data collected from publicly available documents, including financial reporting, we compare the predicted employment and corporate tax revenue against the projects' actual performance for these two indicators. Economic impacts were significantly overestimated for both indicators: only 59% of forecasted employment and 34% of forecasted tax revenue materialized. The results challenge the credibility of trade-off analyses that underpin rationales for these project approvals and more broadly raise questions about the confidence and uncertainty of economic predictions in other EIAs and decision rationales. The study echoes existing calls for rigorous economic follow-up and demonstrates the critical role of predictive audits in that undertaking. • We undertake a predictive audit of three coal mines in BC, Canada. • We audit two direct economic benefit indicators: employment and corporate tax revenue. • Both indicators were significantly overstated in the mines' EIAs. • The mines' regulatory approval rested on inaccurately predicted trade-offs. • Predictive audits are crucial to assess the credibility of trade-off analyses in EIAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: High quality agricultural land is extremely scarce in the province of British Columbia, Canada. As a consequence of this scarcity and development pressure, the provincial government established a province-wide land preservation scheme – the agricultural land reserve – in 1973. The principal focus of the paper is an examination of the consequences of recent changes to the reserve''s enabling legislation. One of the changes is of particular importance: the Commission which manages the reserve is now explicitly required to consider community needs within the over-arching objective of land preservation. An important question immediately presents itself: how will the Commission balance the two conflicting objectives? An outline for a land evaluation and site assessment (LESA) framework is presented which – if adopted – would ensure that the Commission''s land use decisions reflected a range of concerns; including, the agricultural value of the parcels of land being considered for removal from the reserve, the likely impact of the removal of a parcel on the agricultural value of nearby parcels, the impact that development of a parcel removed from the reserve would have on environmental, recreational and open space amenities, the social, cultural and heritage effects stemming from the removal of a parcel, and community needs. The paper also addresses the likelihood of government support for the implementation of a LESA framework. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

For indigenous peoples, recovering from colonial rule and aspiring to flourish, the revival of traditional decision making (TDM) is considered essential. However, transitioning from established colonial practices to TDMs is not well understood. In this paper we identify some of the challenges experienced by a First Nation urban community in the north east of British Columbia as they have tried to develop and implement a culturally-relevant child and family-centered traditional decision-making (TDM) process in the context of government-regulated child protection system. Specifically, we problematize a collaborative decision-making strategy--Family Group Conferencing (FGC). FGCs are premised on values of collaboration, participation, and empowerment, and because this strategy shares many of the values and aspirations of Traditional Decision-Making (TDM), there is a temptation to directly download and incorporate FGCs into the TDM model. In this paper we explore five challenges that warrant particular attention in developing TDM model in this contemporary context: 1) power, 2) cultural adaptability, 3) family support and prevention, 4) coordinator "neutrality", and 5) sustainable support. We conclude with eight recommendations to overcome these challenges while developing TDMs in a child protection context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, a comparative review of the community forest models prevailing in two countries is made: the province of British Columbia in Canada and Cameroon in Central Africa. A series of assessment criteria emanating from community forest attributes in both jurisdictions were identified and employed as a basis for assessing and comparing the performance of both models. Results of this study revealed that fundamental similarities and differences exist in the two models and none of the models is superior to the other. However, it is argued that when both models are evaluated against specific criteria, one model often exhibits some sort of dominance vis-à-vis the other. To conclude, the paper prescribes a series of recommendations for improving the efficiency and quality of the community forest model in both jurisdictions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In a recent paper, we described a multi-block approach to the regulation and management of reforestation (P.J. Martin, S. Browne Clayton, and E. McWilliams (2002), "A results-based system for regulating reforestation obligations," Forestry Chronicle 78(4): 492-498). Under the multi-block approach, indicators are devised that portray the degree to which the condition of regeneration on harvested areas is consistent with forest management goals. A population of harvested areas is sampled. The current levels of the indicators are estimated and compared to threshold values. If observed levels exceed threshold levels, the population is considered adequately reforested and all reforestation obligations are met. In this paper, we describe some recent enhancements of this concept and demonstrate how the multi-block approach provides characteristics desirable in a regulatory regime. By shifting the focus of reforestation regulation from the stand level to the level of a population of harvested areas, the multi-block approach provides effective regulation, permits efficient management, and addresses several shortcomings in British Columbia's current reforestation regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on the phase before immigration occurs, this paper examines the social and cultural embeddedness, as well as gendered nature, of migration decisions. Based upon focus groups and interviews with recent immigrants from the People's Republic of China in Vancouver, Canada, I explore migrants' deeply personal and multi-layered reasons for departure, challenging economistic views that tend to overvalorize the desire for improving human capital. I also consider the phenomenon of the "adventuring