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This paper reports on a review of "Professional practice and inquiry I" in response to local and national developments. The introduction of The New Zealand Curriculum (Ministry of Education, 2007) raised questions for initial teacher educators about how they might prepare their pre-service student teachers to teach using this updated curriculum. "Professional practice and inquiry I" is a first semester compulsory professional paper University of Waikato Bachelor of Teaching students (primary). The introduction of the 2007 national curriculum document was not the only reason for a review of this professional paper. This paper outlines how the teaching team had recognized the mixture of influences that impact on the development of paper content, explains in some detail what we did for the teaching and learning of the new 2007 key competencies, and the outcomes we found through collecting student voice. This was part of a collaborative research project investigating the teaching and learning of the "front end" of The New Zealand Curriculum (ibid) and incorporating those findings into the primary Bachelor of Teaching programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this era of pandemics, asylum seekers, and conflict between super powers, social sciences are a critical subject that can help develop young people who can not only recognise racial and social discrimination but also injustices at a regional, national, and global scale. Mainstream subjects, such as sociology, routinely support learning in the social sciences area. As a science/biology teacher, I wanted to find out whether biosecurity science could be used to support learning in the social sciences area. My interest in biosecurity stems from personal and professional experiences in New Zealand. Further, in my own pedagogical experience, teaching science/biology in schools, I found young people (15-18 years) were unfamiliar with the concept of biosecurity in New Zealand. Considering my experiences, I set out to conduct research to look at the efficacy of using biosecurity in teaching and learning. This paper reports on the experience of one Year 13 social science teacher who used biosecurity content to teach in the social sciences learning area. Classroom observations and individual teacher interviews were used to gather data. The results show that biosecurity content engaged Year 13 social sciences students in the classroom and that the teacher used transformational learning theory to engage his students into undertaking social action related to biosecurity. Given the importance of biosecurity to New Zealand, this paper shows that social sciences as a learning area could support teaching and learning about biosecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commentary: What skills should student journalists and then working journalists be taught? This paper is an analysis of two decades of reports by editors in the New Zealand media on what they wanted to see. The reports were part of the annual Commonwealth Press Union review of the year. They show a focus by editors on the practical, craft skills of journalism, even as academics and teachers were questioning what was best. The reports cover the years 1979-2002. Many of the same issues then are still being faced; how do you ensure training is up to standard, what do young journalists need to know, how to deliver training to journalists during their careers, and how to ensure that a diverse range of people enters the industry? These questions remain today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overall purpose of the paper is to analyze the free supply of menstrual items to primary and secondary school girls in New Zealand using the substantive equality principle. The New Zealand government's incentive for free supply of the articles to menstruating girls was their worrying absenteeism at school due to menstrual poverty. Menstrual poverty limits school girls' equal access to their fundamental right to education. In my analysis, I adopt a human rights approach, employing the substantive equality principle to reflect on this rationale to provide menstrual products to school girls who need them. My research cites scholarly texts, organizational and media works from multidisciplinary literature to support the free supply of sanitary products. Using this research, I demonstrate that the supply satisfies the multiple interpretations of substantive equality for the attainment of menstruating girls' equal access to their right to education. The government program addresses menstrual poverty and facilitates the management of menstruation with dignity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Develops and tests a conceptual framework of seasonal culture as rhythmic patterns. • Perceived seasonal patterns shift with climatic, environmental and social changes. • People maintain, recalibrate or detach from their seasonal patterns of activities. • Recalibrating seasonal cultures to shifting rhythms is sustainable adaptation. There is a growing literature on the cultural capacities influencing communities' adaptation to environmental and social change, including the temporal frameworks they draw on for timely action. This paper focuses on seasonal cultures, and how they enable communities on the Coromandel Peninsula to interpret and adapt practical timings to disrupted patterns of seasonal rhythms. The paper develops and applies a conceptual framework of seasonal cultures as perceived rhythmic patterns practiced by communities as cultural repertoires for action, emphasising the ways cultures evolve as patterns are contested and change. This concept steered critical, mixed-method ethnographic study with communities on the peninsula over two years. The research found that Coromandel communities' cultures make seasonal change visible as long-term shifts and asynchrony between rhythmic patterns, which they linked to climatic change, environmental degradation, colonisation and globalisation, and shifting relations between society and the environment. As seasonal patterns fail to hold, communities deploy a combination of strategies for re-configuring seasonal rhythms through their practices: (i) maintaining established, institutionalised schemas of activity while coping with seasonal variability; (ii) season-proofing activities from environmental rhythms; or (iii) re-learning and recalibrating cultures to mutable configurations of rhythms in a highly modified environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wu, Howlett, and Ramesh's understanding of policy capacity has been used to identify generalizable strengths and weaknesses of specific jurisdictions and policy sectors such as health. In an extension of this work, Howlett and Ramesh have argued that the mode of governance of a policy sector accentuates the importance of specific elements of policy capacity. In this paper we focus on the implementation of the System Level Measures Framework (SLMF) in New Zealand that has been specifically focused on health systems improvement and which aimed to do so by fostering network governance at the local level. However, this policy is introduced in a context in which there has been significant contestation regarding which mode of governance--network or hierarchy--is dominant in New Zealand health policy. By exploring three divergent local cases of implementation of the SLMF we develop three arguments that contribute to the literature on policy capacity and health. Firstly, local histories of interorganizational play a crucial role in shaping health policy capacity. Secondly, it is crucially important to understand the dynamics and feedback loops between operational, political, and analytical policy capacity. Network and hierarchical governance are characterized by distinct and contrasting understandings of the content of policy capacity elements and of the way in which they are dynamically related. Thirdly, the key challenge in developing policy capacity compatible with network governance is how to facilitate this capacity when connections between operational, political, and analytical policy capacity fail to fire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Ethnologica