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Copyright of Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene is the property of Canadian Dental Hygienists Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal for the Study of Adult Education is the property of Canadian Journal for the Study of Adult Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene is the property of Canadian Dental Hygienists Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene is the property of Canadian Dental Hygienists Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the criticism of the Indigenous child welfare legislation tabled at Canadian House of Commons. Topics include the federal government's proposal for Indigenous legislation instead for First Nations laws, the financing of child and family service agencies in Canada, and the issue of self-determination in First Nations laws. The difference in child welfare laws of First Nations, Métis, and Inuit indigenous regions is also discussed.

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene is the property of Canadian Dental Hygienists Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene is the property of Canadian Dental Hygienists Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene is the property of Canadian Dental Hygienists Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The regulatory Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) program in Canada has found that pulp and paper mill effluents reduce the gonad size of wild fish. In such cases, there is a need for Investigation of Cause (IOC) and Investigation of Solution (IOS) studies to find the cause(s) for these responses as well as cost-effective mitigation strategies. IOC and IOS work requires the availability of practical (in terms of time and effluent volume needs) and biologically meaningful tests for assessing fish reproduction in the laboratory. One available fish reproduction test uses adult fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and involves a two- to three-week pre-exposure period and a three-week exposure to a test substance. Work was undertaken to determine if both the pre-exposure and effluent-exposure phases could be reduced, leading to a shorter test with a lower effluent volume requirement. For this purpose, effluent samples were taken from two thermomechanical (newsprint) pulp mills and used in tests with ..7 days of pre-exposure and 5 to 6 days of effluent exposure. Egg production was monitored in each test, and in tests with effluents from one mill, other endpoints such as gonad somatic indices and whole-body sex steroid levels, as well as vitellogenin activity in males - were measured. The shortened fish reproduction test in this study provided results similar to tests of longer duration, specifically in terms of egg production, and was able to distinguish between pulp and paper mill effluents of different potencies. The test was also found to be directly applicable for toxicity identification evaluation work as it was clearly able to distinguish between the solids and soluble fractions of a biotreated newsprint mill effluent. As such, the test is a promising tool for EEM-related IOC and IOS work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second cycle of the pulp and paper environmental effects monitoring (EEM) program reported its results on April 1, 2000, and preliminary analysis of the fish survey results have been conducted. The EEM program is a cyclical evaluation of the receiving water impacts associated with the discharge of effluent, consisting of evaluations of fish populations, benthic invertebrate communities, effluent toxicity and other components. This paper represents a summary of the preliminary evaluations of 114 EEM surveys for the fish survey results, as reported by the consulting companies to the mills. Less than 10% of the cases failed to find a statistical difference in the key measurements of gonad size, liver size and condition factor. When effects were seen in a sex of one species, 67% of the time, a similar effect was seen in the opposite sex and when a difference was seen in one sex of one species, 54% of the time, the same difference was seen in the same direction in a second species sampled at that site. This reflects that differences were often consistent between sexes and consistent between species. Results, problems encountered, and lessons learned will be compared for cycle 1 and 2 data, and general response patterns and national trends in reported data will be presented. A summary of research needs is presented, as are recommendations for cycle 3 pulp and paper. New developments in the program reflect some of the adaptations developed for metal mining EEM, including a) setting alpha and beta equal, and its consequences for study design and interpretation, b) discussion of the role of effect size in power analysis and study design, and c) non-lethal sampling protocols for EEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental effects monitoring (EEM) is a requirement for pulp and paper mills in Canada discharging effluent directly into receiving environments under the Pulp and Paper Effluent Regulations of the Fisheries Act. The objective of the EEM program is to assess effects on fish, fish habitat and the use of fisheries resources by humans, potentially affected by the deposit of mill effluent in aquatic receiving environments. The information provided by the monitoring program will contribute to assessing the adequacy of the regulations. Difficulties encountered in the first round of monitoring led to an extensive science review of key components and resulted in improvement to process, scientific defensibility of the monitoring data and site-specific flexibility of the EEM program. The second cycle of EEM was, overall, markedly more successful than Cycle 1. However, problems were still evident for fish surveys conducted in marine and estuarine environments. The adoption of improved alternative monitoring approaches (e.g., caged bivalves, mesocosms) should alleviate many of these problems. An overview of the EEM program, results to date, alternative monitoring approaches, and research priorities to fill data gaps are presented. Environmental effects monitoring (EEM) is a requirement for pulp and paper mills in Canada discharging effluent directly into receiving environments under the Pulp and Paper Effluent Regulations of the Fisheries Act. The objective of the EEM program is to assess effects on fish, fish habitat and the use of fisheries resources by humans, potentially affected by the deposit of mill effluent in aquatic receiving environments. The information provided by the monitoring program will contribute to assessing the adequacy of the regulations. Difficulties encountered in the first round of monitoring led to an extensive science review of key components and resulted in improvement to process, scientific defensibility of the monitoring data and... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Canada, effluents from pulp and paper mills are regulated for toxicity. The regulation requires ≤50% survival of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to full-strength (i.e., 100%) effluent for 96 h in tests that must be conducted monthly. The regulation also calls for ≥50% survival of Daphnia magna exposed to 100% effluent for 48 h in weekly monitoring tests. Every year, about 10 to 25% of the mills exceed the regulatory limit at least once in tests with either rainbow trout or Daphnia magna. Between 1996 and 2003, we investigated 84 such cases from 32 mills. Of the 84 investigations, 49 involved only trout, 29 involved only Daphnia, and six involved both species. We identified the actual cause of toxicity in 70% of the cases and partially or tentatively identified the toxicant(s) in 17% more. In the cases involving only trout, the most frequent causes of toxicity were related to biotreatment performance (e.g., ammonia). In the cases involving only Daphnia, the most frequent cause of toxicity seemed to be related to polymeric formulations. For those cases involving both trout and Daphnia, the cause of toxicity was traced to more than one compound or to excess concentrations of a specific compound resulting from a spill or biotreatment-related problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sublethal toxicity tests successfully measured the improved quality of pulp mill effluents from the first cycle of environmental effects monitoring (1992-1996) to the second cycle (1997-2000). Test endpoints showed notable shifts to higher concentrations (less toxic). During the second cycle of monitoring, significantly more tests showed no effect in full-strength effluent. Five case studies were considered as part of this exercise. Most of the improvement came with installation of secondary treatment. Twelve Ontario mills with secondary treatment showed reduced toxicity, compared to results with primary treatment. All 29 sets of sublethal data showed higher IC25s during the second cycle, and 23 of these differences were statistically significant. Any other changes between the two cycles of study caused only marginal overall improvement in toxicity, judging by 12 freshwater mills in British Columbia which had secondary treatment during both cycles. Sublethal tests successfully predicted the zone of potential effect in receiving water, agreeing with effects observed in biological surveys. Overlapping zones from multiple discharges could also be demonstrated. In a situation near Niagara Falls, sublethal tests estimated the proportions of toxic loading that four mills contributed to one water body. The prediction was realistic; the actual toxicity found for a mixed effluent was 57% of that predicted from separate toxicities. The conservative prediction agrees with the usual less-than-additive sublethal action of combined toxicants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper forms Part 2 of a two-part discussion paper. Part 1 outlined a short history of adoption in Canada, examined the impact of forced, closed, and external adoptions on Indigenous adoptees and families, and traced the move toward more open statutory adoptions and greater cultural continuity in adoptions. Having zeroed in on the entangled histories of adoption and colonization in Part 1, here we explore traditional and contemporary practices of Indigenous custom adoption and caretaking. We first recount Western understandings and impositions, then feature Indigenous perspectives that centre spiritual and ceremonial protocols, values regarding child well-being and community connectedness, and the importance of kinship and customary forms of caretaking. We consider both the promises and complexities involved in designing and implementing custom adoptions, and the urgent need for adequate, equitable funding and supports to ensure their feasibility and sustainability. Finally, we highlight the resurgence of Indigenous authority over child welfare within a context of Indigenous self-determination and self-governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper forms Part 1 of a two-part discussion paper on Indigenous custom adoption. Zeroing in on the entangled histories of adoption and colonization, it outlines a short history of adoption in Canada, examines the impact of forced, closed, and external adoptions on Indigenous adoptees, and traces the move toward more open statutory adoptions and greater cultural connection and continuity in adoptions. This historical review sets the stage for Part 2 of our discussion paper, "Honouring Our Caretaking Traditions," where we highlight the connections between customary laws regarding caregiving and the resurgence of Indigenous authority over child welfare within a context of Indigenous self-determination and self-governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the need, benefits and significance of the electronification of the cheque transaction process in Canada. It discusses the rffectiveness of the Canadian Payments Association (CPA) Rules in assisting Canadian deposit-taking financial institutions for clearing cheques and electronic payments with reference to the Bills of Exchange Act (BEA).

Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Programs in Canada have been developed for the pulp and paper and metal mining industries. The EEM Program conducts cyclical evaluations of receiving environments to determine whether effects exist when facilities comply with existing regulations. Investigation of cause (IOC) is a specific stage in the EEM Program that is used after environmental effects in fish and/or benthos have been detected, confirmed and their extent and magnitude have been documented. This paper presents an overview of the processes associated with this phase of monitoring. The objective of an IOC is to obtain sufficient information so that the source of the effect can be identified and removed, or its effects reduced to an acceptable level. The initial direction of an IOC is dependent upon the type of response patterns observed for fish and/or benthos during EEM cycles and extent/magnitude studies. The framework presented in this paper is based on an amalgamation of research projects conducted at Canadian pulp mills over the last decade and selected studies are summarized as examples. It also represents an integration of several research philosophies and scientific disciplines. The framework is based on national response patterns from the second cycle of pulp and paper EEM studies. IOCs are: directed into either an eutrophication-based investigation or a contaminant-based investigation (including metabolic disruption in fish). The framework is constructed with a progression of investigative levels designed to provide mole information on the causative factors. Each of these phases also represents a decision point for stakeholders to determine if sufficient information has been attained about the causal factor(s) and whether the IOC should be concluded. It is expected that the framework will evolve with a growing knowledge base of causal factors, as facilities enter into this phase of the EEM Program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Canadian federal government instituted an environment effects monitoring (EEM) program for the pulp and paper industry to ensure the long-term integrity of fish populations below the discharge of mill effluents. The program is cyclical in nature (every three to four years) and one of the components of the program is an adult fish survey which monitors wild fish health in the receiving environments. Cycle 1 reports were submitted in April of 1996, and the report for the James Maclaren Inc. mill at Thurso, Quebec, suggested some responses were evident in fish downstream of the mill discharge. However, the receiving environment was subject to inputs from other potential sources or confounding factors such as farm runoff, storm sewers, municipal discharges and upstream paper mills. A review of other Cycle I studies also identified a number of problems encountered during the adult fish surveys. At this time, Maclaren researchers and Environment Canada set up a collaborative research project as part of their Cycle 2 studies at the Thurso site. Objectives of the study included a comparison of Cycle 2 results to their Cycle I studies, an assessment of the potential for the use of forage fish in the EEM program as well as an evaluation of reference site variability in the required EEM fish parameters. Collections in 1997 confirmed an increased male yellow perch liver size downstream of the discharge, but could not confirm reproductive alterations in exposed fish. It was possible to obtain all of the required EEM fish parameters from a small forage fish species such as the johnny darter, which may reduce the influence of fish mobility and other confounding factors on fish responses at some sites. Reference site variability was not a contributing factor in evaluating fish responses to effluent sources at this site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the privilege afforded to working papers of expert reports and affidavits in Canada. Purpose of litigation privilege; Discussion on the importance of experts' working papers; Differing rules on privilege.

The article discusses the animal welfare issues related to puppy mills in Canada. It states that it received a lot of attention from the public and slowed the importation into Canadian dogs from puppy mills in the U.S. It mentions that although it decreased the importation of dogs from the U.S., it resulted in an increase in the number of Canadian puppy mills and local bred dogs from new puppy mills.

The article presents a synopsis on comprehensive non-surgical treatment which leads to improved walking ability in people with lumbar spinal stenosis. Topics discussed include dominant symptom of people with lumbar spinal stenosis; marginal differences between treatment groups in other more traditional outcomes; and training program offered to the comprehensive training and motivated patients.

