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This paper presents an analytical framework for evaluating the impact of the two main processes identified in Madrid timber-framed courtyard buildings reinforcing the courtyard's crucial role in architectural heritage sustainability: their development caused dwellings to darken (1737–1950), and the existing challenge is to open new patios according to the listed buildings' protection policy. Critical findings in archival research and existing building assessments led to completed data collection and analysis. When exploring construction expansion, from the house towards the collective prototype around a gradually reduced patio and dwelling darkening (1737–1786), buildings resulted in open, semiopen, underlighted and closed designs. Study area on-site assessment uncovered the transition from the older low-rise type (1–3) floors to the modern closed model of up to (4–6) storeys. Construction enlargements, consequently reducing original green areas and courtyards, call for reversing that process or formulating a new strategy. It debates the partial demolition of listed buildings in upgrades and its agreement with the needed "blue courtyard" strategy (PGOUM), resulting from joining new rear individual patios to create a communal building block courtyard. The uncovered "in-between" type (1864), which integrates two open-air collective spaces, an inner courtyard and a back garden, appears challenging to explore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The historical Hevsel Gardens in Diyarbakır, Turkey, was registered as a UNESCO cultural heritage site in 2015. The biodiversity of the habitats was revealed by compiling the inventory obtained from the field studies in the Hevsel Gardens, and its surroundings, including the Tigris River between 2002-2021, and from the literature containing studies conducted in the region.- The results indicate that there are 607 species of flora including phytoplankton -phytobenthos and plants and 635 species of animals consisting of invertebrates (352 species), fish (27 species), amphibians (3 species), reptiles (15 species), birds (215 species) and mammals (23 species). The records revealed the following species under different threatened categories of IUCN at a global scale and The Red Book of Turkish Plants for endemic Plants: Vicia esdraelonensis (VU) and Trifolium aintabense (NT) from plants; Leguminaia wheatleyi (NT), Unio mancus (NT) from Mollusca; Oedipoda aurea (NT) from Insecta; Arabibarbus grypus (VU), Carasobarbus kosswigi (VU), Luciobarbus esocinus (VU) from Fish; Testudo graeca (VU) and Rafetus euphraticus (EN) from reptiles; Oxyura leucocephala (EN), Falco cherrug (EN), Aythya ferina (VU), Streptopelia turtur (VU), Otis tarda (VU), Falco vespertinus (VU), Pelecanus crispus (NT), Aythya nyroca (NT), Vanellus vanellus (NT), Limosa limosa (NT), and Numenius arquata (NT) from birds; Vormela peregusna (VU) and Lutra lutra (NT) from mammals. The factors threatening the area have been revealed and discussed in the paper. For the sustainable conservation of rich biodiversity, it is recommended that this region of the Tigris River and Hevsel Gardens should be protected within the scope of “Qualified Nature Protection Areas”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the question of how much private gardens contributed to the supply of vegetables and fruit available for purchase in late medieval and early modern England. After an introduction describing the sale of crops from many monastic gardens in the later Middle Ages, the paper covers the surplus traded from gardens of both rich and poor in England to the early nineteenth century. Sources used include household accounts, estate records, gardeners' contracts, market records, tithe disputes and contemporary writings on gardening. Overall quantification of the sales of surplus produce is not possible from the data so far discovered but the diverse sources of information give an impression of a significant level of trade in surplus produce of all types: cheap vegetables and fruit sold in the open markets for general consumption and luxury items, pineapples, grapes and the like emanating from stoves and hothouses of the rich. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current global pandemic, actions are taken to prevent Covid-19 spread, residents are embracing small-scale gardening activities in their homes; especially in low to middle income communities, 3rd world countries as in Africa, depending on individual activities. Despite that, there is a lack provided by literature review about home gardening, the paper then shifts to the exploration of the gender influence on home gardening, poses questions; how do gender roles influence home gardening habits, and how would such activities potentially benefit the gardeners, and are the benefits equally distributed or are they potentially skewed to one gender over the other? Using an imperical quantitative approach through a survey, the results imply hypotheses and test them using WarpPLS, to verify their validity. This paper highlight effects on the connection between gender, gardening activities, and their potential benefits. The findings can help urban authorities to create a fair and inclusive environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of this study of landscape architecture results from the fact that it classifies the landscaped ecosystems