Croatica is the property of Studia Ethnologica Croatica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Curriculum mapping, a curriculum design methodology popularised in America has found favour in New Zealand schools as they develop their own curricula in line with the recently introduced New Zealand Curriculum. This paper considers the implications of curriculum mapping for the development of an ethical teaching profession. Curriculum mapping is problematised because it reflects positivist theories of knowledge and leads to further technicisation of schooling. The requirement that schools develop their own curricula could however open the possibility to develop pedagogically and theoretically sound curricula and offers teachers and managers the opportunity to regain ownership of their work as they review their current curricula, leading to engagement in a genuinely ethical and collaborative dialogue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ideas about the nature and purpose of education shape the language that is used to talk about teaching. This influences teaching practice. Research on education policy shows a significant move in New Zealand toward the idea that education is a commodity to be traded in the market place. In this context a language of learners and of outcomes emphasises a production output role for teachers over wider concerns for children and their wellbeing. This paper considers the origins of market ideas and suggests that commercialising education has implications for how teachers relate to children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were inclusive in their design, the reliance on official measurement infrastructures has upheld narrow definitions of both the terms of sustainability and development. Indigenous and non-Indigenous "governance beyond the state" approaches call these definitions into question. They highlight that disaggregated official data are unable to fully reflect alternative grounds and aspirations of living sustainably with the environment and non-human world. Relational Indigenous epistemologies and practices contribute to alternative epistemic infrastructures. In this paper, three examples from the Andean-Pacific region provide an alternative lens through which to reconceptualize and remake the SDG landscape. Together this suite of cases highlights the importance of bottom-up articulation processes, knowledge inclusion, and alternative epistemic harmonization for operationalizing the SDGs. In particular, we highlight the urgent need to renegotiate the relationship between Indigenous communities and the global measurement infrastructure in order to pursue and realize sustainability globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an artist and writer who often works across disciplines and cultures, my education into effective and respectful engagement has been built on my experience working with First Nations friends, collaborators, and Elders. The aim of this paper is to explore teachings from a number of these leading thinkers, writers, and Elders on the topic of knowledge sharing, cross-cultural awareness, and ethical engagement through practice-led research. Drawing from personal experience, it will incorporate learnings that have informed a world view that has been evolving since childhood. The paper highlights the importance of giving rightful recognition to knowledge keepers and provides some guidance for readers interested in developing productive and respectful partnerships with First Nations collaborators. Here knowledge can be safely shared and celebrated as ways to understand the world around us that are restorative and regenerative. I speak as a woman of mixed European background raised in Australia on Gubbi Gubbi Country of South East Queensland, and Larrakia Country of Darwin. Culturally, I am descended from Norse, Celt, Saxon, and Druid ancestors. Through this lived experience I hope to share learnings that support the goals of reconciliation, truth telling, and First Nations determination in my home country, as well as facilitating greater awareness for people seeking to respectfully engage with Indigenous knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robots are increasingly appearing as a potential answer to the 'care crisis' facing a number of countries. Although it is anticipated that many positives will flow from the application of these technologies, they are also likely to generate unexpected consequences and risks. This paper explores the use of robots within disability and aged care settings in the Australian and New Zealand contexts. Informed by thirty-five semi-structured interviews with a range of stakeholders, the paper explores why this area is so difficult to govern examining areas identified as generating tensions around the use of robots in care settings. In each of these areas some respondents saw the introduction of robots to be relatively straightforward applications that do not require extensive structures of governance. Others, however, viewed these applications as having potentially greater implications and the need to govern for these over the longer term. The three areas of tension that we explore in this paper relate to independence and surveillance, the re-shaping of human interaction and who can care. These tensions illustrate some of the problems involved in governing robots in a care service context and some of the potentially difficult issues that governments will need to resolve if these technologies are to be effective. We conclude the paper arguing what is needed is a responsive regulation approach to help resolve some of the complexities and tensions in overseeing these technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tooth brushing with fluoride toothpaste is the most common form of caries prevention, and its advantages have been thoroughly documented. New Zealand's use of fluoride guidelines was last updated in 2009. To ensure that the optimal anti-caries benefit of fluoride toothpaste can be promoted to New Zealanders, an evaluation of current research in relation to these guidelines is needed. Aims: To update the evidence on factors that influence the impact of fluoride toothpaste on dental caries and make recommendations that provide the maximum anticaries effect and safety of fluoride toothpaste. Methods: To maximise the benefits and safety of the use of fluoride toothpaste, the evidence available since the publication of New Zealand guidelines was examined. The literature review was carried out using electronic databases and hand-searches of reference lists of articles, reports, and textbooks. Articles used in this review were identified using certain keywords, and the findings organised into common themes based on key modifying factors of the use of fluoride toothpaste. Findings: After an extensive search of database and grey literature, 59 separate studies or policy documents from 91 papers or reports were extracted and critically examined. Thematic analyses revealed eight themes: use of fluoride toothpaste; fluoride toothpaste formulations; fluoride concentration; fluoride toothpaste amount; frequency of use; brushing time; post-brushing rinsing behaviours; and supervised brushing in children. Conclusion: Recent evidence suggests that it may be time for the 2009 New Zealand use of fluoride guidelines to be updated and refined. Recommended fluoride toothpaste concentrations and amounts for those with higher and lower risk for caries at different age ranges are now more specific, together with more detail on brushing duration and post-brushing rinsing. Amending the current New Zealand guidelines may help in optimising fluoride toothpaste protection, and ultimately reduces individuals' and society's oral disease burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appointment of the University of Waikato's first Assistant Vice-Chancellor Pacific in February 2019 was an important milestone, not only recognising years of work and dedication by numerous Pacific and Māori staff, but triggering a new strategic direction for 'Pacific at Waikato'. This paper explains that journey, one that is underpinned by Pacific cultural legacies, strengths, values and identity; built on talanoa-vā; informed by