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One of the main reasons for the decline of urban historic areas in China is the co-existence of multiple property rights. It also deeply affects conservation and regeneration practice. This paper aims to propose a graphical method that illustrates the association between property rights, space, and resident behavior. Based on typological maps and justified graphs, a three-step method was proposed to visualize the relationships between these three elements. The final graph and quantitative data were used to observe the evolution of the courtyard building from a diachronic perspective, as well as to compare the residential behavior in different types from a synchronic perspective. The results show that following the subdivision of property rights, the building layout become more diverse due to various illegal additions, while the residential behavior within different building types tends to be consistent. Moreover, the study observed the traditional Chinese courtyard buildings' adaptability. The findings contribute to understand the evolution of Chinese urban historic areas and internal motivation, and provide guidance for the conservation and regeneration practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a method for finite element (FE) simulation of a deep drawing process of a cold-rolled carbon steel (SPCC) sheet material based on the graphical method. First, uniaxial tensile specimens were prepared and experimental tests were conducted to determine the flow stress curves. The calculation of the fracture points at special strain modes (plane strain, uniaxial tensile strain, and biaxial tensile strain) was presented using the modified maximum force criterion (MMFC). After that, the graphical method was adopted for the estimation of the forming limit curve (FLC) based on several hardening laws. FE models for a deep drawing process of the SPCC sheet were then built using the calculated FLCs. Using FE simulations, the fracture heights of cylinder cups formed by the deep drawing process were finally determined and compared with those from experiments. The results showed a good agreement between simulated and measured fracture height with a maximum of 3.6 % deviation. Additionally, simulations and corresponding experiments were performed to investigate the effects of the blank holder force, punch corner radius, and drawing ratio on the fracture height of cylinder cups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, informative graphics has attracted considerable attention for its efficient and effective methods of communication. The ways in which people receive information strongly influence their ability not only to comprehend the information but also to capitalize on the purported benefits of the information. Informationdesign approaches can facilitate the creation of many good-quality designs. By understanding both the history of information design and pertinent case studies, we can familiarize ourselves with information-design methods and applications. In this article, I discuss the evolution and various forms of informative graphics on the basis of historical, content-oriented, and phenomenological analyses. I investigate visual representations' roles and identify the strengths and deficiencies of visual communication for information design. Historical evidence--such as Playfair's graphic charts and his method, Winderlich's clinical graphics, Nightingale's statistical graphs, and Snow's dot maps--show that appropriate visual formats can depict data and that these depictions can demonstrate effects over time. The graphical method can also aid in the measurement of small-time intervals between biological effects. Multiple variables enhance the exploratory power of graphics in relation to analysis and discovery. Narrative graphics associate the spatial dimension with time-series displays to depict space and time. Although many disciplines acknowledge "the importance of communication,"the general public in Taiwan has only recently begun to acknowledge the importance of informative graphics. We should reflect now and then on the evolution and various forms of informative graphics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classical method (namely inclining experiment) has been used to estimate the vertical center of gravity (VCG or more often KG) of ships for many years. This method is based on the assumption that the metacenter is unchanged in the calculation of KG when the vessel is heeled. However, ships built today have knuckles, chines, dead-rise which may give rise to excessive change in the water-plane. The location of the metacenter is changed on these vessels when heeled. Therefore, determination of the vertical center of gravity may be somewhat erroneous. In this study, three different methods based on the assumption of unchanged metacenter have been examined. Employing the Graphical method, Polar method and Generalized method, the KG values of all vessels can be calculated without any dependence on the metacenter. The three methods mentioned in this study were studied and applied on ten different ships. Furthermore, the results from the classical method compared with those obtained from the recently developed methods. Based on this comparison, it is observed that the new methods developed have similar results to the classical method. Therefore, these methods may be a good alternative to the inclining experiment in the future. Moreover, uncertainty analyses have been performed for the results obtained from the classical method just to realize if there are any critical GM values within the margin of error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the potential of wind energy in Osmaniye Region has been analysed statistically on the basis of information that has been measured hourly between the years 2009 to 2013. The two-parameter Weibull Distribution Function is generally applied to evaluate the potential of wind energy in any region. This study introduced the evaluation of Weibull Distribution Function