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The influence of green finance (GF) on renewable energy development efficiency (REDE) has garnered considerable attention from both academia and society. To study the changes in China's REDE in recent years and GF's effect on it, this research first evaluates 30 provinces' REDE from 2010 to 2019 using a non-radial directional distance function (NDDF) based on global technical assumptions. Second, we evaluate the direct impact of GF on REDE. Finally, we explore the internal mechanism for how GF influences REDE. The results of this study are as follows. (1) GF has a significant promoting effect on REDE. (2) The improvement of renewable energy (RE) technological innovation level and the increase of foreign investment strengthen GE's promoting effect on REDE. (3) The positive effect of GF on REDE is prominent in regions with lower environmental regulations and carbon intensities and higher financial development levels. This paper offers relevant policy suggestions to improve REDE and to enhance GF development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of climate change, innovative financing solutions and the rapid development of financial technology (fintech) offer great potential for the growth of renewable energy. Based on panel data from 30 provinces in China, this paper explores the impact of fintech on renewable energy growth by employing the instrumental variable-generalized method of moments (IV-GMM). We also pay attention to the nexus between fintech and renewable energy growth at different quantiles. This paper also explores the moderating role of the digital economy and the mediating role of green technological innovation. The main results indicate that (1) fintech positively affects renewable energy growth in China; (2) the positive effect between fintech and renewable energy is stronger in provinces with lower levels of renewable energy growth; (3) the digital economy, on the one hand, can significantly accelerate renewable energy growth; on the other hand, under the help of the digital economy, fintech can play a more effective role in increasing renewable energy growth; and (4) fintech indirectly promotes renewable energy growth by increasing the level of green technology innovation. The findings provide meaningful references for governments and policymakers and encourage the accelerated adoption of fintech in the sustainable energy sectors. • The role of financial technologies "fintech" on renewable energy growth is explored. • Fintech successfully stimulates the development of renewable energy. • The impact of fintech on renewable energy growth is asymmetric. • Digital economy facilitates the positive role of fintech in increasing renewable energy growth. • Green technology innovation is the path through which fintech affects renewable energy growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of low carbon economy development, controlling fossil energy consumption and promoting development in renewable energy are important paths for energy transition in various countries. Taking China as an example, this paper investigates the green finance policy coupling effect of fossil energy use rights trading (FET), renewable energy certificates trading (RECT), and renewable energy subsidies (RES) on the low carbon economy using a dynamic recursive computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. The main findings of this paper are as follows. (1) When using a game equity fixed-cost allocation model (Game-EFCAM) to allocate fossil energy use rights quotas among sectors, allocations differ in only a few sectors compared to the base period, and most sectors have relatively stable allocations compared to the base period. (2) The implementation of FET and RECT has a negative impact on per capita GDP. In the short term, RES can mitigate the negative impact of FET and RECT on per capita GDP, but eventually, the government needs to guide the enterprise innovation to improve the industrial structure to realize the double benefits of green finance policy. (3) The implementation of FET and RECT limits fossil energy consumption and also reduces the production possibility frontier of the secondary industries with higher levels of fossil energy consumption. The implementation of FET and RECT increases the proportions of tertiary industry and renewable energy. (4) The implementation of FET and RECT reduces carbon emissions. In other words, the implementation of FET and RECT mitigates the negative environmental externality. RES can enhance the carbon reduction efforts of FET and RECT. This research not only provides policy analysis for the development of the low carbon economy in China, but also gives a reference for other developing countries' low carbon economy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing studies have primarily focused on the resources and technologies related to renewable energy. However, it is essential to investigate the influence of economic, social, and governmental actions on the spatiotemporal changes in renewable energy. This paper utilizes spatial autocorrelation analysis, fixed effects modeling, and Geographical and Time Weighted Regression (GTWR) to analyze the phased characteristics and spatial differences of renewable energy electricity, based on time series and spatial layout data of renewable energy power by province and power source type in China. Additionally, it incorporates relevant economic, demographic, and investment data to identify the driving factors behind the spatiotemporal transformations of photovoltaic (PV) and wind power, as well as the main forces promoting sustainable growth. The study reveals the presence of spatial agglomeration in China's renewable energy power generation. Moreover, a positive correlation is observed between investments in environmental protection (EPI), state-owned electric power (SPI), scientific and technological advancements (STI), and renewable energy electricity. Technological progress has reduced the dependence of renewable energy on the natural environment, facilitating its promotion and widespread adoption. These findings provide empirical support and policy guidance for the sustainable and rapid growth of China's renewable energy industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The operational state of energy-efficient ultra-low energy consumption buildings is very important to achieve energy savings and emission reductions, which are currently necessary considerations for the development of the building industry. To date, studies on the implementation of ultra-low energy consumption have been based mainly on the analysis of the effects of certain technologies, and few studies have examined the regional implementation paths at different energy consumption levels. Based on an analysis of actual data obtained from energy consumption monitoring, verification of energy-saving renovations and green building evaluations in Chongqing, this paper suggests setting the target value for ultra-low energy consumption buildings in hot summers and cold winters areas at 29.04 kWh/(m2.a), proposes a technology system that includes the