research, data analytics, student and community voice; combined with strategic thought and planning; and outworked in the pan-Pacific epithet, 'imua'. This is a story of resilience, determination, negotiating a pandemic, problem-solving and innovation in an environment that seeks a 'culture of belonging' and where Pacific learners are encouraged to be themselves in the pursuit of educational achievement. This paper will be of interest to education providers, stakeholders and policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Education Policy Analysis Archives / Archivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas / Arquivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas is the property of Educational Policy Analysis Archives & Education Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction of pests and diseases through trade is one of the main socio‐ecological challenges worldwide. Although Binomial sampling inspection at the border can reduce pest entry risk, it is common for consignments to fail inspection, wasting resources for both exporter and importer. Outsourcing the inspection to the exporting country could reduce the cost of inspection for both parties. However, there is then a need to assess the quality of the offshore inspection. In this paper, we develop an inverse method combining past inspection data on the pathway, an onshore inspection sample, and the Beta‐Binomial model to infer the sample size of the offshore inspection. We illustrate the method on two case studies: the importation of live plants through germplasm into Australia and the importation of pelleted seeds in New Zealand. In these case studies, we found that detecting four to five infested units in a single onshore inspection was typically sufficient to significantly doubt the presence of a compliant offshore inspection. We also ran a simulation experiment to quantify the statistical power to reject or accept the presence of compliant offshore inspection in practice: In highly infested pathways, we could detect the absence of offshore inspections after inspecting five consignments onshore. Less infested pathways required inspecting 20 to 60 consignments onshore. Our study demonstrates that Binomial sampling onshore can be used to assess the quality of offshore inspections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 and the ensuing public health crisis, thousands of higher education institutions (HEIs) worldwide have had to grapple with rapid pivots to emergency remote online learning modalities with relatively little time to prepare, and the need to maintain these modalities continues to extend longer than most institutions anticipated. However, this is not the first time HEIs have had to enact an emergency switch to online learning in a time of crisis, and there is perhaps much to be learned from examining the experiences of institutions that have been through this before. Resilient pedagogy is an emerging field in education, but it is intrinsically tied to online learning in a crisis insofar as it describes the ability to intentionally and effectively shift instructional tactics given a change in environment or context. Using a case study approach, this paper explores indicators of resilient pedagogy in emergency pivots to online learning following crisis situations—including the COVID-19 pandemic—in the United States, New Zealand, and South Africa. The data informing this research are qualitative, derived from interviews with faculty members and students in each higher education context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the management of emerging environmental risks has received more attention recently, planning and public policy scholars have not yet generated consensus on management approaches for environmental and occupational risks that remain poorly described, unquantified, and may be potentially 'unknowable'. Our case study focuses on exposure to respirable mineral dust (RMD), a specific category of particulate air pollution which includes examples such as respirable crystalline silica and asbestos fibres, as an example of a risk that is emerging and that has often 'escaped' regulations in many countries. This article (i) reviews prevailing risk management strategies and (ii) discusses their limitations when applied to the unique characteristics of RMD. The aim of the paper is to examine the suitability of existing risk management approaches for the evaluation of emerging environmental risks, which are bounded by significant uncertainties in quantifying the likelihood of the occurrence and/or severity of the hazard. We identify potential improvements to these strategies, highlighting the value of different protection levels, strategies, measures, and proactive actions which are enabled within an adaptive management framework that responds more nimbly to future changes. • Synthesised the challenges of managing respirable mineral dust. • Seven risk management approaches are most useful for different risk characteristics. • Identified improvements to these strategies for emerging environmental risks. • Potential improvements of strategies that respond more nimbly to future changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Critical reflection on the notion of relational values of nature. • Exemplifying how relational values of nature link to 'rights of nature' legislation in New Zealand. • Distinguishing between social- and nature-inclusiveness dimensions within relational valuation of nature. • Highlighting how the notion of relational values may support prescriptive, non-anthropocentric arguments for conservation. • Discussing the potential for relational values to help develop an 'ethic of care' towards, and connectedness with, nature. Increasingly, science-policy-oriented publications discuss the potential of 'relational values of nature' to bolster future conservation related decision-making. This paper unravels two meanings of relational values and elaborates on how these may add to the toolkit of conservation. Firstly, it is explained how relational values are a third axiological category and compare to instrumental and intrinsic values assigned to nature. Secondly, it is clarified how relational values appear part of a shift that seeks to improve conservation decision-making processes by mapping and recognising the multiple ways of valuing nature people have developed over time. This would allow to more comprehensively capture the context-specific perspectives on human-nature relations. It is argued that these two meanings of relational values underscore the need not to conflate the questions of how to make valuation methods more socially inclusive with prescriptive questions of why we should protect nature. To illustrate this, this paper focuses on New Zealand conservation legislation that demonstrates how relational values, rooted in place-based indigenous knowledge and traditions, are coded into rights of nature law. Partially based on this it is argued that while social inclusiveness in conservation is important, this may still allow for anthropocentrically inspired thinking. Ultimately, it is concluded that the potential of relational values can be more fully realised by using them to offer prescriptive guidance to conservation decision-making and practice. However, to facilitate this, their embeddedness in a meaningful relationship with, and care and respect towards, nature needs to be emphasized and mainstreamed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite increasing scholarly interest in tertiary student perceptions of plagiarism, very little is known about those held by postgraduate (PG) students, although differences between undergraduate (UG) and PG students relate to both their characteristics and the demands of their studies. Furthermore, there is a dearth of research within the context of international education, where managing plagiarism is seen as a major challenge. This paper reports on a recent online survey with 207 Vietnamese (n = 72) and local (n = 135) PG students at a New Zealand university regarding their perceptions of plagiarism. The findings showed significant differences both between and within the two groups. Perception variations arose from a range of influences and