wife" and her "agreeing husband" through a gender lens. The paper demonstrates the significance of context, and reveals the active role of the imagination in initiating migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a novel framework to conceptualize and investigate license and quota holdings within fisheries jurisdictions and regions. We motivate and develop the framework by drawing together two bodies of literature that have been relatively disparate: one on fisheries industrialization and the other, from food studies and food systems scholars, on consolidation and concentration in farming and agrifood value chains. An important observation from food studies and food systems research is that a spectrum of logics -- from productive through to speculative -- motivate farmland accumulation and shape patterns of ownership, investment, and power in farming regions. We apply the framework to investigate license holding portfolios within the federally-managed fisheries jurisdiction off of Canada's western-most province, British Columbia (BC). We calculate the market value of a selection of large portfolios. We also begin to explore power dynamics, finding that those with large and valuable portfolios are uniquely positioned to exercise and expand control within the jurisdiction. Fisheries and marine policy researchers should assume that hedge funds, private investment and equity firms, and other publicly traded businesses now regularly assess the investment potential of licenses and quota; case-based, comparative, and policy-oriented research are all urgently needed. • Reviews literature on consolidation and concentration in farming; highlights patterns relevant to industrial fisheries. • Proposes a novel framework to conceptualize and investigate commercial fishing license and quota holdings. • Applies framework and calculates market value of a selection of license portfolios active in Pacific Region (BC, Canada). • Large and diverse portfolios are valuable assets; holders are uniquely positioned to exercise control in various ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

British Columbian coastal forest communities have suffered substantial job losses over the last twenty years as the forest products industry has been restructured. One of the most dramatic results has been severe community dislocation. Our paper examines both the economic restructuring and the associated community dislocation that occurred in one such coastal community, Port Alberni on the West Coast of Vancouver Island. The paper is divided into two main sections. The first provides a conceptual framework that interprets the recent restructuring of British Columbia's forest industry as a transition from an older Fordist model of manufacturing to a newer model are based on principles of post-Fordism. The second uses that framework to understand the massive changes occurring in the town, which include severe job loss (more 2600 positions have been lost over the last twenty years), various forms of financial distress, and attempts to assemble alternative local economic strategies of amelioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses cultural permanence for Indigenous children and youth from the perspective of the executive director of Northwest Inter-Nation Family and Community Services (NIFCS), a delegated Aboriginal child welfare agency that serves nine Indigenous communities from three First Nations on British Columbia's northwest coast. Through increasing cultural knowledge, NIFCS aims to enhance its practice to meet the holistic needs of children and youth in care, in particular, to ensure that children and youth maintain connections with their families, extended families, and communities. NIFCS provides experiential opportunities for children and youth to know about, and learn their languages, spiritual teachings, and cultural traditions from their Elders, families, and communities. Ultimately, NIFCS's goal is for the children and youth in its care to be strongly connected to their roots and experience a sense of belonging. This paper looks at connectedness and cultural diversity in the context of cultural planning for permanence, relates these concepts to NIFCS, and outlines promising practices within NIFCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper calls for creative pathways of engagement that delineate places of belonging for and with Indigenous youth in care. It draws on two community-based research studies conducted in British Columbia, with urban and off-reserve Indigenous youth to contextualize and extend understanding of permanency for Indigenous youth in care. Our discussion explores permanency in relation to both Western understandings of government care, guardianship, and adoptions, and Indigenous customary caregiving and cultural planning for cultural permanency, such as naming and coming home ceremonies, custom adoptions, and kinship care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Urban History Review / Revue d'Histoire Urbaine is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The territory of the Tlowitsis Nation spans the coastal area of Northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Seasonal travel routes, food processing spots, burial and cultural sites and other named places extend across the entire territory. Since the turn of the 20th Century Karlukwees, located on remote Turnour Island, became a central settlement for the Tlowitsis Nation. In the early 1960s the Nation was displaced from Karlukwees; this has led to community members becoming culturally, as well as physically, removed from their traditional territories. A rising urban population with little attachment to these lands has reduced the opportunity and ability for members to take an active and informed role in their community. This paper describes the Tlowitsis relationship to its island based homeland. Further, it explores how contemporary efforts to reclaim territories and mobilise the community within the context of the Canadian government land claims negotiations help to shape the ideal of what their island's past means for the future of the Nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the wild bird species subjected for avian influenza (AI) surveillance based on their wild bird activity in poultry farms in southwestern Ontario and British Columbia, Canada. It says that polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify AI status in existing research papers on AI infection. Results showed that wild bird species to be subjected for further studies include American robin, barn swallow, and rock dove.