practical application of data for seven active energy-efficient technologies, and establishes an implementation path for the integrated application of active and renewable energy technologies. Then, a set of strategic models for the construction of implementation paths for ultra-low energy consumption buildings that can be promoted in different climatic areas and building types is proposed. The recommendations based on this model are of practical value for guiding policy makers in promoting the development of ultra-low energy consumption buildings. • Determined ULEB target value based on actual Chongqing energy consumption data • Proposed energy-efficient technology system based on effect and cost analysis • Proposed replicable strategic models for implementation path of ULEBs construction [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green finance is a novel financial model that strikes a balance between economic gains and environmental preservation, and it is crucial in encouraging industrial companies to move towards environmentally friendly development. This paper examines the impact of green finance on the green transformation of industrial enterprises using the data of China's A-share listed industrial enterprises from 2009 to 2019. The study adopts a propensity score matching method and a difference-in-difference method (PSM-DID), based on the Green Credit Guidance (2012 Guidance) issued by China as a quasi natural experiment. The results suggest that: (1) Green finance contributes significantly to improving the green production efficiency of industrial enterprises. (2) Although the current impact of green finance on the green innovation of industrial enterprises is not statistically significant, it exhibits a positive influence in the subsequent period. (3) The results of the heterogeneity analysis show that the impact of green finance on the green transformation of industrial enterprises is asymmetric, with more emphasis on state-owned enterprises, enterprises with severe financial constraints, and enterprises with low industrial concentration. As a result, our study makes recommendations on how to best link CSR, green finance, and industrial green transformation. • We investigate the impact of green finance on green transformation of industrial enterprises. • Using the data of China's A-share listed industrial enterprises from 2009 to 2019. • The results suggest that green finance significantly improves industrial green production efficiency. • Our study makes recommendations on how to best link CSR, green finance, and industrial green transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significance of renewable energy as a pivotal green industry in decarbonizing the global economy and addressing the climate change is profound. The rise of China's regional renewable energy serves as a testament to its transition from an industrial powerhouse to a leader of sustainable growth, offering valuable insights for a sustainable future worldwide. This study analyzes renewable energy efficiency, alongside the factors that influence it, in Qinghai Province over 2000–2021. It uses a combination of the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index factor decomposition, Data Envelopment Analysis of Super-SBM models, and field research with a rounded approach. The study finds a robust increase in renewable energy capacity, particularly after 2016. Efficiency in renewable energy generally has risen, although periods of inefficiency were noted from 2014 to 2019. Despite fluctuations, the overall impact of factors such as renewable energy structure, electricity intensity, energy security, energy intensity, carbon productivity, and carbon emissions, all contribute positively to the development of renewable energy, notably in recent years. The paper concludes with a discussion of green industrial policies with wider implications for the renewable energy sector. • The rise of China's regional renewable energy offers valuable insights for sustainability. • Renewable energy capacity in Qinghai increased robustly over 2000-2021. • Renewable energy efficiency has risen but with inefficiency from 2014 to 2019. • Despite fluctuations, the overall impact of influencing factors promoted renewable energy, notably in recent years. • There is a need for stable green industrial policy, diverse energy mix, strengthening grid infrastructure, and promoting sustainable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proper selection of a renewable energy project (REP) is the key to give play to regional resource advantages and optimize the energy consumption structure. As a complex multi-criteria group decision-making (MCGDM) problem, the choice of REP involves many influencing factors such as economy, society, and environment. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a social network MCGDM framework based on social network analysis (SNA) and hesitant probabilistic fuzzy set (HPFS). Firstly, the HPFS is introduced into the social network and constructs the hesitant probabilistic fuzzy trust function to represent the trust relationship between decision-makers. Secondly, the trust propagation operator of the hesitant probabilistic fuzzy trust function is constructed using the idea of conditional probability; then a dual feedback mechanism including opinion modification and weight adjustment is proposed to improve the group consensus level. On this basis, a social network MCGDM framework for REP selection is further proposed, and the SNA method is applied to the selection of REP for the first time. Following this, a case in Zhejiang Province, China, is presented to prove the rationality and effectiveness of the framework. The results show that the proposed hesitant probabilistic fuzzy trust function can better reflect the trust relationship between decision-makers and better describe the process of trust transmission, which is of great significance for solving the MCGDM problems such as REP selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Effects of RETI on urbanization are identified. • RETI is the pivotal role in the urban sustainable development. • Greater promoting effect is related with geographical location, human capital and energy sources. • Mechanisms of RETI's effects on urbanization are shown by industrial structure, productivity effectiveness and rural income. Renewable energy technology innovation (RETI) is a bran-new technological innovation of renewable energy. Not only does it reflect the residents' needs of pursuing high-quality life, but also construct the tighter relationship between population urbanization and urban sustainability. This paper selects China's prefecture-level cities as research sample to explore the impact of RETI on urbanization from 2010 to 2021. I find that RETI can promote urbanization significantly by methods of fixed effect, IV and other robustness, and then heterogeneous tests show differently owing to factor of geographical location, human capital and energy sources. Notably, RETI promotes urbanization by improving industrial structure, productivity effectiveness and rural income. To date, this study has discovered the urbanization