prior experiences, not just the culture in which the students were initially educated. Differences related to participants' age, gender, academic levels, disciplines, and teaching experience. This study's findings contribute knowledge about under-researched PG students and problematize prevalent stereotypes of international students regarding plagiarism. They generate implications for higher education institutions to accommodate international and domestic PG student needs in ways that respect their diversities in detail as individuals, not as members of a homogeneous group. Further qualitative research to explore PG student perceptions in greater depth is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To provide emergency dental service continuity in a safe and managed environment during New Zealand's COVID-19 National Level 3 and 4 lockdown periods, the Dental Department of the Taranaki District Health Board (TDHB) implemented a temporary free-of-charge oral health service plan for the people of the Taranaki district. The purpose of this study is to document the process and provide a review of adult patients seen by this free-of-charge service in Taranaki during the national seven week COVID-19 lockdown in 2020. It provides a unique opportunity to describe adult oral dental health conditions and patient socio-demographics for those requiring emergency dental care in a health district. Method: Triage and treatment records were collected on paper clinical notes during the Service and later transcribed in an Excel spreadsheet. These records were linked via NHI (National Health Index number) from the TDHB's patient management system (WebPAS) to determine ethnicity and domicile deprivation score. The results and treatment categories were described and stratified by Maori versus Non-MAori ethnicity and domicile deprivation score. Results: There were 739 patient interactions from which 447 records were included. Compared to the Taranaki population, Maori and those in higher deprived domiciles were overrepresented. Most complaints were for pain and/or swelling (75.496), the most frequent diagnosis was dental abscess (38.6%) and extraction the most common treatment (72.2%). Significant associations between Maori ethnicity and odds of extraction were attenuated after adjustment for domicile deprivation quintile. Compared to the lowest domicile deprivation quintile, the highest quintiles were significantly associated with odds of extraction and the magnitude of the association increased with greater deprivation [quintile 4: OR 2.47 (95%611.03,6.09); quintile 5 OR 2.74(95%61 1.06,7.50)]. Conclusion: This retrospective observational study provides a unique opportunity to describe adult oral health conditions and patient socio-demographics for those requiring emergency dental care in a regional health district, during the global Coronavirus pandemic. It has highlighted the unmet need in the region's adult population, the underlying problem of oral health inequity and shows the overrepresentation of Maori and those from higher deprivation domiciles when accessing the Taranaki COVID-19 oral health service plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Pädagogik is the property of Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG Beltz Juventa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and objective: The adolescent stage is critical because of the increase in influences from peers and media and exposure to unhealthy food environments and aggressive marketing. This necessitates the need for dentists, dental and oral health therapists, hygienists, and others to engage with adolescents early for establishing good life-long oral health habits. A review of New Zealand school Year 8 children's and adolescents' dental caries experience shows improvements over recent years for Māori, Pacific, and non-Māori and non-Pacific children. However, large ethnic inequalities persist, with no sign of the gaps closing. The objective of this paper was to examine risk factors associated with dental caries in New Zealand adolescents, identify current strategies to improve caries experience, and make recommendations for further improvement. Methods: Electronic databases and electronic and hand-searches of reference lists of articles, reports, and textbooks used were identified, and findings were organised into common themes. Findings: Seven themes have updated: past caries experience and current caries activity; dietary habits; oral hygiene habits; exposure to fluoride; access to dental services; oral health literacy; and socioeconomic background of adolescents and parents/caregivers. Each of these themes is described in detail. For various reasons, adolescents are susceptible to higher dental caries experience. Conclusion: While dental practitioners and others engage with adolescents early and provide appropriate preventive practices, additional effective strategies proposed are needed to further improve the overall caries experience among New Zealand adolescents and to reduce ethnic inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing fishing threats to populations of endemic, threatened Hector’s and Māui dolphins around New Zealand is a complex and controversial issue, underpinned by uncertain scientific knowledge. As such, it can be argued that it falls into the realm of post-normal science, which advocates transparency about uncertainties and stakeholder peer review of knowledge feeding into decision-making. This paper focuses on selected examples of modelling and risk assessment research relating to Hector’s and Māui dolphin threat management. It explores how knowledge is developed, shared and utilised by decision-makers, finding that uncertain scientific knowledge may be shared in ways that make it appear more certain, with some of the subjectivities involved in knowledge production hidden from view. Interviews with stakeholders illustrate how some stakeholders are aware of the subjectivities involved when uncertain knowledge underpins decision-making, so a lack of transparency may be leading to erosion of social trust in decisions made. This in turn can lead to a lack of support for dolphin conservation measures from key stakeholders such as the commercial fishing industry. The paper concludes that while moves towards increasing transparency and stakeholder involvement are apparent, a deeper embrace of post-normal science approaches to knowledge production and dissemination would contribute to effective dolphin threat management in New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent events such as the release of the 'Panama Papers' to the public in April 2016 have increasingly focused the international community on the connection between tax systems and corruption. Countries benefit in multiple ways from the perception of low levels of corruption. Thus, greater focus is visible in many jurisdictions on increasing regulation to address corrupt activity. This article questions whether international pressure or national concerns are more likely to generate regulatory change in relation to the role of the tax system in facilitating corrupt activities. An historical institutionalist framework is used for analytical purposes. New Zealand is used as a case study to examine this issue as New Zealand is a country typically perceived to have low levels of corruption. This article explores two activities: the tax treatment of facilitation payments made to overseas public officials; and the tax treatment and disclosure requirements of foreign trusts. Facilitation payments made to overseas public officials are deductible for tax purposes in New Zealand. Current practice is showing no sign of change, despite perceptions that this practice denotes a permissive attitude towards corruption and is no longer tolerated in most other comparable tax jurisdictions. The tax treatment and disclosure requirements of foreign trusts together with the link between tax and corruption in New Zealand was highlighted with the release of the Panama Papers. This event generated international media interest with the suggestion that New Zealand was acting as a tax haven. The Panama Papers release resulted in an immediate inquiry, rapid production of a report with multiple recommended