parameters which are obtained by different kinds of numerical methods, namely Graphical Method (GM), Moment Method (MM), Energy Pattern Method (EPM), Energy Trend Method (ETM), and Maximum Likelihood Method (MLM). The Relative Percentage Error (RPE) of statistical test is used to compare the efficiency of all used methods. The calculated power density of all used numerical methods is a major key issue for suitability use of wind energy. The evaluation of Weibull parameters and wind power distribution play a crucial role in producing electricity from wind power. The results of the used methods are compared, and the obtained pre-research results show that the wind energy potential in Osmaniye Region is statistically suitable for electricity production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Axiomatic Design classifies designs into three basic types: uncoupled, decoupled and coupled. The first type encompasses the ideal designs, where independence is always ensured, the second includes the designs where independence can be achieved using the right sequence to fine-tune the design parameters as to satisfy the given set of functional requirements, while the last comprises designs for which independence can never be achieved. Usually, coupled designs are avoided and designers are encouraged to redesign their solutions until an uncoupled or a decoupled one is achieved. Nevertheless, coupled solutions are often hard to avoid. This paper discusses this issue and uses a simple graphical example on how to adjust either the functional requirements or the design parameters of a 2-FR, 2-DP coupled design that is regarded as being uncoupled, as to attain the minimum information content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a method for determining an development of the rotation surface is the rotation of hypocycloids around a vertical axis represents the axis of symmetry of the curve. It has been chosen a four-cusped hypocycloid called astroid, because, due to its aesthetic shape, this could be used in engineering and architecture. This paper proposes getting the development for a semi- astroidoid. It is applied the graphical method of descriptive geometry by analogy with the blank sphere drawing method of spherical gores. This approximate graphical method is applied relatively simple and can be used when a high precision is not required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper it is proposed both a graphical method and a computerized method for obtaining the an "development" of elongated ellipsoid of revolution. The proposed computerized method can be used when it is desired to obtain a more accurate "development" and a rigorous control of the errors with which the "development" is achieved. The drawing of the"development" by means of the computer-assisted method offers the possibility of obtaining greater accuracy because we can choose a convenient the number of fuses,number of level planes,as well as spline functions of various degrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geometric dimensioning and Tolerancing (GDT) constitutes the dominant approach for design and manufacture of mechanical parts that control inevitable dimensional and geometrical deviations within appropriate limits. The stack up of tolerances and their redistribution without hampering the functionality is very important for cost optimization. This paper presents a methodology that aims towards the systematic solution of tolerance stack up problem involving geometric characteristics.Conventional tolerance stack up analysis is usually difficult as it involves numerous rules and conditions. The methodology presented i.e. generic capsule method is straightforward and easy to use for stack up of geometrical tolerances of components and their assembly using graphical approach. In the work presented in this paper, angularity tolerance has been considered for illustration of the methodology. Two approaches viz. Worst Case (WC) and Root Sum Square (RSS) have been used. An example of dovetail mounting mechanism has been taken for purpose of stack up of angularity. Based on the stacked tolerance, it can be verified with the design tolerance of the assembly. Based on the comparison, designer has to reassign the appropriate tolerances to fulfil the functionality if required. If the stacked tolerance is as per designer requirement, then reallocation of tolerances on individual components should be done. Costs versus tolerance data are available for each component. With optimization technique, the optimized cost has been calculated for the assembly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Geometric dimensioning and Tolerancing (GDT) constitutes the dominant approach for design and manufacture of mechanical parts that control inevitable dimensional and geometrical deviations within appropriate limits. The stack up of tolerances and their redistribution without hampering the functionality is very important for cost optimization. This paper presents a methodology that aims towards the systematic solution of tolerance stack up problem involving geometric characteristics.Conventional tolerance stack up analysis is usually difficult as it involves numerous rule and conditions. The methodology presented i.e. generic capsule method is straightforward and easy to use for stack up of geometrical tolerances of components and their assembly using graphical approach. In the work presented in this paper, angularity tolerance has been considered for illustration of the methodology. Two approaches viz. Worst Case (WC) and Root Sum Square (RSS) have been used. An example of dovetail mounting mechanism has been taken for purpose of stack up of angularity. This assembly consists of two parts i.e. dovetail male and dovetail female. Tolerance stack up has been done both for the components and their assembly. Need for computerisation of methodology for geometrical tolerance stack up of large assemblies has emerged out as the limitation of the proposed method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]