on the territory of Craiova, describes the main parks and gardens within the city perimeter (both in terms of spatial characteristics and evolution over time) and emphasizes their complex importance (under ecological, sanitary, aesthetic, educational and spatial planning report). Emphasizing the need to protect and extend the areas belonging to landscaped ecosystems, this paper identifies and proposes several directions of action in this regard: proper maintenance of parks and gardens, both in terms of diversity and the richness of the current floristic fund, as well as in terms of the existing endowments; integral arrangement of Craiovița and Comițoiu parks as rest and relaxation spaces (in this sense, the transformation of Lake Craiovița into a real recreational area and for the practice of water sports is of special importance); the extension of the surfaces owned by the arranged ecosystems by transforming into squares or public gardens some vacant lands from the new neighbourhoods; improving the degree of arrangement of the parks and gardens of Craiova; restoration of street alignments damaged over time and their development by arranging arteries without such alignments; increasing the area owned by the species of trees and shrubs that are most indicated in the ecological conditions of Craiova, taking into account the current climatic trends and the possibilities of diminishing their effects; carrying out actions to raise awareness of the role that the population can play in protecting and enlarging the areas of landscaped ecosystems. In conclusion, we express our hope that this work will be a useful tool in the future management of the landscaped ecosystems in Craiova. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is composed of a series of moments that evolved from an inquiry with our community garden plot. This inquiry involved children's, educators', and families' experimentations and processes of "coming to know" the garden. We attempt to grapple with the messiness of a "garden" and the assemblages and binaries that exist within it. We experiment with sitting in our garden as a space not yet defined. Through this process, we found that a community garden is open to a plurality of possibilities. This entangled process of coming to know speaks to the imaginary and involves layers of touching, hearing, seeing, drawing, talking, writing, and storying our garden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

French picturesque gardens constructed during the last decades of the 18th century were a major vehicle to express the owners' artistic taste and world views, and offer a vantage point to observe the social, political and philosophical ideas of French Enlightenment. Current discussions on French picturesque gardens focus on their respect for nature and pursuit of "all times and places", yet not enough research has been conducted to examine the special representation of other in those gardens. This paper discusses the representation of other in both historical and geographical dimensions in a representative French picturesque garden Desert de Retz, and through architectural and hermeneutic reading of the garden, discussion on French art and aesthetic taste of the time, and examination of major works by representative philosophes, this paper exposes the different representation of the historical other and the geographical other in Enlightenment France, and argues that contrary to the fluid and dynamic image created for past stages in Western history, the image constructed for the Orient is completely divorced from its own context and history to become essentialist and static. The historical other is in fact still safely incorporated into the Enlightenment vision of a progressive development; only the Orient was the real other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The garden is a place of experimentation, where gardeners try out plants and both see how they grow and explore how to use them to effect, but does that make the garden a 'laboratory'? Roberio Dias (2008) has described the Sitio Roberto Burle Marx (Roberto Burle Marx personal garden and nursery outside Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) as a 'landscape laboratory'. Using the Sitio as a case study and Dias's 2008 essay as a point of departure, this paper asks, if a laboratory is 'a room or building equipped for scientific experiments, research or teaching', does the phrase 'garden as laboratory' accurately describe how the garden operates as a creative space? If it does not, what would be a more appropriate description? Considering the garden as an artist's studio recognises that, even while science is involved in the process of growing plants, its aim is to cultivate plants for aesthetic purposes. If each plant is a test, and the tests interact ecologically, then the art produced in the garden as studio is of a radically different type: a moving work of art. In reconceiving the garden as studio and its art as alive, I aim to help enrich theories of planting design to engage them with growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contemporary landscape design does not have strictly an aesthetic component, thus being able to generate activities and events. A space defines its character through its associated meanings and through the ways in which interacts with people. The interstitial space or the interspace, defined by a densely built urban