changes to extant practice and government agreement to act on all recommendations. The article concludes that sunlight is indeed the best disinfectant for addressing corrupt activities. However, protecting a country's international reputation is likely to be a greater catalyst in achieving change than a country's domestic concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appearance of the built environment plays an important role in people's physical, financial and psychological wellbeing. In light of this, it is important to ensure that transformation of urban streets and public spaces through individual projects can satisfy the aesthetic needs of those who regularly use them. Within projects, outcomes are regularly controlled by a steering group working on behalf of the project sponsor and other internal stakeholders. To ensure that the needs of those outside the project group are also met, some local authorities in New Zealand review project design at the planning approval stage. This process invites experts, who in some cases informed by design guides, to evaluate the architectural design. This paper addresses the question of whether the ways places are changing align with public expectations. A mixed methods approach was used to elicit people's preferences for building and streetscape characteristics, where stimuli were first presented as photographic representations and secondly as real streetscapes in two New Zealand cities. The findings identify the streetscape design characteristics that were best liked by people as well as those that were disliked. Of particular interest was a comparison between the preferences expressed by lay members of the public with those of design and planning professionals. The paper concludes with a brief discussion about the obstacles that may be limiting the achievement of well-liked streetscapes in the New Zealand context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper emerges from the critical thinking, research, and evaluation which informed our most recent programme review during which we debated the question, "How do we educate people for quality teaching in the future?" Drawing on research, stakeholder feedback, and graduate voice, four key influential characteristics are identified. The paper explores some of the implications for the development of teachers who can be effective now and also into the future. Firstly, it is important that the ITE programme is shaped by a research informed Conceptual Framework which is owned and 'lived' by teacher educators and student teachers. Secondly, a holistic developmental approach to teacher development will focus on how student teachers learn to be and become quality teachers. Critical to this reflexive and developmental approach is the disruption of a technicist view of learning and teaching and the development of an alternative image of teaching (Chang-Kredl & Kingsley, 2014; Norsworthy, 2008). Teaching is a most complex endeavour for which student teachers need to develop specific dispositions such as being gracious, being teachable, and being secure. Thirdly, it makes a difference to student teachers' thinking when their developmental journey is contextualised within hopes and realities that are 'bigger than me' and beyond the immediate. In New Zealand, this includes contributing to the aspirations and hopes captured within NZ Curriculum and Te Whāriki. A very influential component of ITE to increase the likelihood of this occurring is student teachers' development of a Passionate Creed (LaBoskey, 1994). When they clearly articulate the passion which inspires and motivates them then, through reflective practice, they will know how to nurture and sustain a sense of call, responsibility and commitment to the vocation of teaching through and beyond the specific challenges faced by beginning teachers (Agbenyega, 2012). Fourthly, teacher educators who contribute to development of quality teachers now and into the future do not just talk about the alternative image of teaching (Bell, 2010; Loughran, 2016). They nurture the student teachers' development through a progression where effective pedagogy and reflective practice are modelled and then required. Theory, practice, inquiry and reflection work together in an ever developing 'spiral of learning'. This approach helps student teachers know what they should know and how they should integrate skill and knowledge into practice, but also why each component is included (Biesta, 2009). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assesses what the author believes to be a major missed opportunity by the New Zealand government and Inland Revenue to enhance the position of taxpayers' rights in New Zealand following the 2017-19 Tax Working Group's review of the New Zealand tax system. The Tax Working Group's recommendations did not support prior recommendations in an important position paper provided to the Tax Working Group's Secretariat advocating for a dedicated tax ombudsman and the establishment of a taxpayer advocate service (like that in the United States). In addition, there was no support for developing a formal taxpayers' bill of rights. The New Zealand government determined it would only consider the recommendation for a truncated tax disputes process to be added to the Tax Policy Work Programme. Notwithstanding New Zealand's external appearance as a country that protects its citizens and taxpayers, when it comes to taxpayers' rights, a very uneven playing field in favour of Inland Revenue remains. In the author's view, New Zealand missed a golden opportunity to enhance taxpayers' rights and move towards levelling the playing field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many jurisdictions all over the world give various support services for the restoration of the victims of crime. Restoration includes physical, emotional, and economical restoration, where compensation plays a predominant role. In India, distinct statutory provisions relating to compensation are provided under the Code of Criminal Procedure and the various victim compensation schemes of the different states. However, the implementation of these laws is bridled with inconsistencies due to disparity in the schemes of different states. The grant of compensation depends on three factors 1) the type of victims of crime 2) the granting authority and 3) criteria and the mode of assessment of compensation. In this regard, NZ despite being a common law country prioritizes victims of crime for compensation. Amongst the civil law countries, Germany has made concrete efforts in victim compensation through specific statutes. The present paper examines the prevailing legal framework and compensation schemes in India concerning victim compensation and analyses how far the existing laws and policies compares to the international standards of victim compensation in the already established jurisdictions of NZ and Germany, to assess where India stands in terms of the victim restoration through compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: In recent decades increasing numbers of haematopoietic stem cell transplants have been undertaken for the treatment of various haematological conditions. Increased use of allogeneic transplants, in particular those utilising peripheral blood stem cell transplants (PBSCT) is likely to result in an increased burden of graft versus host disease (GvHD) associated with transplantation. Survivors are living for longer, and dentists are therefore likely to see more patients presenting with the chronic manifestations of this disease. Oral manifestations of GvHD are not uncommon, and carry a high burden of morbidity. This paper documents cases reported as GvHD in the Oral Pathology Centre (OPC) in the Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Otago in the last two decades. Methods: A computerised search of the OPC database for the period spanning from 1 January 2000 to 30 June 2019 was undertaken to identify cases diagnosed as GvHD. Results: Five cases from a total of 31,024 accessions in the time period were identified from the database that were diagnosed as 'possible GvHD' or 'likely GvHD'. These consisted of four males and one female, with an average age (at time of biopsy) of 55 