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Sport has always played an important role in society, bringing joy, excitement and a sense of community as well as national pride. Over the centuries, sport has evolved from simple local competitions to global events watched by millions of people, gaining ever greater socio-political and economic importance. In the paper "Management and prevention of abuses in sports" we make a brief presentation of the types of abuses existing in sports and the solutions that can be used to eliminate these harmful actions, including a survey conducted on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Collected Papers of the Faculty of Law in Split / Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Splitu is the property of Split Faculty of Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Collected Papers of the Faculty of Law in Split / Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Splitu is the property of Split Faculty of Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Collected Papers of the Faculty of Law in Split / Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Splitu is the property of Split Faculty of Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Preventing the use of performance enhancing drugs in sport has long been a concern for policymakers. In the United States, amidst national attention the state of Texas constructed the country's largest steroid testing program for high school athletes. However, resource allocation steadily declined until the program was defunded in 2015. Using escalation of commitment theory as a framework, this conceptual paper examines the critical, but less studied, role of politics and de-escalation behavior that directed this distinct sport situation. By combining policy and media documents with the academic literature, this paper allows for a greater understanding of how the steroid testing program was formulated and implemented, which may influence how policymakers address steroids among amateur athletes in the future. This paper also offers new opportunities for future research by highlighting a new sport context in which escalation of commitment theory applies and specifically noting the significant role politics can play in escalation or de-escalation decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doping has in recent years become a widespread issue throughout the sporting world. Despite the recent plethora of doping cases this is not a new issue, but one which may date to the ancient world including the Classical period. The problems associated with doping must be tackled in a new, more effective manner. This paper assesses positions on sports taken in the ancient world, specifically what was considered cheating or 'doping' - in order to determine if such approaches could be used as a remedy to eliminate / reduce modern doping. The paper will also assess whether such possible solutions could be integrated into anti-doping policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cadernos PAGU is the property of Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Portal de Periodicos Eletronicos Cientificos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: With different concentration of H3PW12O40•xH2O, conducting polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization. The samples were characterized by FT-IR, UV-vis spectroscopy and four-point conductivity measurement. The FT-IR and UV-vis spectra showed that all the samples possessed the characteristic of doped PANI. The conductivity of PANI was dependent on the concentration of H3PW12O40•xH2O. The maximum value of conductivity was about 1.28×10-2 S/cm when the experimental concentration of H3PW12O40•xH2O was 4mg/mL. The results show that polyaniline doped with H3PW12O40•xH2O was successfully prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization. (10 pt) Here introduce the paper, and put a nomenclature if necessary, in a box with the same font size as the rest of the paper. The paragraphs continue from here and are only separated by headings, subheadings, images and formulae. The section headings are arranged by numbers, bold and 10 pt. Here follows further instructions for authors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper examines whether increasing the frequency of testing deters athletes from doping. Since data is not available to analyze this problem directly, an indirect approach is required. We use the relationship between testing and Olympic performance to infer the relationship between testing and doping. This requires a variety of assumptions, the most important of which is that doping improves Olympic performance. The results suggest that in some sports, such as track & field (athletics) and wrestling, carrying out more tests does deter athletes from taking drugs. In other sports in which doping is believed to be more common, though, there is no evidence of a negative relationship between testing and doping. This is notably the case in cycling. This suggests that for some sports, increasing the frequency of testing may be a simple solution to the problem of doping. In other sports, though, the problem may have deeper roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) is a relevant approach for the development of advanced solar cells technologies at lower cost (€/W p ). In this paper, we report on the development of homogeneous boron (B) doping of n-type crystalline silicon (cSi) substrate by the PIII technique. Using diborane (B 2 H 6 ) as gas precursor, various doping profiles were identified fitting the requirements for boron-doped emitters in n-type PERT solar cells. Particularly, saturation current density (J 0e ) of 50 fA/cm 2 were achieved on symmetrical samples for a 94 Ω/sg textured B-emitter passivated with SiO 2 /SiN stack. Bifacial n-type Passivated Emitter Rear Totally-diffused (n-PERT) solar cells were fabricated using the PIII technology and conversion efficiencies up to 19.8% on 239 cm 2 Cz-Si wafers were obtained. As a consequence, these results indicate that PIII can compete with beamline technology but will have lower running cost. It is therefore a promising technology to create high efficiency cSi solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the concept underlying a research project on the history of sports medicine in Germany. The origins and most intensive development of sports medicine have been in Germany. In fact, sports medicine in Germany is associated with various doping scandals from the past, beginning with the Sports Medical Service in the former East Germany, which consistently delivered so-called "sustaining means" to East German athletes. However, so too were there the West-German networks of doping doctors like those at Freiburg University, represented by such protagonists as Joseph Keul and Armin Klümper. However, (West-) German society has made these and other sports physicians into celebrities, which seems to be unique compared to other countries. Yet the history of German sports medicine is by no means limited to unethical or even illegal doping. Sports doctors also initiated anti-doping concepts. Beyond doping and anti-doping, the history of German sports medicine reveals a broad spectrum of genuine medical aid and research, all located somewhere between prevention, medical and social aid, medication, trauma surgery, and rehabilitation by means of physical exercise, education, and sports. Sports medicine, not only in Germany, "sells" movement and sport as the most effective and legitimate drug against diseases of every kind, and for health and well-being. The project aims to research the remarkable and ambivalent history of German sports medicine by studying new and complex historical documents and oral history. The first and main part of the article