improvement effects of RETI primarily, providing theoretical basis and practical recommendations for governments, energy agencies and local residents to realize efficient and sustainable urban development mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgrid (MG) based on renewable energy source (RES) is an important component of the energy development strategy in China. Microgrid community (MGC) is a new product that has resulted from the development of MG and has reached a critical stage. In China, research on MGC currently remains at an early stage. This paper focuses on an analysis of the concept and characteristics of MGC as well as the key technologies involved in it. In addition, this paper discusses the research progress and achievement of the first MGC demonstration project in China—key technologies and a demonstration of the efficient and reliable operation of it. Finally, this paper provides an outlook on the further development and construction of MGC throughout China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of Chinese renewable energy innovation has shown great potential to improve total-factor carbon productivity (TFCP), but it still lacks sufficient literature understanding of the detailed impact and mechanisms. This paper empirically tests the influence mechanism, effect characteristics, and causal configurations based on a sample of 30 provinces from 2006 to 2017. We reveal optimizing the energy structure is the crucial intermediate channel for renewable energy technology innovation improving the TFCP, but it is not the unique mechanism. Since renewable energy technology innovation could directly improve the efficiency of the full industrial chain of electricity, the remaining channel can be summarized as the power operating efficiency improvement. From the heterogeneous analysis, the technological innovations in wind and solar energy display relatively larger contributions to the growth of total-factor carbon productivity. The threshold effect analysis further indicates the larger the coal consumption, the larger probability for renewable energy innovation to play a role in improving TFCP. Eventually, we observed four causal configurations of renewable energy technology innovation to determine the TFCP. It suggests renewable energy innovation cannot affect TFCP independently and often acts with other factors, eventually explaining the actual levels of regional TFCP. [Display omitted] • Renewable energy innovation can be a positive force in low-carbon transition by rising the total-factor carbon productivity. • Optimizing the energy mix is a channel through which renewable energy innovation contributes to the low-carbon transition. • The remaining channel can be summarized as the power operating efficiency improvement. • If there is a large coal consumption level gap, renewable energy innovation can profoundly impact on the low-carbon transition. • There are four causal configurations for renewable energy innovation to play a role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is rich in offshore wind energy resources and the development of its offshore wind power is considered a practical solution to today's energy requirements. In the field of offshore wind power and, in contrast to more developed countries, China still has a problem with both a weak technical support system and underdeveloped technologies. To shed some light on present day technological advancements in this area, this paper uses the Beijing IncoShare Patent Database as well as patent maps to conduct statistical analyses on the evolution, regional distribution, variation in type and International Patent Classification of patent applications for offshore wind power in China. The research indicates that policies aimed at bolstering technologies were the cause of the observed rapid growth in offshore wind power patents from 2006 to 2013. Regional distribution of these patents is concentrated in Eastern China, with little activity in either Central or Western China. At present, a significant percentage of patents on Chinese offshore wind power have expired, so it is recommended that China both increase its capacity for technical industrialization and reinforce its protection of intellectual property rights. Furthermore, insufficient research on motors, hydraulic engineering and ship propulsion plants is a constraint to technological progress and future policy which aims at improving China's prospects for offshore wind power should focus on these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small hydropower (SHP) has a global reputation as a ‘green’, low-carbon energy source that improves rural livelihoods and contributes to local economic development. In China, SHP has grown rapidly since the early 2000s, particularly in the water-rich provinces in the country’s southwest. However, because SHP plants in China are privately-operated and approved by local governments, there is an incentive to construct large, multiple-cascade systems to generate as much power as possible. In many areas, this has led to over-development of SHP and associated negative environmental and social impacts. In this paper, we identify the factors that shape geographies of SHP over-development, what we refer to as ‘shades’ of green energy. We then analyze the direct and indirect impacts of over-development. We draw on interviews and electricity generation data from six prefectures in Yunnan province, one of the world’s largest hydropower producing regions. We find that prefectures that operate in a semi-autonomous way in electricity management and industrial planning are most prone to over-develop SHP, since they depend on hydropower revenues from electricity generation and local energy-intensive industries. We also find that over-development of SHP causes streamflow reductions and unstable electricity generation, and in some areas, drives an increase in environmentally-destructive mineral processing and reduces irrigation water access. These findings suggest a need for coordinated river basin planning on small watersheds and a reassessment of the role of SHP in local economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, the increasing demand for renewable energy has driven the rapid development of China's offshore wind industry. However, it is not clear to developers and management departments which types of sea areas can be used for offshore wind projects. According to the provincial marine functional zoning (MFZ), China's coastal provinces have put offshore wind zoning (OWZ) into practice. This paper clarifies the method of OWZ, collects the results from offshore wind zones (OWZs) of 10 coastal provinces, and assesses the characteristics of OWZs by area, functional attribute and distance from the coastline. The results show that most of the areas available for offshore wind are co-existence zones where offshore wind can be sited in an agricultural and fisheries zone, an industrial and urban construction zone, a special-use zone, etc. Currently, 47% of existing offshore wind projects have been located in the OWZs in the East China Sea. Moreover, parts of the coastline distance of OWZs do not