years. Conclusions: Whilst biopsy of the oral cavity for the diagnosis of oral GvHD is not common, GvHD often presents orally and prompt clinical recognition is important. Immunosuppressive therapy is the mainstay of treatment for GvHD and has clear implications for dental management. Dentists have a duty of care to review these patients regularly to assist in the maintenance of excellent oral health and to check for the development of secondary malignancy in the oral region, due to the increased risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates land taxation from a New Zealand perspective and examines the principles of economic efficiency and equity behind three common property valuation methods for taxation. The primary question is whether using land value as the base on which to assess property tax remains the most efficient and equitable tax mechanism compared to capital value tax on improvements and annual value tax on estimated income earned from the property. The paper briefly assesses the challenges confronting valuation and the impacts that may arise from a levy of property tax in jurisdictions with different features. While issues exist in the determination of any basis of value, it is asserted however, that there is a need for considering exemption provisions to implement a land value tax in New Zealand, which has a significant potential to compromise the principle of economic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to address whether a Financial Transaction Tax (FTT) should be implemented in New Zealand in order to address the effect of an ageing population on the New Zealand tax revenue base. This paper considers the wider theoretical literature on the implementation of a FTT. In considering the literature it draws out the main arguments for and against the imposition of a FTT. This paper identifies that New Zealand has an imminent issue with needing to adapt the tax revenue base because of the impact of its ageing population. The advantages and disadvantages of a FTT are considered in the New Zealand context. The key advantages are that a FTT can generate increased revenue and reduce speculative behaviour in financial markets. The disadvantages identified in the literature are that there are limited means to accurately predict the actual revenue generated by a FTT, or the potential negative effects on market trading within a country. There is also concern that a FTT needs to be applied on a regional or wider global basis for a FTT to be effective. In the New Zealand context further research could include considering the amount of potential revenue that can be generated by a FTT, assessing the potential effect of a FTT on the government-funded superannuation saving scheme, KiwiSaver, and whether the imposition of a FTT would be more effective on a regional scale across Australia and New Zealand. This paper provides an initial explorative study of the potential for a FTT to be implemented in New Zealand and areas for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is unusual to find a tax in operation which does not represent a compromise between tax principles, policy and administrative considerations. However, the third of these, tax administration, often does not receive the attention it should as proposals for tax reform are developed. This paper examines one particular case, the possibility that attempts to introduce a capital gains tax (CGT) in New Zealand (NZ) have been unsuccessful because the right balance between the three dimensions of tax reform has not been achieved and that for this and other possible reforms each of these aspects should be given the appropriate consideration. New Zealand does not currently have a comprehensive CGT. In fact, political commentators have long said that the enactment of a CGT in NZ would be 'political suicide'. The reasons for such antipathy towards a CGT are not entirely clear especially given the successful implementation and operation of CGT in many jurisdictions, including the United Kingdom (UK). However, sentiment towards a CGT in NZ appears to have softened more recently. Perhaps sensing this rise in support, the centre-left New Zealand Labour Party in the 2011 and 2014 general elections unsuccessfully campaigned on, inter alia, introducing a comprehensive CGT. It is unclear what part the CGT proposal played in its defeat in both elections with other factors in play. However, noting that the CGT policy may have alienated voters in the 2014 election, Labour Party leader, Mr Andrew Little has indicated that reform of the NZ tax system, including a possible CGT, would not be made 'without going to the people first and getting a mandate to do so'. 3 Accordingly, the electorate support for a CGT, and its design (including the administration of the tax), will be crucial for its political viability in NZ; hence the rationale for this paper. The paper finds that the UK CGT is a very robust tax but has never taken a pure form based only on the principles of good tax design. Indeed its success in tax policy terms has been largely accounted for by pragmatic modifications over the years to accommodate the different and changing political and economic pressures applying to modern tax systems. The paper concludes that a more pragmatic approach could lead to the design of a CGT that may gain the broad support of the NZ electorate and also be as enduring as it has been in the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly Reliable Organisations (HROs) are safety-centric organisations that operate in complex environments alongside risky technologies and processes. There is a high risk of catastrophe and error in these settings, the consequences of which may result in loss of life, financial cost, and damage to the environment. "Chronic unease" is a concept originally adopted by Royal Dutch Shell describing a mindset that has five predictable attributes that contribute to an individual's and organisational safety culture. The authors of this paper describe the attributes of chronic unease in the context of lifeguard operations. A case study of a dangerous and dynamic rescue situation from a popular New Zealand beach is presented and analysed wearing a 'cloak of chronic unease' to draw upon the attributes of this concept and to present a discussion about how lifeguards, their managers, and leaders may learn valuable lessons from HROs to develop safer operations by fostering a similar mindset we have dubbed: "The Rescue-Ready" mindset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines farmers' ways of knowing water quality and their encounters with the science used in policy to address the cumulative effects of agriculture. Drawing on constructivist theories of knowledge and discussions with farmers in two locations of New Zealand's South Island region of Canterbury, the research identifies a significant divergence between farmers' conception of the water quality problem compared to the issue's policy framing. In theory, and increasingly in practice, ways of knowing are assumed merely out-of-sync and their integration or coproduction possible and necessary. This paper poses the question: what if the ways of knowing of farmers and science have become incompatible? The presented research indicates incompatibility that derives from epistemic practices that mobilise different ontologies at different scales. It is shown how the predictive practices of science present what appear to be insurmountable obstacles to integration or coproduction. It is argued that collaborative governance needs to find ways to work with divergent ways of knowing -- not for the purpose of integration or coproduction but co-existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arguably the dominant discourse around sustainability today is defined within the cultural frame of modernity, in terms of a grand techno-scientific narrative. Within this narrative some scholars have observed the emergence of alternative modes of science for sustainability, including ‘sustainability science’, which have a central emphasis on ‘place-based’ knowledge that is contingent to local challenges, and produced in conjunction with local communities. But it is important to consider the implications of invoking the powerful