Copyright of Canadian Journal for the Study of Adult Education is the property of Canadian Journal for the Study of Adult Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: In dendrochronology, temporal patterns in radial growth are considered an expression of historical climate processes that cannot be measured. Dendrochronological networks, developed to characterize the geographical and temporal patterns of tree rings, have additional spatial information that can add to our understanding of historical climate conditions. This paper summarizes the use of spatial autocorrelation statistical tools for quantifying spatial trends in dendrochronological networks. Using this approach it is possible to characterize the spatial nature of the process influencing radial growth trends within a tree-ring network. Using a local or mapable measure of spatial autocorrelation it is possible to locate clusters of similar and extreme radial growth trends in any given year and to characterize the persistence of spatial patterns of growth through time. Applied to a dendrochronological network of yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach), our results suggest that spatial patterns in extreme growth are most often associated with growth limiting climate processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The housing difficulties facing many low income Canadians today is well documented. For newcomers, and particularly refugees, these challenges may be amplified. This paper considers the influence of legal status and place in the housing outcomes of government-assisted refugees and refugee claimants in Vancouver, BC and Winnipeg, MB. Results from the study indicate that while claimants in Vancouver face a more difficult 'pathway to permanent housing' than do government-assisted refugees, the same is not true in Winnipeg. More alarmingly, certain refugee groups face barriers beyond legal status and place, owing to characteristics of the group itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a wealth of financial, technical, and human capacity in Canadian cities, it remains a challenging task to transform this capacity into effective climate change adaptation and mitigation. Indeed, mitigative and adaptive capacities only represent the potential to achieve the ultimate goals of greenhouse gas and vulnerability reduction. This paper builds on previous explorations of barriers to identify powerful levers by which action can be triggered and sustained at the local level through the study of three municipalities in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada. The necessity of an explicitly articulated high-level directive, leadership that stimulates an organizational culture of innovation and collaboration, and the ‘institutionalization’ of climate change response measures within standard operating procedures emerged as crucial enablers of action. Addressing a lack of technical, financial, or human resources is less a matter of creating more capacity than of facilitating the effective use of existing resources. This facilitation depends most fundamentally on re-working the path dependent institutional structures, organizational culture and policy-making procedures that have characterized the unsuccessful patterns of climate change policy development in the past. The ultimate goal is to contribute to the ongoing efforts to adapt institutions to the complex and uncertain futures associated with a changing climate, while simultaneously embedding broader sustainability goals in long-range strategic planning. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article engages the reader in comparing the Métis List of Rights, originally authored by Louis Riel, with the current state of Indigenous child welfare in British Columbia and Canada. The relationship between children's resiliency and cultural resiliency is explored. Using a critical lens, a framework defining the progression of social regulation is presented. This paper begins by setting out the framework with its accompanying nine aspects: profit, competition, self-interest, justice, rights, duties, love, compassion and devotion. The discussion acknowledges children as sacred which allows us to move beyond conservative and socialist ideals. Then there is a discussion on the aspects of the Métis List of Rights with comments respecting the symbolic and literal application of the aspects to reclaiming Indigenous child welfare. Finally the article ends with recommendations for an holistic pathway for reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Government communication is now a large growth industry in many countries. Exactly what is meant by the term, however, varies from author to author. In this paper government communication is conceived as a policy tool or instrument, that is, as a means to give effect to policy goals. Key policy-relevant aspects of the term are examined including differences between the role of government communications in the 'front-end' of the public policy and production processes related to agenda-setting, policy formulation and producer activities as opposed to the 'back-end' of policy implementation, policy evaluation, consumption and distribution. TWo case studies of political and policy-related information campaigns in Canada, one dealing with Elections Canada at the federal level and the second with provincial health policy-making in British Columbia, are examined in order to discern patterns in the use of government communication tools useful as a basis for comparative inquiry into Democratic governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In current policy discourse, rural decline is often described as