meet the “double-ten principle” in China or global siting trends. Generally, the existing areas for OWZ would allow China to meet its national target by 2020, but measures still need to be taken to meet the demands of conservation and sea-use management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building heating energy consumption accounts for about 19.12% of total energy consumption in China in 2014. With the development of building energy-saving technology, renewable energy heating systems, such as GSHP (ground source heat pump), solar energy, air source heat pump, show high energy efficiency and low emissions, which are gradually replacing traditional heating systems. However, due to the restriction of existing productivity and environment conditions, the capital investment of such renewable heating systems is often much higher than traditional ones. As a result, the advantage of renewable heating system is hard to be realized, since its application is highly limited by economic factors. In this paper, traditional thermal-economical evaluation method is modified and improved for feasibility analysis of renewable heating system. Moreover, an illustrative example, which combines solar heating and air-source heat pump together, in Sichuan is given to show the preliminary application of the proposed method. The results indicate that the modified thermal-economical evaluation method can assess the feasibility of renewable heating systems more comprehensively, since it takes the indirect economic effects caused by energy saving and environment protection into consideration, which can balance the huge capital investment of such systems. For the studied case, solar collector combined with air-source heat pump is more preferable than traditional systems. This work is important for feasibility analysis and design optimization of building heating system with renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Despite discussion of a ‘carbon lock-in’ and techno-institutional barriers to change, energy studies have had little serious contact with neo-Schumpeterian theorizing on technological ‘surges’ of creative destruction, which have characterized the entire industrial era from the 1770s on. In this paper a way is offered to link the current surge in renewable energy investment to the theorizing over long (Kondratiev) waves and techno-economic paradigm shifts. The paper argues that the current renewable energy surge can be best comprehended as a secondary surge in the fifth long K-wave, coinciding with the shift from gestation to installation of a new sixth techno-economic paradigm within the matrix of the fifth. It is argued that this emergent 6th paradigm is a continuation and fulfilment of the 5th, where IT and ICT are applied to the electric power grid, and that both are in conflict with the still-incumbent 4th paradigm based on fossil fuels and centralized power generation. The emergent 6th paradigm is driven by the technology surge associated with renewable energies, particularly in China where the investment is most intense and the falling costs are driving market expansion. It portends a renewable energy speculative financial boom and bubble which could burst sometime in the period 2015–2020, ushering in a period of sustained development of renewables and energy-efficiency services by productive rather than financial capital. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With the economic development, the demond for energy is growing in China, and the traditional non-renewable energy makes the energy transformation is imminent.In this paper, based on the fully understanding of our existing energy structure, and from the perspective of supply and demand, the author analysis the changes in the structure of future energy and gives the suggestion.The paper argues that China''s energy structure will gradually turn to be comprehensive and diverse, but the cost and market constraints will obstruct the promotion of renewable energy sources.Therefore, the traditional high-carbon energy is still the main form of domestic energy consumptionin a very long period of time.Only by improving technology and using of the macro-control can reduce the costs and regulate the import and export, which can achieve sustainable development of changing from a high-carbon energy to low carbon. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

As one of the most effective ways to alleviate energy crisis and environmental pollution, the renewable energy sources (RESs) have received increasing attention. Different RESs enjoy different characteristics and are suitable for different scenarios, thus it is essential to evaluate them before installation. Due to the increasing complexity of reality, the RESs evaluation usually involves various risks and large-scale group decision makers. To manage these risks and decision makers, this paper proposes an interval type-2 fuzzy large-scale group risk evaluation method. First, the interval type-2 fuzzy sets (IT2FSs) are employed to encode the qualitative information provided by the decision makers. Then, a new clustering approach integrating consensus reaching model and risk measurement model is developed to manage the decision makers and enhance the evaluation efficiency. After the clustering process, the selection procedure is activated and an interval type-2 fuzzy centroid-based ranking method is presented to rank the candidate RESs. Finally, a case study in China is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and comparisons are also made to verify the advantages. • A new risk measurement model is proposed to measure the evaluation risks. • This paper is the first to apply LSGDM technology to solve RESs evaluation. • A risk-based clustering model is developed to cluster decision makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electric power sector significantly contributes to China's economic growth. However, rapid industrialization and urbanization have led to energy shortage problems. More than 70% of customers' demand is fulfilled by fossil fuel sources that threaten the environment. The rapid increase in demand and the need for decarbonization has forced China to work on demand-side management (DSM) to fulfill the power needs of the country. DSM is receiving much importance in China over the past few years. However, it is still in the early phases of development in comparison to other developed countries. At first, this paper points out the need for demand response, which is an aspect of the DSM, for maintaining power system stability and integrating variable renewable energy resources such as wind (on-shore and off-shore) and solar (photovoltaic and concentrated solar power). Then, it assesses China's power sector reforms and changes in demand response policies over the period to promote demand response programs. It also reviews the current demand response pilot projects in China, identifies technical and policy barriers in implementing these projects and proposes recommendations to make it successful across the whole country. • Rapid industrialization and urbanization in China have led to energy shortages. More than 70% of