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Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the Asia Pacifi c War (1937-1945), the Japanese Imperial Army forced women in Japanese East Asian colonies to work as so-called “comfort women” (sex workers). The justice movement for these women is an international intersectional alliance of feminists from Japanese ex-colonies in East Asia, the former colonial power Japan, and other societies, such as Australia, Germany, and the USA. This long-term feminist justice movement has campaigned for an apology and compensation from the Japanese government, as well as for recognition of “comfort women‘s” suff ering and of sexual violence in war in cultural memory. Through researching this justice movement from a processual intersectionality perspective, this paper shows that it gained power and legitimacy from refl ecting and working on its internal intersectional inequalities. This included refl ecting on the class hierarchies between many former “comfort women”, who had power of defi nition, and intellectual feminist activists, as well as on the postcolonial divide between former Japanese colonies and the former colonial power Japan, leading it to develop horizontal cooperation and practices. Following an overview, the paper outlines the movements in South Korea, Japan, and Germany, and highlights the different postcolonial constellation between East Asia and Germany, the main actors, and their aims. While the Japanese government rejected the justice movement‘s demands and the right wing mobilised against it, has been able to infl uence cultural memory to widely recognize sexual violence in war and the dignity of the “comfort women”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Estudios de Filosofía is the property of Universidad de Antioquia, Instituto de Filosofia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In an era of digitalization, governments often turn to digital solutions for pressing policy issues, and the use of digital contact tracing and quarantine enforcement for COVID-19 is no exception. The longterm impacts of the digital solutions, however, cannot be taken for granted. The development and use of data tools for pandemic control, for example, may have potentially detrimental and irreversible impacts on data governance and, more broadly, society, in the long run. In this paper, we aim to explore the extent to which COVID-19 and digital contact tracing have led to policy change in data governance, if at all, and what the implications of such change would be for a post-COVID world. We compare the use of contact tracing and monitoring applications across mainland China, Hong Kong, and Singapore to illustrate both the enormous benefits and potential risks arising from the design of contact tracing applications and the involvement of stakeholders in the various stages of the policy cycle to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. We argue that, while COVID-19 has not changed the nature of issues, such as public trust in data governance, the increasing involvement of big tech in data policies, and data privacy risks, it has exacerbated those issues through the accelerated adoption of data technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

East Asian countries are often characterized as productivist welfare states whose social policies are subordinated to economic growth. However, in the past decade, public pressure for welfare expansion (or welfarism) has built up across all East Asian countries - including China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore. Therefore, this paper asks: How has pro-welfare civil society influenced welfare expansion in East Asia over the past decade? Addressing this research question will help fill the theoretical gap on the relationship between contemporary pro-welfare civil society activism and welfare state expansion in East Asian countries. I address this theoretical gap by devising the New Power Approach which argues that pro-welfare civil society is the main driver of welfare expansions when the incumbent government is conservative. By implication, the stronger the pro-welfare civil society in generating political impetus for reforms, the greater the extent of welfare expansion in the country with a conservative government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the end of the 1950s and the beginning of the 1960s, Asia has begun the race for economic supremacy at the global level. The so-called "Four Asian Tigers" are those countries which have continually experienced rapid and significant economic growth over the last half of century and comprise the high growth and income economies of Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea and Taiwan. These East Asian countries were largely considered as economic models since their growth rates of real per capita gross domestic product in the period 1960-1995 reached around 6% per year. As economic growth represents the outcome of specific issues, the paper aims to identify and present the main factors that contributed to the meteoric growth of the Asian Tigers by focusing on the economies of three of them, namely Singapore, Hong Kong, and South Korea. The methodological approach was based on a quantitative method. The paper argues that important lessons related to economic growth could be drawn from the valuable experience of these countries. Also, it identifies and presents some of the most important factors, such as the developmental state and the rapid industrialization, that highly contributed to their impressive economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important branch of medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been applied for the treatment of diseases for thousands of years in China and other countries in East Asia. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia (ChP) is a drug code formulated by the Chinese government, and it includes a special volume for the monographs of TCM, which plays an important role in ensuring the quality of drugs. The use of quality control technology has always been a complex and important factor in TCM. Owing to the chemical diversity of TCM, chromatography technology has been proven to be a comprehensive strategy for the assessment of the overall quality of TCM and has become the main analytical method in the ChP. This article provides an overview of the classical and modern chromatographic technologies applied in the ChP, and summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of each technique in the TCM monographs. In 2020, the new edition of the ChP (the 2020 edition) has been implemented at the end of 2020. This paper also contains a brief introduction about the application of chromatographic technologies in the new edition of the ChP. [Display omitted] • An overview of the classical and modern chromatographic technologies applied in the ChP. • A discussion of the reason why each chromatographic technologies was chosen in the quality control of TCM. • Introduction of the chromatographic technologies applied in the 2020 edition of ChP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile assisted language learning (MALL) apps are often said to be 'Anytime' activities. But, when is 'Anytime' exactly? The objective of the paper is to provide evidence for the when of MALL activity around the world. The research method involved the collection and analysis of an EFL app's time data from 44 countries. The findings were surprising in the actual consistency of usage, 24/7, across 43 of the 44 countries. The 44th country was interesting in that it differed significantly in terms of night time usage. The research also noted differences in Arab, East Asian and Post-Communist country usage, to what might be construed to be a general worldwide app time usage norm. The results are of interest as the time data findings appear to inform the possibility of a potentially new innovative pedagogy based on an emerging computational awareness of context and opportunity, suggesting a possible future language learning niche within the Internet of Things (IoT), of prompted, powerful, short-burst, mobile learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic and industrial literature highlight the importance of airport-driven development (ADD) for the 21st Century. Several different types of ADD concepts have been defined, such as aerotropolis and airport city, but there are often substantial differences between authors about definitions. Such differences can potentially create confusion when ADD concepts are used by airport planners in their planning documents (e.g., master plans) and the marketing materials (e.g., brochures and airport websites). Given that large amounts of investment can often depend upon the marketing of a particular ADD concept, such confusion is highly problematic for the air transport industry. However, previous research has not explicitly addressed this issue. To help fill this research gap, the current paper has four different purposes, to: (1) compare definitions of the airport-driven development concepts in the academic literature, (2) compare definitions with real-life examples given by researchers; (3) compare academic definitions and examples with industry usage, as found on airport websites and in airport planning documents; and (4) investigate aspects of the transferability of the ADD concepts (from one region to another and from the academic literature to the industry and vice-versa). Using information from airport websites and master plans, it was found that the terms aerotropolis and airport city are used interchangeably by researchers but not by the industry. However, the use of terms by the industry depends heavily upon the (continental) location of airports, with the analysis presented in the paper distinguishing between airports in North America, Latin America, South and East Asia, Europe and the Middle East. Such analysis enables conclusions to be made about the transferability of ADD concepts, originating in the Global North, to the Global South. • Airports examples of airport-driven development concepts differ by researchers.. • Airports examples of airport-driven development concepts in the academic literature diverge from the industry. • The way the industry classifies airports to airport-driven development concepts depends on the location of airports. • Proximity and strategic investments influence the transferability of the concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criticisms have been cast toward researches concerning race and ethnicity being traditionally dominated by middle class white men, and different responses and positions to the criticisms have emerged. However still, the methodological discussions of the social positions of the researchers are circled around the issues of white researchers' challenges in approaching the minority population, or concerns among researchers of ethnic and racial minority background in studying their own groups or other minority groups. I believe that there is an obvious lack of attention in the current methodological consideration in the field of ethnic relations: What happens when a researcher who is of ethnic and racial minority background researches the white majority population? The paper attempts to open up a methodological discussion that is missing in the field today. As a researcher of East Asian background in Sweden, interviewing white Swedes generates possibilities to observe how white Swedish interviewees interact with and communicate the racial and ethnic differences between the researcher and the interviewees. This paper will draw examples from the qualitative interview materials from my doctoral dissertation on Swedes' attitudes toward interracial relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asia-10's stellar performance and provisional decline have prompted competing strands of scholarship to advance various development drivers, i.e. states, markets and culture. After an introductory presentation of nation-states' shifting roles and conceptualisations, this paper purports to provide a critical overview of the statecentric approach. The next step is to ascertain whether network theories can improve upon the statist perspective. The paper concludes that neither approach does justice to the complexity of East Asian development, and suggests that an eclectic approach is a better formula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to critically review the current discourses on "global governance" and to suggest an East Asian view of alternative governance mechanism from the perspective of "soft power. " This paper argues that many countries in the East Asian region have been either reluctantly or unknowingly following the global governance building, led by the "Western" countries, and therefore have failed to build a safety net for themselves in the form of a "region" or regional cooperation. Global governance is connected to the realm of soft power as it affects the preferences and behaviors of the actors while regarding the actual use of physical coercive forces as a last resort. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the discourse of global governance to include the discussion of soft power, and the East Asian region may need to develop its safety net by creating its own soft power and regional governance mechanism. Here, speech acts and standard setting are the prerequisites in developing East Asian soft power. Therefore this paper argues that East Asian actors use the concepts like the "East Asian Governance," "East Asian Standard," "East Asian Consensus" more frequently and intensely than before even if those terms still do not have concrete substances and contents to be intersubjectively taken by the actors in the region. As people use and speak of the terms more often and intensely, there will be more concrete efforts by the East Asian actors to substantiate the concepts, and the contents of East Asian governance will gradually evolve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to present main tendencies in global and European textile and clothing trade and competitive position of different regions and products especially Far East of Asia countries in the context of the liberalization process within the WTO. Dynamic development of constructions, generating needs for functional, comfortable and decorative designs, decorative clothes, textile wallpapers, carpets and textile floor coverings connected with equipment of interiors of companies, houses and flats (decorative textiles examined in the paper). Increasing importance of the quality of action of the specialized rescue service, which is connected with the increase of dangers resulting from higher freedom of movement of people and liberalization of labor market at an international scale - this results in increase of demand for highly specialized technical textiles also detailed examined in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the way in which new media technologies have compelled policy-makers to adapt regulatory frameworks in order to accommodate technological change and to restructure television broadcasting in selected countries in East Asia, namely Hong Kong SAR, Japan and South Korea. It is primarily concerned with how the state and the players — old and new — in these countries have responded to emerging new media technologies (cable, satellite and Internet television). Based on a comparison of the regulatory history and the structural changes noted in the recent development of pay television in these countries, this paper argues that although the growing array of new technologies fragments and diversifies the industry, there is a significant variation in the degree to which the regulatory framework incorporates all types of pay television. It also argues that the de-regulatory frameworks in Japan and South Korea have been less effective than in Hong Kong SAR in incorporating all types of pay television. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a theoretically grounded empirical contribution aimed at shedding light on Japan's leadership role in promoting regional integration in East Asia. It questions the viability of institutionalised regional collaboration and offers a framework of regional-integrationist approaches to the formation of an East Asian Integration Regime (EAIR). A key finding of this paper is that Japan's regional projects are directly linked to the promotion of an effective regional integration regime in East Asia. Since the advent of the East Asian crisis in 1997-8, Japan's regional policies have promoted a particular form of institutionalised regional collaboration, which has acted as an impetus for promoting a regional integration regime in East Asia. This is illustrated by the lifecycle of regime development, which involves a three-stage process of EAIR formation: 1) emergence: 2) evolution; and 3) institutionalization. In trying to identify the importance of functional-institutional efficiency in the formation of an EAIR, this paper provides a relatively, detailed chronological account of the three analytical frameworks: 1) the emergence of the East Asian Economic Caucus (EAEC); 2) the establishment of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) + 3 (China, Japan and South Korea) Summit; and 3) the institutionalisation of ASEAN + 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to explore the implications of social capital in East Asia for the citizens' attitudes toward political engagement and the quality of governance using the fourth wave of the Asian Barometer Survey. Using multilevel analysis, it attempts to disentangle individual level and country level factors in explaining generalized trust and other political involvement variables. In doing so, it aims to enrich the theory of social capital based on the experience and evidence from East Asia. The analysis finds that formal membership tends to decrease generalized trust, which independently increases political involvement. It also finds that Confucianism at the country level tends to dampen political engagement. It suggests that most formal group in this region might be characterized as bonding and the citizens in Confucian culture might still be characterized as allegiant rather than assertive citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Relations / Uluslararasi Iliskiler is the property of International Relations Council and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper evaluates on the performance of the inflation-targeting regime in three emerging East-Asian economies that have experienced changes in monetary policy regimes, from rigidities to a flexible exchange rate and inflation targeting, after the financial crisis of 1997-98. In particular, the evaluation focuses on the inter-relationship between inflation and the output growth/gap in these emerging economies between the pre- and post-inflationtargeting periods. A bivariate GARCH (1,1) model is applied. The results reveal lower variability in inflation and output growth after the implementation of the inflation targeting regime. The persistency of inflation and output also decline. The study finds no evidence of greater disinflation cost experienced in these economies after the implementation of the inflation-targeting regime. Overall, the results imply that inflation targeting works well in these emerging markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Recreation ecology, the scientific study of visitor impacts and their effective management, has been developed largely in North America, Europe, and more recently in Australia, in response to growing impacts of visitor use to protected area resources. A body of literature has been accumulated that contributes to sustainable visitor management in protected areas. This paper traces the development of recreation ecology research in East Asia and examines the field''s relevance to East Asia''s protected natural areas which endure both a long history of human utilisation and contemporary recreation and tourism pressure, much of which originates from surrounding densely populated urban areas. The formative, expanding and strengthening stages of recreation ecology research in this region were identified through an extensive review of literature published in English and East Asian languages. Each of these three developmental stages was illustrated with examples and compared with the general state of research during the same period. Key challenges and opportunities for future recreation ecology research in the region are discussed in light of this review. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Despite several similarities in the rise and development of economic regionalism, widely different institutional arrangements have been formed in Europe and East Asia. Rational-functionalist approaches do not provide an appropriate explanation of why this is so. This paper seeks to answer this question by borrowing insights from historical institutionalist accounts. The research shows that economic interdependence and policy needs alone cannot explain the timing of regional economic initiatives and the path-dependent nature of institutional development. Historical and structural conditions including external pressures and their nature can have long-term effects on institutional forms. Human factors, however, including ideas and leadership can play a crucial role as well, especially in times of historical and structural changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the question of whether the stability of financial markets is damaged by foreigner's stock investment by estimating its dynamic relationships with stock price and exchange rate in East Asia, focusing on the 2007-2009 global financial crisis. We find that the negative effects of foreigner's stock investment on stock price and exchange rate are much stronger during a crisis than in normal times in many East Asian countries. This finding suggests that foreigner's stock investment could act as a destabilizing factor in domestic financial markets, especially in the face of global financial disturbances. In particular, the Korean exchange market is found to be most vulnerable to the global shocks among East Asian countries. As the impact of the global common shocks turns out to be very substantial in East Asian countries, policy makers should strengthen financial cooperation within this region. Increasing the intra-regional trades in stocks is expected to promote the financial stability in this region by providing opportunities for sharing investment risks among East Asian countries. In addition, regulatory measure such as the Tobin tax may be useful in limiting capital movements against a possible crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In PISA 2009, seven East Asian countries rank high among the 65 participating countries, but some of the differences among the seven countries are small to be of substantive meaning. Aims: This paper is an attempt to fine tune the comparisons for better understanding of the situation in East Asian. Sample: Data of the seven East Asian countries were pulled from the PISA 2009 report and re-analyzed. Method: Pair-wise comparisons were made by way of effect size on Reading, Mathematics, and Science. Results: The overall patterns of differences show that Shanghai-China is definitely ahead of all the others. Korea, Hong Kong-China, and Singapore are similar in performance and form a cluster. Japan, Chinese Taipei, and Macao-China are similar and form another cluster at the lower end of achievement. Conclusion: Instead of ranking the seven countries with seven different ranks, it is more meaningful to cluster them into three groups to avoid spurious precision. In other words, league tables should not differentiate where there are no meaningful differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high performing East Asian development model sparked controversies in the academia: its success was ascribed alternatively to nation-states, markets, and sociocultural factors. This paper undertakes a comparative assessment of the last two generations of submodels, i.e. ASEAN-4 and China, by quantifying and interpreting their total factor productivity (TFP) using the Solow Model. Results show that capital accumulation was their major growth driver before the beginning of the millennium. Subsequently growth is led by technical change in ASEAN-32, and capital inputs respectively in late industrialising economies, i.e., China and the Philippines. The main differences between the two submodels consist in levels in growth rates and technical progress contributions, which are strongly sped up in China by transition and integration in global production networks. For ASEAN-4 average null or negligible TFP values in the 1990s point to structural vulnerabilities that surface during the Asian fi nancial crisis. ASEAN-3's recovery is led by technical change though. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

East Asian economies have achieved spectacular growth rates in a relatively short timespan outstripping the rest of the developing world. Hence the concern of both scholarly and policymaking circles for their peculiar development strategies. Both their spectacular rise and provisional decline after the Asian financial crisis (AFC) were explained from three major perspectives: statism, neoliberalism, and neoconfucianism. The paper purports to quantify and interpret the pre-crisis total factor productivity (TFP) of three Northeast Asian economies by using the Solow Model. The interdependencies between their TFP dynamics were investigated via a VAR Model. The findings suggest that labour contribution has decreased over time in favour of capital inputs and/or TFP as speedy industrialisation, and a gradual refinement of international specialisation proceeded. However low or even negative TFP during the 1990s signal the emergence of structural problems that decelerate growth, and increase these economies' vulnerability to exogenous shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the feasibility of ASEAN+3 Monetary Union by investigating the homogeneities of the countries. Utilizing techniques of cluster analysis on two sets of criteria, the