an inevitable process associated with such broader structural trends as globalization and urbanization. The purpose of this paper is to challenge the supposed inevitability of rural decline in northern British Columbia (BC), Canada. We argue that rural decline in northern BC has been facilitated through an intentional policy program that views hinterland areas as a ‘resource bank’ from which to fund provincial infrastructure and services, without adequate attention to rural reinvestment. We highlight the potential discrepancies of this approach through a comparative study of two development eras in the province. In the first era, we examine the policies and development approach adopted by the W.A.C. Bennett provincial government, which governed from 1952 to 1972. We argue that the Bennett regime confronted the complexity of the post-war era with a comprehensive vision and coordinated policy program for ‘province building’ through intensive investments in industrial expansion and community infrastructure throughout the BC hinterland. By comparison, the post-1980s era in BC has witnessed a continuation of the resource bank approach, minus a concomitant commitment to hinterland investment. Reversing the inevitability of rural decline requires a renovation of the investment orientation witnessed during the Bennett era through an appreciation of the role of place in economic development. Our recommendations for renewed rural development in northern BC are drawn from a synthesis of the Bennett lessons with those emerging within place-based development literature. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Farmers overproduce to hedge against uncertainty and risks. • Practice theory offers a useful lens to analyse farming practices. • External factors influence the decision by farmers to leave food on the field. • There are many barriers to implementing common solutions to address food losses. Reducing food loss is key to improving farmers' economic well-being and the sustainable management of water, energy, labour, and other resources. To develop appropriate solutions, we seek to identify the reasons for farm-level losses, and more specifically, why edible food intended for human consumption does not reach the intended recipients and remains unharvested in British Columbia, Canada. The study also explores the barriers to adopting solutions such as gleaning, food donation tax incentives, and selling "ugly" fruits and vegetables. We conducted forty interviews with farmers and stakeholders in the food and agricultural industry and found issues of overproduction due to power imbalances, gaps in infrastructure, rejected produce due to stringent aesthetic values, precarious labour, and economic and environmental reasons for farm-level losses. In this paper, opportunities to address food loss are also identified by farmers and other agri-food stakeholders. Drawing from practice theory, a wide array of structural factors beyond the farmers' control often limits their scope for reducing food loss. As such, focusing exclusively on changing farmers' practices is unhelpful. Recommendations from this study include investing in processing infrastructure, connecting farmers with alternative markets such as "farm to school" programs, focusing on the "food as a right" paradigm, and revising policies such as the current donation tax incentives in Canada, which fail in the long term to benefit many farmers and food-insecure households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arguing that community-based assessments of vulnerability to climate change are congruent with the scale at which policy action takes place, this paper presents an assessment of vulnerability conducted in forest-based communities surrounded by a catastrophic outbreak of forest disease. Our assessment includes measures of several dimensions of vulnerability, developed using an interdisciplinary and participatory research process. We find that for some communities vulnerability represents a high level of economic risk, while for others risk is exacerbated by institutional limitations. We also find that community perceptions of risk and bio-physical assessments differ widely for communities anticipating future outbreaks of disease. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Native Studies is the property of Brandon University, CJNS, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Increases in the environmental awareness of global consumers coupled with pressure from regional stakeholders has forced forest managers to demonstrate the potential implications of forest management activities for a broad range of indicators. This paper describes the construction and application of a hierarchical decision-support system for evaluating multi-objective management options for a 288,000 ha forest in northeastern British Columbia. The decision-support system includes a stand-level model, a forest estate model, a habitat model and a visualization model. A set of criteria and indicators, developed in conjunction with a public advisory committee, were used to identify key economic, ecological and social objectives. Indicators include volume harvested, gross profit, active road density, ecosystem carbon storage, age-class distribution, patch-size distribution, snag density, visual aesthetics and backcountry recreation area. A natural disturbance baseline and two alternative harvest strategies that include natural disturbance are projected and assessed with the decision-support system. The first strategy represents a dispersed harvesting approach in which cut blocks are limited to sizes <60 ha. The second strategy represents an aggregated harvesting approach in which a range of cut block sizes (up to 2000 ha) and shapes is created that more closely follows the distribution of openings generated from natural disturbance events in the region. Spatial and temporal changes in each indicator are presented and evaluated for the harvest strategies, and compared to the natural disturbance baseline where appropriate. The application of the decision-support system for strategic analysis of management options is discussed, including a review of the importance of representing the impacts of natural disturbance and the benefits and risks associated with the use of visualization techniques for presenting results to stake holder groups. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Methadone treatment for heroin addiction has been available for 40 years, but there is relatively little research on the effectiveness of Canadian programs. This paper describes one-year retention among the client cohorts entering the British Columbia Methadone Program during expansion between 1996 and 1999, and examines some factors previously shown to influence retention. Fifty-two percent of program entrants were still receiving methadone one year after entry; 24% had left the program at one year but later returned. Age at program entry and average daily dose of methadone were important predictors of continuation. In the logistic regression, only the 1999 year-of-entry cohort appeared to have a different retention trajectory. Year of entry is not a significant predictor of time in the program for those receiving daily or short carry doses only, and other results are consistent between models. Retention rates in the BC Methadone Program are favourable and consistent with published rates. Program expansion does not reduce retention, once the effects of client age and dose are accounted for. Adequate daily dosing appears crucial to both initial retention and return to treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wider forestry community is struggling to define what the third leg of sustainability—social sustainability—actually means. While work is now underway to develop better social Criteria and Indicators for sustainable forest management in BC and elsewhere, it is already becoming clear that the social process of decision-making and management can be as important to society as the social outcomes. This has significant implications for a results-based system such as certification or a new Forestry Code in BC. This paper explores what a truly open and accountable planning process might look like. The achievement of social sustainability depends in part on society seeing tangible proof that forestry is ecologically sustainable and carefully designed. For many of the local and global publics, the forest landscape itself provides strong evidence of forest manager's performance. The concept of Visible Stewardship, the obvious expression of care and commitment to sustainable forestry, and emerging tools such as computer visualization of future forests, may be vital to building trust in sustainable forestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper applies effectiveness as a criterion to measure the participation of First Nations'' participation in British Columbia''s environmental assessment process. Effectiveness is reviewed as a means to measure policy implementation and an expanded framework is proposed to measure effectiveness. The framework is applied to three case studies in north-central British Columbia to measure the effectiveness of First Nations'' participation in the EA process for mining development. All three cases failed to achieve procedural, substantive, and transactive efficacy and thereby failed to meet overall policy effectiveness. The policies used by the British Columbia government, including the relatively recent Environmental Assessment Act (1995), reflect a poor integration of First Nations people in the EA decision-making process with respect to mine development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In coastal British Columbia, late-successional forests dominated by western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) are structurally complex, with deep multi-layered canopies, large trees that are > 250 years old, and abundant coarse woody debris (CWD). These forests are presumed to be "old-growth" forests in which fine-scale gaps are the dominant disturbance regime, accounting for their structural diversity. In this study, I have used tree-ring analyses to investigate western redcedar regeneration dynamics in these old-growth forests. Western redcedar dominates canopies of many stands, but is rare in the understorey although it tolerates shade. The traditional interpretation is that western redcedar depends on catastrophic disturbance to regenerate and that it is replaced through succession by western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) and Pacific silver fir (Abies amabiIis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex J. Forbes), which are abundant in the understorey. Dominant trees are perceived to represent an even-aged, post-disturbance cohort and the lack of regeneration indicates a population decline in the absence of catastrophic disturbances. In this paper, I investigate four assumptions underlying this interpretation: (1) Tree size indicates age. (2) Populations establish as even-aged, post-disturbance cohorts. (3) Abundant CWD represents recent mortality. (4) Regeneration is insufficient to maintain canopy dominance. Using tree-ring evidence, I show that population dynamics of western redcedar are a combination of gap-phase establishment and a continuous mode of recruitment from the subcanopy to the canopy. Specifically, size is a poor surrogate for tree age. Age distributions from 15 sites revealed uneven-aged populations, rather than single post-disturbance cohorts. Both logs and snags of western redcedar may persist more than 270 years; they do not represent recent mortality that is disproportionate to the number of live western redcedar in canopy. The... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last two decades, the value of red alder wood products has substantially increased and several initiatives have been launched in the United States to use red alder for reforestation. Nonetheless, red alder is a largely neglected resource in British Columbia. This review paper examines the reasons behind the under-utilization of red alder in British Columbia and investigates whether changes in red alder management practices could improve the value of the resource. Red alder's potential for plantation forestry and genetic tree improvement are discussed, and possible breeding objectives were evaluated with consideration for the species biology, growth, product value and market demand. Seed transfer rules and the possibility of gains from selection are summarized in the light of new research results in genecology and quantitative genetics for red alder populations in British Columbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Similar to many other jurisdictions, British Columbia (BC) is no longer able to expand forest sector production and employment by drawing upon additional timber reserves, so it is seeking to expand value-added (i.e., secondary) manufacturing in forest products. Given the significance of the forest sector to BC, it is important that decision-makers seeking to promote an expansion in secondary manufacturing have accurate sector information. This paper presents the results of a 1998-99 survey of the BC solid wood secondary manufacturing industry. The project gathered operational, employment, production, marketing and financial information on nine defined product groups of business types (BTs) for 1997. The industry information is analyzed to provide a quantitative and qualitative examination on the current structure and significance of the sector, and a discussion on the major challenges confronting secondary manufacturing. An analysis of sector trends is also provided. Sector employment for nine business types totalled 19 490 person years and total sector sales an estimated $3.87 billion (about 22% of total BC forest product sales). Sales for seven business types (excluding panelboards, shakes and shingles) totalled $2.69 billion, up about 40% from 1994 measured in nominal dollars. Direct employment coefficients for a standard volume of timber equivalent are estimated for each of the business types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BC's forest industry is feeling internal and international pressure to change its practices, and there is an increasing move to certification, amidst debates about preferred certification modes. This reflects changes in the economies of many of Canada's rural and northern communities, which have traditionally been dependent upon natural resources, but are now coming under pressure from the global community — not only in economic terms, but in terms of social values. As demography changes, and with it, social and economic values, this pressure is likely to continue. The Canadian North first felt such pressure as a result of the European boycott of the Newfoundland seal hunt, and then anti-trapping boycotts that have occurred periodically since then. These campaigns have had a profound effect on the lifestyles, cultures and sustainability of the northern communities. Over almost three decades, the government, non-government organizations and people of the North have had to learn to deal with and respond to these external campaigns that threaten them. The lessons they have learned about the nature of these campaigns could be useful to the province of British Columbia, which is now coming under increasing pressure from Europe and the US regarding its forestry practices. This paper outlines the evolution and characteristics of the international campaigns against sealing and trapping, as well as the experiences of northerners in dealing with them. It goes on to apply these lessons to the BC situation, with some recommendations for appropriate responses. Fundamentally, these campaigns reflect changing demographic and social characteristics and values in North America and Europe, and the changing relationship of people to natural resources, but they also raise questions about fair reflection of the variety of stakeholder interests in resource decision-making, and the limits on definition of "stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Forests are experiencing the cumulative negative impacts of multiple disturbances. • Community forestry in British Columbia has gained experience over 20 years. • Lessons from community forestry can serve to enhance the resilience of forests. • Area-based tenure fosters long-term forest health and community well-being. • Community forests shift mindsets towards a dynamic and holistic view of the forest. Forests around the world are experiencing the cumulative effects of rapid social and environmental change. Building resilience in the forestry sector has thus become of major importance in many countries, including Canada. While British Columbia (BC) generates the highest revenue from the forestry sector in Canada, the planning and management of forests in this province face several limitations that hinder the application of resilience thinking in a fully integrated way that accounts not only for ecosystem processes but