customers' demand is fulfilled by fossil fuel sources that threaten the environment. • This paper assesses China's power sector reforms and changes in DR policies over the period of time to promote DR programs. • It also reviews current DR pilot projects in China, identifies barriers in implementing these projects and proposes recommendations to make it successful across the whole country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This work analyses China's green development level based on the DPSIR model. • There are "location" differences between various regions in China, creating a significant gap in the level of green development between regions and leading them to face different bottlenecks. • This work constructs a spatial measurement model for green development, renewable energy technology innovation, and industrial structure upgrading. • Different factors have different effects on green development. Based on panel data from 30 provinces and cities in China from 2013 to 2019, this paper analyses the impacts of renewable energy technology innovation and industrial structure upgrading on green development using a spatial Durbin model (SDM). The results show that renewable energy technology innovation has a significant positive impact on green development, the rationalization of the industrial structure has a significant positive impact on the green development of the region, and the advancement of the industrial structure has a significant negative impact on the green development of the region. This article further examines the interactions between renewable energy technology innovation and industrial structure upgrading and finds that the combined effect of renewable energy technology innovation and the rationalization of the industrial structure inhibited their respective positive impacts on green development, resulting in a 1 + 1<2 effect. That is, there is a mutually exclusive effect between the two variables. The joint effect of renewable energy technological innovation and the advancement of the industrial structure can promote the positive impact of renewable energy technological innovation on green development while restraining the negative effect of the advancement of the industrial structure. There is a complementary effect between the two variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper integrates Delphi method into Scenario panning and proposes a four-step analytical procedure. • This paper uses the integrated method to analyze China's renewable energy development to 2030. • The three-dimensional scenario analytical framework composed of eight future scenarios is constructed. • This paper constructs the five development scenarios of China's renewable energy to 2030. • Policy guidance is supposed to pave the way to the development of China's renewable energy to 2030. Although scenario planning and the Delphi survey are widely used in long-term strategy planning, their combinations have not received enough attention, especially in the improvement of efficacy in scenario planning. The crucial step of scenario planning is the effective identification of the uncertain and most influential drivers and key factors. This paper integrates the Delphi survey into scenario planning. It proposes a four-step analytical procedure of Delphi survey-based scenario planning: identifying the key ingredients from Delphi results, establishing the causal relationships among key ingredients, scenario development, and scenario description. The integrated method has been adopted in the planning practice for the renewable energy development strategy towards 2030 in China. Based on the three uncertain and most influential drivers, "technology development," "ecological awareness," and "national energy pricing," most possibly influencing the renewable energy development towards 2030 in China, a novel three-dimensional scenario analytical framework composed of eight future scenarios is constructed. Considering the possibility in China's practice, five scenarios are selected as possible development scenarios of China's renewable energy towards 2030. This paper develops possible policy choices for each selected scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In China, renewable resources have attracted rising concerns in the sustainable development of circular agricultural economy because renewable resources are considered as a clean energy source and substitutes for chemical fertilizer in rural areas. However, a comprehensive analysis on renewable resources'' effect on agricultural ecosystem is still absent. To fill the blank, this paper chose two typical planting-soil ecosystems including greenhouse-soil ecosystem and orchard-soil ecosystem to evaluate the amount of nonrenewable energy (NE) saving, ecological benefits and economic benefits by utilizing biogas fertilizer, in comparison to those by using chemical fertilizer. The results show that compared with chemical fertilizer treatment, in the greenhouse-soil ecosystem, the biogas fertilizer treatment can save 82667.18MJ NE per hectare, reduce 6554.12kg carbon dioxide (CO2) emission per hectare, improve soil fertility (soil organic matter, ammonia nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium), enhance plant quality (dry matter, solid content, reduced sugar, VC and soluble protein content), increase plant yield and add to 59,232.5Yuan net income per hectare. We also found out that the optimum ratio of irrigation water and biogas fertilizer is water irrigated with 50% biogas slurry, which can lead to best fruit yield and quality in the orchard-soil ecosystem. It is concluded that promotion of biogas fertilizer can help China to realize low-carbon circular development of agriculture. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With the concern about the issues of global environments and climates, the green power development is drawing increasing attention. Although the government of our country attaches great importance to renewable energy power generation industry and certain industry foundation has been established, the generating costs of green power obviously lack competitive advantages comparing with those of the tradition power. As a result, the developing speed is relatively slow. This paper analyzes the existing barriers in the green power development of our country and puts up the suggestions of developing strategies for the future green power of our country, combined with the actual situations of our power industry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Click In the background of global financial crisis and abnormal climate, low-carbon economy has become an optimal choice for the sustainable development of all countries. The biomass based power generation industry is an important way of developing low-carbon economy as well as a way of improving the energy structure of China. As a renewable energy, biomass power has a rapid growth in the last few decades in China. This industry faces opportunities as well as challenges for development. Using SWOT analysis method, this paper reviews and assesses the factors of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of biomass power generation