Optimum Currency Area (OCA) and the adjusted Maastricht Treaty (MTC), reveals that homogeneities of ASEAN+3 are low and the immediate formation of a monetary union would entail serious potential costs. Furthermore, our findings suggest that grouping differ between pre-crisis and post-crisis periods which could be due to the different impact of the crisis on the economic structure of these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we apply the gravity model to provide empirical evidence of market-driven trading blocs in East Asia for the period from 1980 to 2000. Special attention is paid on the role of mainland China's openness in shaping East Asia's trade pattern. Several trading blocs are empirically supported from the regression. (1) Firstly, there is significant evidence of a trading bloc within a Chinese circle, including Taiwan, Hong Kong, and mainland China. Although trade flows between Taiwan and mainland China were severely suppressed before 1987, the Chinese circle as a whole is highly integrated in terms of trade, indicating the important role Hong Kong plays as a trading agent in the Chinese circle. (2) The East Asian bloc appeared in the late 1980s and became more and more significant in the early 1990s. Although the bloc phenomenon in East Asia weakened right after the Asian crisis, it re-fostered again a few years later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the history and current status of efforts to implement macroinvertebrate biomonitoring protocols for surface water pollution in China, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Mongolia, Russia (Far East), and Thailand. Impediments to biomonitoring in some of these countries include: (1) lack of knowledge about macroinvertebrate fauna and their tolerance values, especially during the aquatic, immature stages; (2) the scarcity of research programs and formal training opportunities for biomonitoring offered in universities; (3) the shortage of high-quality microscopes and other necessary equipment; and (4) limited government understanding and support for biomonitoring, few skilled regulatory staff, and the persistence of old and unusable biomonitoring protocols. A recently established regional network, the Aquatic Entomological Society of East Asia (AESEA), and several major recent publications are helping to coordinate and promote science and technology in East Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is a political culture approach fruitful in understanding democratization in East Asia? Certainly in cases of East Asian democratization there are complex interactions between institutional, economic, and cultural dynamics. Sometimes political culture can be seen as an expression of differences in historical, political, and economic development. Sometimes political culture must be seen as an independent variable. Often political cultural analysis points in the same direction as institutional or economic analyses and can be seen as one aspect of a phenomenon with many dimensions. Political culture should never be reified. Political culture is dynamic. It evolves over time in response to changes in people's lives. In this paper I would like to lay great stress on the importance of Confucianism in understanding the political cultures of East Asia. But what Confucianism is, how it is understood, and what it means for human behavior is radically different today than two thousand years ago, or even 50 years ago, just as the effect of Christianity on western political culture has changed over historical time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of the competitive status of major airports in the East Asia region. The analysis assesses these airports based on five factors: service, demand, managerial, facility, and spatial qualities. In order to analyze the competitive status of the selected airports, this study has applied a multi-decision criteria approach and is based on a comparison of qualitative data. The competitive status of each airport can be categorized as one of the following levels: most, more, less, or least competitive. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Certain features of U.S. export controls fail to reflect the immediate threat from East Asia and the emerging threat from Europe as it relates to the theft of American defense and dual-use technologies. While both the Obama and Trump administrations made a concerted effort to better regulate the commercial sale and shipment of technologies deemed sensitive for reasons of national security, one critical component of the export controls regime--the U.S. Department of Commerce (USDOC) country-specific export control licensing requirements--has yet to be revised to account for European and East Asian industrial espionage. Imposing the most export licensing requirements on average to countries in Europe and East Asia would accurately account for the persistent attempts to illicitly acquire U.S. defense technologies. Instead, countries in the Near East and South and Central Asia are, on average, assigned the most reasons for control listed on the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) Commerce Country Chart (CCC)--likely a carry-on objective from the U.S. Global War on Terror (GWOT) when military operations were heavily focused on these regions. Furthermore, BIS imposes a blanket set of export controls on countries throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, failing to recognize the varying risk profiles posed by different African states. These misallocated export controls demonstrate how specific trade barriers fail to move beyond an outdated GWOT mentality and result in over-regulating the Near East, South and Central Asia, and Africa. The following paper proposes the need for a thorough review of the CCC to ensure that it accurately reflects a country's current risk profile and takes into consideration the consistent industrial espionage threat from East Asia and the emerging threat from Europe. As a result of this type of export control reform, there would be a relaxation of licensing requirements levied on regions that show little interest in illicitly procuring American defense technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the importance of financial development to boost innovation-related activities in the countries in East Asia from 1998 to 2009. Topics covered include the overall size of the countries' financial sector and performance of stock markets and banks in the region. Also mentioned are patent applications for innovative products developed in the nations.