Objective: Pharmacotherapeutic Follow-up is the Professional Pharmaceutical Care Service aimed at detecting Drug-Related Problems for the prevention and resolution of negative medicine outcomes. The Dader Method is considered a clear and simple tool to develop Pharmacotherapeutic Follow-up. This research aims to analyze the evolution of the international scientific production related to Pharmacotherapeutic Follow-up and the Dader Method to show the current situation of this Professional Pharmacy Assistance Service. In addition, from the data obtained, we give a critical perspective on the implementation of the Dader Method in Community Pharmacy, considering its advantages and disadvantages based on the published scientific literature. Methods: Using bibliometrics tools, indicators were obtained to analyze the international production of scientific articles on Pharmacotherapeutic Follow-up and the Dader Method during the period (1999-2022) through the Scopus database. Results: The results showed a growth in the international scientific production of publications on Pharmacotherapeutic Follow-up, obtaining 30,287 papers, placing the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and Spain as the five most productive countries. The publication of 83 papers on the Dader Method places Spain with the highest number of publications, followed by other Spanish or Portuguese speaking countries, among which Brazil and Colombia have the most prominent number of published papers in Latin America. The most frequent international journal covering the topic of Pharmacotherapeutic Follow-up was the American Journal of Health-Pharmacy (12.4%), while on the Dader Method, the journal Pharmaceutical Care Spain (21.7%) is in the first position, followed by Farmacia Hospitalaria (8.4%). Conclusion: The publications on the Dader method highlighs the greater productivity of the University of Granada and the author María José Faus Dáder. The inclusion of patients in the PTF service using the Dader Method, is more frequent in the hospital context, and is based on the presence of defined chronic pathologies (mainly diabetes), polymedication or specialized care follow-up, with elderly population being the most represented in all cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the legislative history and application of the Criminal Code's definition of terrorist activity to trace how the "motive clause" reinforces systemic racism within Canada's criminal justice system. By outlining this process, this paper argues that the motive clause contributes to a dynamic that racializes terror offences as a specific type of criminal offence committed by racialized individuals--marking terrorism as a unique social characteristic of racialized communities. This occurs mainly due to the legislative requirement to prosecute the ideas of accused persons, which, in practice, has increased the likelihood of courts admitting otherwise prejudicial evidence against the accused and the problematic ways in which expert evidence has (or has not) been used in terrorism trials. Although discrimination may not be an inevitable or intended outcome of the drafted legislation, it creates a framework that encourages discriminatory prosecutorial strategies, facilitates bias in the admission and treatment of some evidence, and potentially contributes to the exclusive use of the provisions against racialized communities specifically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will explore the dichotomy between the privacy concerns associated with the use of Body-Worn Cameras ("BWCs") by law enforcement agencies, and the benefits associated with this technology, such as the evidential value of the BWCs video, audio, and images as reliable forms of evidence assisting courts and criminal justice players in making substantiated decisions and reaching just verdicts. The paper will provide a background overview of BWCs and the approach to their use in some Canadian jurisdictions, followed by a discussion on Canada's struggles guarding the privacy of Canadians and the recent breaches of privacy conducted by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police ("RCMP"). Next, there will be a case-study section exemplifying the numerous flexible features and benefits of BWCs and produced digital evidence used in courts and police operations, followed by a section addressing the rule of law and the need for punishing police misconduct for mishandling highly sensitive information (such as that captured by BWCs). Lastly, the paper will reflect on its findings, discuss existing tensions, and propose a path forward for the safe and broad implementation of BWCs across Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal for the Study of Adult Education is the property of Canadian Journal for the Study of Adult Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Highlights: [•] Evaluation of new HWP accounting method leads to significant GHG emission reduction for Canada. [•] Use of harvested wood for energy and of construction lead to largest GHG savings. [•] A cascade-use for wood and paper products is paramount for further GHG improvement. [•] The end-of-life effect of using recycled waste wood for energy is delayed due to longer carbon uptake. [•] Cradle-to-cradle utilization of wood waste has an underdeveloped reduction potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many community leaders in Canada have asserted the need for improved school attendance to promote educational success and well-being among Indigenous students. This paper reviews the extant literature from researchers, government agencies, school districts, and other organizations that have identified factors that improve school attendance among Indigenous students in Canada. The reviewed literature and reports indicate a need for more culturally relevant supports, as well as a more holistic approach for Indigenous students and their families. This review also highlights the