industry of China. Meanwhile, according to the weaknesses and threats of this industry, it comes up with corresponding suggestions for future work, substantial work is still required for China to catch up with developed countries. Finally, study indicated that the usage of biomass to generate power has great potential for development in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, an economic feasibility analysis of a wind farm is presented. Three situations including cost benefit analysis of current situation, government wind power subsidy on wind power price, and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of wind farm are considered. Results show that wind power generating system is a good choice for both energy saving and GHG emission reduction compared with the other power generation systems. It is also proved that the construction of wind farm is an attractive choice for investors. Finally, CDM program and government subsidy on wind power are suggested as two efficient approaches to boost the wind power development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The regional condition and natural resources of the Yellow River Delta are superior, but the issues and constrains there are also quite pronounced. So the development of high-efficiency ecological economy is confronted with serious challenges. Take the Yellow River Delta High-efficiency Eco-economic Zone as the evaluation object and at the basis of the analyses of the development situation in the area, the energy consumption and carbon emissions were forecasted and estimated in the paper. The results indicate that the total energy use in 2015 and 2020 would be 1.62 and 2.22 times higher than that in 2009, respectively. The average annual growth rate of carbon emissions is 8.40% from 2009 to 2015 and that would be 6.50% from 2015 to 2020. The amount of carbon emissions of the area in 2015 and 2020 will take up 13.35% and 16.16% of Shandong Province, respectively. Finally, some suggestions were proposed to guarantee the sustainable energy use and the realization of carbon emission reduction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The exhaustion of fossil fuels and environmental degradation has aroused worldwide attention for renewable as alternative clean energy sources. Benefiting from the rapid development of photovoltaic (PV) technology, solar energy generation, as an important component of renewable energy exploitation, has been witnessing an exponential increase since the past decade. Based on the characteristics of energy distribution and electricity supply status in China, this paper summarizes the current development trends of PV implementations. The state-of-the-art PV technology, specifically the grid-connected photovoltaic system applications is discussed as well. Finally, future challenges and suggestions for PV industry are analyzed and presented [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The rapid growth of Chinese economy has tremend-ously stimulated the expansion of energy consumption. The structure of energy consumption in China is featured with the coal domination. Air pollution is becoming increasingly severe and causes enormous economic losses. As a result, we are confronted with the extremely arduous task to balance energy consumption and environmental protection. In order to avoid the situation that its rampant environmental pollution problem will worsen before it gets better, Chinese government has put high emphasis on the problem. The efforts made by Chinese government, including energy consumption structure improve-ment and control measures to air pollution, have been introduced and discussed in this paper. China possesses very abundant renewable energies such as wind, solar, geothermal and tidal. Applications of renewable energies, especially solar energy, can coordinate and improve the relationship between energy consumption and environmental protection. Therefore, Chinese government should make more efforts to set up priority of development for renewable energies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With the increasing requirements from rural residents to improve housing conditions in recent years, renewable energy technologies (RETs) have received widespread attention in rural construction in China. RETs have been recognized as one of the most important ways to beautify the rural ecological environment, enrich the energy supply of rural households and reduce country dwellers’ financial burden from commercial energy consumption. In this paper, the status of China’s rural RETs and their intrinsic demand are introduced. Then, the key factors affecting the adoption and the popularization of RETs in China’s rural construction are analyzed using a questionnaire-based survey. The findings suggest that initial investment is the most important factor for the adoption of RETs by China’s rural residents. Subsidies, financial support, technical service support and communication also influence the adoption of RETs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Wind power has become one of the fastest growing new energy in China, which has important market prospects and research value. This paper analyses the regional distribution of wind power installed capacity and its characteristics in China by the method of cluster analysis. With the Panel Data of 13 selected provinces from 2004 to 2008, it also analyses the impact factors of China''s wind-generated electricity. The results show that the regional distribution of wind power investment basically corresponds to the wind resources distribution, but the Xinjiang region has not been developed effectively: investment in wind power significantly affects the level of wind-generated electricity; wind electricity presents reverse distribution compared to the electricity consumption. Therefore, policies such as overall planning, oversea markets expanding should be applied proactively in China''s wind power development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper, through analyzing aggregate economic volume and economic structure, distinguishes the influencing factors in fulfilment of the objective that non-fossil energy accounts for 15% of total national energy consumption. Potential of renewable energy resources are surveyed. Simulations of China''s total energy consumption in 2020 are made on difference growth rate assumptions. The feasibility of industrial restructuring is inspected regarding the energy consumption. Policy suggestions are made to achieve the structural objective by 2020. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Currently, major countries in the world are scheduling or revising their energy strategies, showing the tendency of regionalization and internationalization. The concern of energy strategy of China is transforming from the supplydemand balance of the energy system to the coordination among energy, economy and environment, which involves a series of issues including technology, cost, finance, environmental, etc. The multi-objective decision model, used in this paper, optimizes the energy structure of china in the next ten years, and a conclusion is made after analyzing the optimized results: By 2020, coal-dominated energy structure of China will convert to coal and oil-based energy, and primary power will play an essential role as an alternative energy. It means that in the future, the development of energy in China must rely on technological innovation, improving energy efficiency, accelerating hydropower, nuclear power construction, simultaneously taking a high degree of emphasis on the development and utilization new energy and renewable energy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Power crisis today contains not only the phenomenal of power storage, but also the problem of environment pollution caused by electric power industry. China has experienced fast development in the past 30 years and correspondingly, people''s living level is higher than the past. As a result, with the fast development of economy, the people''s demand on energy and power is more and larger than the past. In practice, although the burden of power supply has released in certain degree via building more power stations, power crisis is still in existence because of the flaw in electricity industry structure and technique aspects. In the paper, we analyze national stage of China in electricity industry aspect, and then we provide two typical cases about Power Crisis and coping strategies. Finally, we present relevant policies and strategies to tackle with the corresponding problem of China power crisis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: As an important renewable energy, wind power has been paid more and more attentions in China recent years, in order to weaken the influence of climate change. We should know exactly the benefits wind power can produce, before government formulates relevant policies to accelerate its deployment. In this paper, we calculate the quantity of fossil energy saving and pollutant abatement in its life cycle, comparing with the baseline technology, i.e. 600MW coal-fired thermal power. Considering the damage cost of the pollutants, we can assess the benefits of development of wind power. By our model, we know that wind power can save 0.3839 kgce and avoid 0.203 yuan environmental cost when it generates 1 kWh electric quantity, comparing with coal-fired thermal power. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Renewable energy resources have a positive effect on energy supply security as well as environmental protection. By analyzing the situation of the world and China''s solar industry, the paper indicates there is of great potential in China''s solar industry. However, there are capital, technology, market and policy obstacles in the development of solar industry. So we need not only the regulation of the market, but also the support of government policy, particularly economic incentives to promote solar industry in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Energy consumption of rural residents involves many aspects such as energy security, environmental effect, the new rural construction and so on. Based on the analysis of the present situation of renewable energy consumption by rural residents in daily life, this paper estimates the carbon emissions of renewable energy consumption by rural residents in daily life from 1998-2007, and evaluates the environmental effect of the renewable energy consumption in daily life in rural areas. The conclusion shows: in the course of energy consumption by rural residents in daily life, the main body of carbon emissions is caused by the traditional usage of straws, firewood and the other biomass energy in China, and gives relevant policy suggestion accordingly. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Energy and environmental problems have been the hot issues nowadays. Energy is not only the material base of economic development, social improvement and enhancement of people''s living standard, but also the significant factor which influences human being''s living environment. A scientific and practical energy planning is the important guarantee to realize the country''s future energy development strategy. This paper analyzed the current situation of renewable energy source, the developing strategy and the relevant policies, and made up suggestions about how to develop renewable energy source better. That will contribute to the renewable energy research approach in the future [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In recent years, the renewable energy such as wind energy or solar energy is well developed in China, but the green electricity generated from these sources is still difficult to operate commercially. To promote the development of green electricity market, this paper takes Jiangsu Province as examples and explores the consumption mode of green electricity. Through questionnaires design and investigation, we find that information dissermination, green value and bandwage effect play an important role in people''s subsriciption intention, while the actual purchase behavior is mainly drived by subsriciption intention, rather than payment capacity. It implies that we should strengthen the knowledge popular of green electricity through school education, media dissernmination and the spread of green knowledge in the community. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of RIUDS [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Coal is China’s primary fuel for power generation and will almost certainly remain so for the foreseeable future. At present China’s installed capacity of power generation plant totals about 900 GW with over 70% of that based on coal. Although major Chinese programmes are in place to improve energy efficiency, increase deployment of renewable energy technologies and increase the installed capacity of nuclear plant, coal-fired power plants will continue to be built in large numbers for many years to come. This paper presents the results of an energy systems analysis exercise using the China MARKAL model under the support of NZEC (China-UK Near Zero Emissions Coal) Initiative, to provide a perspective on the energy technologies that may be deployed in China to 2050 to meet its energy needs. The model also examines the cost and impact of deploying CCS in China by simulating several carbon emission constraint scenarios. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