environment, can overcome the initial stage involving solely utilitarian and ecological aspects, and may become an urban landmark. The new space semantics for green areas require various interventions such as large-scale landscape designs (redefinition of urban axis and replacement of planted areas) or ephemeral designs (interventions by means of spatial structures with a limited existence). The transient spatial structures, used in landscape designs, are complementary compositional elements that rely on imagination, on cancellation of perceptive conventions and on feedback from the recipient. This paper focuses on a case study in Iaşi, for a rehabilitation proposal concerning the existing green square between three buildings of the "Gh. Asachi" Technical University of Iaşi. The multi-disciplinary approach will try to correlate the art of space design (landscape, urbanism, architecture) with the latest trends in visual arts, sociology and psychology of space [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public spaces are the structural elements of any architectural environment, areas of social cohesion, spaces of coexistence, outbreaks of urbanity programmatically designed to attract all types of public, to reunite the citizens of the city and to improve the dynamics of the urban space; in one word, the city's front window. The quality of urban space is primarily determined by the quality of the public areas belonging to the city, the areas that the city offers for common use to its inhabitants. The aesthetic of landscape improvements have benefic influences on the cultural and artistic education of citizens and on their moral well-being. This study aims to establish the aesthetic values generated by the structural elements of landscape improvements and their influences on human perception. Once the aesthetical values being identified, the paper tries to establish parameters for measuring the quality of public space, and in the end, aims to generate hypothesis whose final goal is to increase the attractiveness of urban space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a commercial space, the range of interior plants can be very different. Depending on the destination of the area there can be used plants from those with a small frame to those of a considerable size. In this paper we suggested the usage of the ornamental plants for the interior decoration of the "Iulius Mall" building in Timisoara as described below. In areas where meals are served or in open-spaced cafés the usage of large species, such as palms and fig trees is recommended. The chosen species for the vicinity of play areas should be of the blooming type in order to cheer the children up. The remaining space in the commercial center will be decorated by ornamental plants chosen based on their light preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We propose a spatially explicit model for human movement through a landscape. • Patterns of individuals visitation to forests are modelled and simulated. • Individuals cope with the risk of a tick bite. • The three components of tick bite risk (hazard, exposure and coping capacity) are investigated. • Results show that risk can only be understood by accounting for all components. Tick-borne diseases have long been mainly associated with forests, the primary habitat for Ixodes ricinus , where they are mostly found. However, increasing evidence shows that humans also often get bitten in gardens, parks and other habitats generally associated with lower vegetation and tick density. Therefore, to understand the risk of infection from a tick bite and thus of potential subsequent infection, it is necessary to separate the factors of risk: hazard and vulnerability, here detailed as exposure and coping capacity, and to examine their spatial heterogeneity. This paper proposes a spatially explicit model for human movement through the entire landscape and forest visits to investigate the three components of risk. The population and its movements are set spatially in three study case landscapes extracted from Wallonia, south Belgium. Parameters that are challenging to estimate, such as the probability of a person getting bitten in various environments and the probability of inspecting one's body to remove ticks, are analyzed in a wide range of combinations. Results show that, while bites are densest in the forest, they happen across the landscape at levels comparable when summed. When coping capacity is modified, as it could be through raising awareness and improving uptake of protective measures, the most at-risk group can change, and the riskier landscape can become the periurban or the rural landscape. This model offers a platform to investigate the respective contributions of hazard, exposure, and people's capacity to cope with the hazard. It would benefit from empirical input parameters measured more specifically for its purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traces of the gardens laid out around Glamis Castle in the late 17th century have been recorded during aerial survey. The paper discusses the form of the gardens, the indications of earlier features, their character and their destruction. Documentation relating to the estate, the architectural sketches on the Pont manuscript maps and the results from geophysical survey are considered in relation to the evidence from the cropmarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]