techno-scientific narrative in a local place, and how this narrative contends with other competing ‘narratives of sustainability’ espoused by a local community. This paper presents qualitative interview-based study of one particular place – the Waikaraka Estuary in New Zealand – where the ‘Waikaraka Estuary Managers’ initiative gave effect to an approach closely resembling sustainability science. The Waikaraka case suggests that if science for sustainability is to be place-based, then it is highly important that it be produced incorporating local knowledge and resources; bridging competing narratives of sustainability in a process that challenges the dominance of techno-science. However, the case also triggers important reflections on the nature of this process, and cautions against a dominant ‘Cartesian’ approach to reconciling, or indeed subsuming, knowledge systems within a scientific framework. This paper suggests a more radical approach that departs from the scientific framework endorsed by modern resource management, in favour of an approach that recognises plurality and promotes it within ‘extended peer communities’, with reference to perspectives from post-normal science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a period of 40 years of relative political and professional consensus, teacher education in New Zealand since 1990 has undergone considerable change. This has taken place in a policy environment where the rhetoric of choice and accountability has been dominant and suspicion of professionals and academics widespread. This paper examines a series of major reports on teacher education in each decade since 1950, from the Consultative Committee chaired by Arnold Campbell in 1951 to the Green Paper of 1997, tracking both the professional expectations and the social contexts. It focuses in particular on the changing concepts of professionalism and accountability and argues that a new order needs to be built that incorporates wider perspectives but does not silence the professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of tax simplification in the operation of a tax system as a whole and then uses that framework to analyse initiatives in Australia, NZ and the UK. We begin with the subject of simplification itself and what it can mean, and follow this with a discussion concerning how to simplify tax systems. The paper then focusses on three key steps with simplifying tax systems, namely: simplifying tax law, simplifying taxpayer communications and simplifying tax administration. The paper then examines several long term approaches to simplification, such as the Office for Tax Simplification in the UK and the TWG in NZ. The paper observes the contrasting approach of Australia, such as pre-filling tax returns, which has not simplifed its tax system. Prior to the concluding observations, the paper suggests that the establishment of some form of independent authority may enable effective simplification of the tax systems in the three jurisdictions reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Domestic Violence Act of Zimbabwe was enacted in response to an escalation in cases of domestic violence. In spite of the enactment of the Act, domestic violence continues and there is limited utilisation of the provisions of the law. This paper seeks to identify factors that militate against the utilisation of provisions of the Act by victims of domestic violence. Twentytwo Christian women who were abused by their male intimate partners participated in the study on which this paper is based. A qualitative design, influenced by the feminist perspective, was adopted for this study. Purposeful sampling was applied in selecting participants who took part in in-depth semi-structured interviews. Participants were given an opportunity to share their individual experiences. Data were analysed thematically. The study revealed that religious, cultural and economic reasons prevented most victims of domestic violence from seeking legal recourse. It was recommended that successful implementation of laws relating to domestic violence needs a coordinated response from all sectors. Recommendations for further research were also made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The difficulties experienced with traditional forms of economic regulation of airports involving direct control of prices have led to an interest in light-handed regulatory frameworks. Experience with light-handed regulation of airports is primarily confined to Australia and New Zealand. The paper examines the design features of light-handed regulation in Australia and New Zealand in relation to the stated objectives associated with the introduction of light-handed regulation. The paper identifies important aspects associated with the design of light-handed regulation including the incorporation of a credible threat of stronger regulation and the characteristics of this, and an apparent trade-off in objectives achieved with different approaches to light-handed regulation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Historic exclusion and marginalisation of Indigenous peoples and knowledge contributed to the creation of path dependency in settler colonial societies. • Institutions that manage flood risk and rivers reflect hegemonic social values. • Inclusion of different types of knowledge into flood risk management can disrupt path dependency within institutions. Scholars frequently identify how path dependency serves to constrain the process of climate adaptation and is a key feature of maladaptation. Most studies, however, centre on theoretical, rather than empirical-based discussions of what path dependency is, how it occurs, and what factors assist in breaking path dependency. This paper provides a case study for the creation, maintenance, and attempts to break path dependency within the management of rivers in the Rangitāiki Plains of Aotearoa New Zealand from the 1890s until 2017. We deploy a historical institutionalist theorising on path dependency and institutional arrangements, while also incorporating ideas from indigenous and postcolonial scholarship, which extends current understandings of the factors that contribute towards path dependency at a local level. Through archival research, we demonstrate how successive generations of government policies and actions directed with a specific goal and underpinned by the hegemonic social values created a profoundly path dependent system of managing rivers and flood events. Increased flood vulnerability is one of the direct consequences of the plethora of freshwater engineering interventions which were (and are still) undertaken on the Rangitāiki Plains over the last century. The foundation of this path dependency, we argue, resides with the processes of indigenous dispossession and the marginalisation of Māori values from environmental governance and policy. Efforts to break path dependency, therefore, involve the formal recognition of Māori governance, values, and knowledge within policies, and the translation of Māori values into tangible actions that seek to destabilise Western command-and control approaches to flood risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Risks and challenges for the international wine industry are increasingly complex. • Novel socio-ecological resilience framework applied to assess characteristics of resilience in the wine industry. • Assessment empirically applied to recent earthquake in Marlborough wine region (New Zealand). • Critical vulnerabilities and opportunities to enhance resilience identified. • Provides the basis for further conceptual development of resilience assessment. Abstract This paper examines resilience through a case study of New Zealand's largest wine region following a damaging earthquake in late-2016. Resilience assessment for the wine industry to date has largely focused on characterising risks and responses as a function of organisational and business management practices. Less in known about socio-ecological characteristics of resilience and how these shape and influence response capabilities and capacity to low-frequency, high-magnitude events within the broader context of other risks. The research employs a resilience-based framework to identify