l A filter analysis on rural renewable energy technologies is carried out in detail. l A uniform evaluation system for hybrid renewable energy heating projects is introduced. l Subjective order relation analysis and objective entropy methods are combined. l A modified MULTIMOORA method is applied with a case study in China. l Renewable heating development recommendations are given based on the results. Heating demand applied by fossil energy sources have inevitably caused tremendous carbon emissions. Renewable energy, in contrast, is more sustainable and desirable for heating but relevant decision-making process is yet in its infancy. This study thus promotes a decision framework for regional rural heating system driven by renewable energy sources (RES). A novel filter on six widely applied RES is introduced for smoother evaluation according to characteristic of the area in question, expertise and existing studies. The potentially feasible alternatives are then evaluated on a uniform criteria system identified from latest studies and empirical policy practices from economic, RE supply potential, environmental and social factors regardless of different types and combinations of RES for the first time. A novel integral weight method and an extended multi-objective optimization based on ratio analysis method are suggested by this paper and could contain arbitrary information during decision making process. The framework is then applied a real case study in Ningxia province, China. The result shows that based on local natural resources, a photovoltaic-wind-geothermal hybrid RES system performs the best. Further discussion justifies the framework and provide development and application recommendations for the RES technologies for regional and rural heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A multi-objective optimization model of rural multi-energy complementary system is proposed • The proposed model considers economic, environmental, and service benefits • Biogas cogeneration units can improve system scheduling flexibility • The charge and discharge characteristics of electric vehicles have peak-cutting and valley-filling functions. Wind, solar, and other renewable energy sources along with roofs, wastelands, and other spatial resources are abundant in rural areas. This paper presents a rural multi-energy complementary system structure, which establishes the output model of wind power, biogas cogeneration, firewood-saving stoves, photovoltaic heat collectors, and air source heat pumps. Moreover, a flexible charge and discharge load model of electric vehicles is established, and a demand response mechanism is implemented to guide the user's electricity consumption behavior. The multi-objective optimization model of the system is based on the minimum energy cost, lowest carbon emissions, and highest energy consumption satisfaction as the multi-objective function. Subsequently, the epsilon-constraint method is used to obtain the Pareto solution set of the multi-objective optimization model, and fuzzy decision theory is used to obtain a compromised optimal solution of the Pareto front. Finally, a rural area in northern China is considered as the study area. The results of the calculation examples show that biogas cogeneration units and electric vehicles can improve the consumption of clean energy, reduce the system energy cost by 358.9 yuan, reduce carbon emissions by 1605.8 kg, increase energy consumption satisfaction, and improve the economic, environmental, service, and other benefits of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The People''s Republic of China (PRC) has substantial potential of renewable energy (RE) resources and has embarked on various programs to expand the use of these resources. As a result, the country has made progress in the deployment of various RE technologies based on biomass, solar and wind energy. Further utilization of RE in the PRC would depend on the degree of commercialization of these technologies. Increased use of RE technologies, especially bioenergy, is one of the most promising options for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission mitigation worldwide, especially in PRC, where biomass is the second largest energy source after coal, and 70 % of the rural people use it as their fuel for cooking. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the energy policy framework in the PRC, identify barriers that limit the use of modern and emerging technologies for providing new energy services using RE sources, and identify measures to overcome these barriers to the commercialization of RE technologies, including biomass. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• We provide an overview and factors for the wind turbine industry development. • We identify legal policies as a crucial factor in PR China and Germany. • We present a detailed secondary data analysis of the country-specific systems. • We analyze the patents and companies to understand the factors and global patterns. • We demonstrate our theoretical and managerial contributions. This paper presents the role of global Industry 4.0 technology management in the growth of the wind turbine industry. The article begins with a brief overview of the Industry 4.0 wind turbine industry development, focusing on factors shaping this development. The legal policies are identified as one of the significant factors, especially in PR China and Germany. A detailed secondary data analysis of the country-specific systems is presented, followed by the analysis of patents and companies in both countries to understand better how the development, management and transfer of technology affected the different factors and the global patterns. An effective approach of acquiring technology for local enterprises as well as market development entry mode for the foreign technology holding companies are both identified. Accessing technology through licensing, entering joint ventures, or acquiring knowledge-intensive companies can be identified as common and often successful industry approaches. To develop, obtain, or maintain competitive advantages in the wind turbine industry, we suggest that the governments issue relevant legislation and regulations to support the upgrading of the industry, and the enterprises can access and manage the technology through the approaches mentioned above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world's electric power system continues to be a principal source of carbon emissions, comparable to transport and such industries as steel and cement. Intense debate surrounds the issue of the pace at which it is greening. In this paper we offer a precise definition of greening as a rising proportion of electric power sourced from water, wind and sun (WWS), since these are all fundamentally renewable. Using the latest data from the BP Energy Review as well as national and regional sources, we demonstrate that by 2019 the EU-28 had reached a proportion of electricity generated from WWS of 34%, followed by China at 27%, Japan at 19% and the US at 17%. Moreover, the EU-28 achieved the fastest pace of transition, increasing its WWS-share of electricity generated from 20% in 2010 to 34% in 2019, or a 14% green shift in a decade. Over the same period, China's green shift in power generation was 10%, while that of Japan was 9% (all achieved in the decade following the Fukushima disaster) and the US at an 7% shift. The IEA has just issued a report revealing that globally renewable sources of energy account for 29% of electricity generated in 2020, up 2% on 2019 levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has a population of 1·2 billion, 80% of which are living in rural areas. The energy supply and consumption in Chinese rural areas plays an important role in the national energy system. The present paper focuses on the production and consumption of straw resources in rural areas in Jiangsu Province, China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]