also the close interconnection between forests and people. Community forestry in BC provides experience gained over 20 years that can form the basis for a more holistic, long-term approach to enhance the resilience of forested landscapes. Based on interviews with managers of 5 case study community forests (CFs), and a survey of all CFs in BC over three consecutive years, we present pilot practices to manage forests for resilience at the stand- and landscape-levels. Findings show that these practices mainly focus on (1) age and species diversification, (2) introduction of more drought-tolerant species, (3) systematic long-term monitoring of productivity and forest health, (4) wildfire risk management, and (5) introduction of enhanced silviculture such as thinning, rehabilitation and fertilization. Between 2016 and 2018, 38 CFs in BC invested more than CAD 4.5 million in enhanced silvicultural practices using their own funds. The area-based tenure of CFs motivated not only long-term planning and investment, but also shifted the mindset among residents towards a more multi-functional and dynamic view of the forest. Building adaptive capacity and social license, CFs foster a future where forest health and community well-being are compatible. These lessons can be scaled to BC and other forested landscapes in Canada and around the world. Scaling mechanisms include: (1) facilitating knowledge exchange; (2) increasing multi-stakeholder collaboration; (3) replication and mainstreaming of effective practices; (4) rethinking the forest tenure system; and (5) systematic research and monitoring to learn from pilot studies that could inform strategic interventions with landscape-scale impact. Multi-functional forests which are increasingly affected by climate change and novel disturbances could particularly benefit from the insights shared in this paper to build social-ecological resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To increase local diversity, and to enhance prospects of sustainability, two very distinct challenges must be addressed. First, attention must be given to local capacity building so that people and places can react to the challenges and opportunities encapsulated within processes of "change" or "adjustment." Second, there must be a wider participation in the sustainable development process and debate — after all, we cannot call it "community development" if the broader community does not participate. This paper provides an illustration of how one community group in small town British Columbia is working to address both the capacity building and participation challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Montane Alternative Silvicultural Systems (MASS) study was established on Vancouver Island, B.C. to develop operationally feasible and ecologically sustainable silvicultural systems in old-growth forests. The project addresses regeneration, biodiversity and aesthetic concerns over clearcutting at high elevations. Over twenty integrated studies are examining the biological and economic consequences of shelterwood, small patch clearcut, dispersed green tree retention and clearcut alternatives. Planning and preharvest studies began two years before the 1993 harvesting. The Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada (FERIC) documented the cost and feasibility of harvesting. Post-harvest studies have been underway for five years with funding by the Canada-B.C. Forest Resource Development Agreement (FRDA II), Forest Renewal BC (FRBC), Industry Canada and project cooperators. There are numerous challenges associated with establishing and managing a multi-disciplinary, long-term research site with multiple partners. This paper discusses the administrative aspects of integrated research based on our experience with the MASS project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on the efficacy of covering education by the news papers in Vancouver, British Columbia and Canada. Newspapers involved in the examination; Effect of the severe budget cuts introduced by the Minister of Education in Vancouver and British Columbia; Mindfulness on education politics by newspaper in all three countries.

Fishery and wildlife managers face important challenges in reconciling recovery of historically over-harvested or extirpated populations of marine mammals with effective fisheries management. For example, the reestablishment of sea otters in British Columbia (B.C.) has had repercussions that led to one of the more interesting resource management problems involving commercial fisheries in Canada. As a case study, this paper reviews the history of sea otter exploitation and reintroduction in B.C., and discusses the nature and context of the problem today. Fisheries and marine mammals in Canada continue to be managed under overlapping legislative mandates and often with quite different goals. The case study highlights persistent social and institutional constraints on reconciling marine mammal-fishery conflicts. To reduce tensions and uncertainty, Fisheries and Oceans Canada should prioritize intensive marine mammal sampling programs for non-endangered species to disentangle fishing and predation effects, and fully implement Species At Risk Act and Fisheries Act measures to reduce uncertainty among increasingly diverse stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents insights from panel discussions during PricewaterhouseCoopers' 15th Annual Global Forestry Industry Conference on March 13, 2001 in Vancouver, British Columbia (BC). 'Voice of the Customer' panel on key drivers in the housing market; Newsprint situation in Japan; 'Finance & Economics' panel on the BC forestry industry situation.