and assess relevant properties incorporating a whole-of-value-chain perspective. The participatory approach includes semi-structured interviews with stakeholders, including wine business managers, wine researchers, industry bodies and others involved in the production and distribution of wine; document analysis (media and emergency response reports), and insurance assessments. Results show the earthquake had direct impacts on infrastructure, with indirect impacts and implications in particular for transportation and logistics, affecting the industry's ability to mitigate losses. Resilience varies across the region and the industry, in part as a function of size, scale, and ownership structure of the operation, which in turn influences future levels of preparedness. Resilience analysis provides conceptual and methodological tools for assessing the capacity of socio-ecological systems to recover from shocks and stresses. The framework developed here provides a useful conceptual and theoretical basis for further assessments and can inform the design of resilience indices to monitor organisations' capacity to absorb shocks and prepare for future uncertainty. This type of analysis can help identify system-critical vulnerabilities and sensitivities and inform the development of strategies to develop specified and general resilience in the face of multiple stressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: The only national study of cross-infection control (CIC) practices among New Zealand dentists was conducted 25 years ago. It found that many dentists did not routinely adhere to CIC protocols. The aim of this study was to update information on New Zealand dentists' and allied dental practitioners' adherence to current CIC protocols. Methods: Electronic and paper survey of 889 randomlyselected New Zealand oral health practitioners, comprising dentists (general dental practitioners and specialists) and allied dental practitioners (dental hygienists, dental therapists and clinical dental technicians). Results: The response rate was 39.7%. Most practitioners (69.3%) reported that they always wash their hands between patients, wear gloves, wear a mask, use eye protection and offer eye protection to patients, while the remainder did not always do one or more of these. Proportionally more allied dental practitioners than dentists reported that they always follow all of these practices. Nearly all respondents (98.8%) indicated that they used an autoclave and most respondents (99.5%) reported that they always autoclave dental handpieces. Fewer than half of practitioners (45.2%) had read all three Dental Council New Zealand (DCNZ) CIC-related documents. A majority (94.2%) reported that they had full immunity against Hepatitis B. Some (21.4%) had received a dental sharps injury in the past year. Conclusion: Most New Zealand practitioners are following CIC protocols, but a number are still not doing so, putting patients and the dental team at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The government of Australia is investing close to AUD $37.4 billion into the deployment of a nationwide broadband network, the National Broadband Network (NBN). Likewise, the New Zealand national broadband initiative, whereby the government is currently building a nation-wide fibre-optics network known as the Ultra-Fast Broadband (UFB) network, is investing NZD $1.5 billion with a similar amount expected from private partners. This paper analyses key elements in the plans developed by Australia and New Zealand while inquiring about the pros and cons of the approach followed by each country, specifically referring to the effectiveness and efficiency with which their fibre-based access networks are being built. The paper summarises results from recent literature on the reasons for public intervention in broadband expansion and builds an analytical framework that inquires on the extent to which each broadband initiative has been an effective vehicle of fibre-based, broadband expansion and their efficiency in the transition towards fibre-based broadband. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops an approach to Manuka honey quality classification, using feature reduction and support vector machines (SVMs). We have developed a database of hyperspectral images of honey, including different quality Manuka honey. This paper focusses on machine learning techniques, specifically SVMs, to classify the quality of Manuka honey. We discuss the different types of multi-class SVMs and show the advantages of their different hierarchical structures. We look to evaluate the often overlooked tree-based multi-class SVM structures as they could have some advantages for our type of dataset. We also propose an ensemble technique for classifying the multi-class hyperspectral honey dataset, mitigating a key drawback of these tree-based methods, that they cannot correct for misclassifications. The results show that in our Manuka honey dataset, the SVMs with hierarchical structures can outperform the parallel based SVM structures and had the best performance overall when used in combination with the class embodiment autoencoder. The new ensemble technique is outperforming the benchmark SVMs for all the evaluated feature reduction techniques and is solving a drawback of the tree-based SVMs. • A new tree-based SVM ensemble technique solving a drawback of single tree-based SVMs. • Introduced a new database extracted from hyperspectral images of New Zealand honey. • Experimental results show that tree-based SVMs can out-perform parallel based SVMs. • Experimental results show the ensemble outperforming the standard multi-class SVMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cumulative effects in the marine environment increase the risk of environmental, economic or social collapse because the combined effects of new and existing marine industries, climate change and other stressors are often not accounted for in the determination of environmental capacity. Ecosystem-based management and the development of tools that translate complex social-ecological processes into dynamic, adaptable management strategies are needed to avoid these pitfalls. Previous work has highlighted disconnects between how cumulative effects are interpreted and assessed by science agencies, funding agencies, and management agencies, but has largely missed how investors are interpreting them. These social-ecological boundary and threshold issues illuminate the pivotal challenge of institutional change and agency behaviors that are needed to address cumulative effects. Using scenario planning techniques, a team of researchers from the Sustainable Seas National Science Challenge in Aotearoa New Zealand engaged key decision makers and stakeholders in creative thinking and constructive conversation aimed at bridging some of these institutional and behavioral disconnects. A range of different strategies regarding how to address cumulative effects were proposed by the assembled participants, but the need for collaborative networks that enable collective thought and action across boundaries was emphasized throughout the day. This paper explores the themes that emerged and some of the barriers that must be addressed to facilitate bold action on the topic of cumulative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Names of products play a significant role in their marketing, and are designed to express images with which buyers can identify. Manufacturers therefore pay close attention to their product names in order to maximize sales and to distinguish their products from those of competitors. The meaning of a product name would appear to be a crucial factor in its choice. A product designed for a specific consumer would benefit from a transparent or trendy name recognized and appreciated by the intended buyer. However, this tenet does not seem to apply to paint color names. Often these names tend to be enigmatic. This paper investigates the color names of 10 paint manufacturers in Australia and New Zealand. More than 10,700 color names were collected, classified, and quantitatively analyzed. The majority of names had enigmatic labels. The reasons for this are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]