provides essentially a state of the art history of German sports medicine, including an overview of the essential steps comprising its complex historical development. The second part is an attempt to conceptualize the current research project with respect to the various issues within this history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effect of Ta doping on the gas sensitivity of two-dimensional MoSe 2 is studied by first-principles calculation, it is found that Ta atoms can be stably doped in Se vacancies on two-dimensional MoSe 2 supercells. The adsorption properties of four toxic gases CO, H 2 S, SO 2 and HCN on Ta doped MoSe 2 were also studied. Four initial adsorption sites were selected before and after doping to explore the best adsorption sites for the four gases. The adsorption energy, transfer charge, adsorption distance, recovery time and other parameters were calculated and the adsorption type and sensitive gas were determined. The results show that Ta doping improves the adsorption capacity of two-dimensional MoSe 2 to gas molecules, the electron interaction between gas molecules and substrate surface is enhanced. Thus, the gas sensitivity of two-dimensional MoSe 2 is improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the paper, plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) has been put forward to texture and dope the silicon for solar cells. The influence of PIII parameters on the surface structure has been investigated. The various surface structure of the silicon can be obtained by PIII texturing. Compared with acid texturing solar cells, the average conversion efficiency of PIII texturing solar cells has been improved by 0.7% absolute gain. The characteristics of PN junction formed by PIII doping have been investigated. The conversion efficiency of the solar cell can reach as high as 14.84% using PIII doping. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper analyzes TV demand for cycling in Flanders. Using data for 338 Tour de France broadcasts, average and peak TV audience per stage is estimated by an OLS regression model. A first set of independent variables measures the importance of stage scheduling and includes variables that define the stage type and date, as determined by the race organizer. A second set of variables consists of stage features out of control of the race organizer. These variables measure the importance of outcome uncertainty, patriotism, doping, and substitute activities. Our findings suggest that TV viewership of cycling is largely determined by stage characteristics. On a much smaller scale are viewing habits driven by race developments. We also find evidence of a negative impact of the release of doping news on viewership. The study supports the idea that a well-chosen race profile is crucial to maximize Tour de France TV viewership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Laser-assisted diffusion of dopants is a promising way to produce selective doping structures such as selective emitters or localised BSF with a reduced number of technological steps. This paper discusses laser-induced selective diffusion of boron from two types of borosilicate glasses (BSG) produced either by low-pressure diffusion using a BCl3 gas source or deposited by PECVD from a trimethylborate (TMB) liquid source. Laser parameters were optimised for efficient heat-assisted diffusion of boron atoms with reduced damage to the silicon substrate. Sheet resistance variation of about 60 ohm/sq was measured. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: High detection efficiency, good spatial resolution are both favorable properties in neutron detection of CPHS (Compact Pulsed Hadron Source) in Tsinghua University. Compact geometry (pore diameter of 13.5 μm and pitch of 16.25 μm) of micro-channel plate (MCP) may be beneficial for excellent resolution realization. However, MCP glass is not intrinsically neutron sensitive so neutron absorption nuclides should be introduced artificially. In this paper, thermal neutron sensitive MCPs are realized with 10mole% natB2O3 doping and ∼40 nm thick natGd2O3 coating layer on the inner surface of MCP pores respectively. Doping directly changes the component of MCP glass and coating is realized with atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique. Collimation experiments conducted with thermal neutron beam provided by a light water reactor of China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) confirmed the neutron sensitivity of these two MCPs. Thermal neutron sensitive MCPs are realized and show potential to be used in high detection efficiency and spatial resolution thermal neutron imaging. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Lasers as production tools offer several advantages, which are especially relevant for the production of solar cells. The contactless and localized nature of the energy deposition allows new processes, such as laser selective emitter doping, laser ablation of dielectric coatings and via drilling for back contact cell concepts. A critical factor is the selection of suitable laser sources and parameters in a manner that adapts the laser process to the requirements of the material, the process nature and the solar cell properties. In this paper three laser processes are investigated with the goal to identify the most suitable laser source. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper we present a new method based on the photothermal deflection and applied to bulk semiconductors in order to determine the thermal diffusivity. The sample is placed in the air and heated with a modulated light beam generated by a Halogen Lampe instead of traditionally a laser beam power. The advantage of this method lies in its simplicity and great sensitivity to the thermal diffusivity variation of the sample. By studying samples of GaSb with different types of doping (doping with Te and with Zn) we notice a change in the thermal diffusivity function of doping. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis. Gymnica is the property of Palacky University in Olomouc and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper published in JHSE by Nascimento et al. titled "Laboratory performance: Doping in Olympic sports and Rio 2016 Games" (Nascimento et al., 2018) presents a lack of clarity and enormous inaccuracy about the Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory performance during 2016 Olympics and Paralympics Games of Rio de Janeiro. The authors based their personal opinion on different regulatory reports on the anti-doping control situation in the Olympic Games (OG) in Brazil, but several paragraphs come from the anecdotal and mediatic background. Moreover, classical misinterpretation relative to the anti-doping system from people out of context was presented. The work developed in the Laboratório Brasileiro de Controle de Dopagem (Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory -- LBCD-LADETEC/IQ-UFRJ) during the Games represented the state of the art in doping control analysis. In addition, regarding the analytical, infrastructure and security perspectives, the Report by the Independent Observers mentioned: "LBCD made a tremendous effort to ensure it was fully prepared to meet these requirements. As a result, LBCD is an outstanding legacy from the Games for the anti-doping movement in South America". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Collected Papers of the Faculty of Law in Split / Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Splitu is the property of Split Faculty of Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Collected Papers of the Faculty of Law in Split / Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Splitu is the property of Split Faculty of Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)