dearth of research on this topic and demonstrates the need for studies and initiatives that closely examine contributing factors at various levels (i.e., administrative, policy, community, classroom, household, individual), and that deeply engage families and communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Medunarodni Problemi is the property of Institute of International Politics & Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The increasing demand for constitutional recognition of the right to a healthy environment ('RTHE') has been a matter of public concern and debate in many countries, including Canada.2 This paper asks, will a constitutional RTHE within the Canadian Constitution add any value when statutes already exist to protect the environment (and thereby health)? The present environmental statutes work towards protecting the environment, and by protecting the environment, public health can be protected.3 Together, both of them form a 'healthy environment', ie., an environment that fosters a healthy life.4 This paper will argue that there is additional value in recognizing a RTHE in the constitution despite these statutes being in force. To be able to understand this question, this paper will investigate the efficiency of present statutes in dealing with current environmental problems and if there are any benefits of recognizing a constitutional right. The paper will begin with examining the development of international RTHE, and how it impacts Canada (and vice versa) in protecting a healthy environment in Part I of the paper. In this section, this paper will also look at current international law trends and how Canada draws from the international RTHE. Subsequently, in Part II of this paper, various statutes and domestic developments regarding the RTHE will be evaluated. The purpose of this section is to see how people can protect a healthy environment in Canada currently as there is no expressed RTHE in the Constitution. The narrower question dealt with in this section is if the statutes are enough to protect a healthy environment. The gaps in this structure will be pointed out to form a basic understanding of the risks that a constitutional right will most likely eliminate. In Part III, this paper will also look at the RTHE as a constitutional right and how it functions as an expressed as well as an implied right in other jurisdictions after mapping out some advantages of a constitutional right over a statutory right. This paper will also touch upon the Constitutions of various countries like Brazil, Pakistan, India and the USA. This comparative analysis is being undertaken to evaluate how the same RTHE exists in different characters, i.e., as a constitutional right, as a statutory right and as an international right. This will show us how this right is recognized in different jurisdictions owing to different factor that influence the decision of which character should this right adopt. Moreover, this analysis will help in figuring out which is the best model for Canada. It will also help in identifying any lessons from constitutions that do recognize this right as a constitutional right that could be productive in contemplating a constitutional RTHE in Canada in Part IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The site fidelity of mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) within the upper Miramichi River estuary, New Brunswick, Canada, was investigated to assess the value of using this fish as a sentinel species for monitoring effects of point source anthropogenic effluents such as pulp and paper mill effluent. During the ice-free season (May to November) of 2002, 4123 adult mummichogs (>30 mm TL) were captured, by beach seine and minnow trap, biweekly from four sites within the estuary. Fish were marked intramuscularly using Visible Implant Elastomer (Northwest Marine Technologies, Inc., Shaw Island, Wash., U.S.). Recaptures were made at the marking sites and elsewhere during this period and again during the ice-free sea- son of April to November 2003. A total of 639 (15.5% of those marked) mummichogs were recaptured with 617 (96.6%) found within 200 m of the point of initial release. Twenty-nine of the 617 were recaptured 2 or 3 times at sites of original marking. The remaining 22 recaptured fish moved distances ranging from 600 to 3600 m up- and downstream of initial marking sites. Eighty-two percent of recaptures were made within 12 weeks of the start of marking with the remainder recovered up to 72 weeks later. These findings are consistent with results from studies of mummichog movement in smaller water bodies and other parts of the species' range. With regard to mobility, these results add to the growing body of literature supporting the usefulness of mummichogs as a sentinel species in environmental monitoring programs for point-source impacts in Atlantic Canadian estuaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a list of papers presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Catholic Historical Association, held from May 31 to June 1, 2011, which dealt with such topics as women's religious communities in Canada, the Catholic Women's League of Canada, and the Antigonish Movement.

Walter Benn Michaels has argued that our higher education policies have been fashioned through a diversity fetish, rather than grappling with class inequities produced through neoliberal restructuring. When I was asked the question of whether Benn Michael's analysis pertained to Canadian higher education, I found myself writing the present article within which I argue that pitting class against race is a liberalizing strategy that obfuscates how each ruling relation is interlocking and mutually constitutive. I then go on to show how such interlocking dynamics productive of racialized and gendered class relations currently function within the Ontario postsecondary system through the production of "tieredness", otherwise termed "system differentiation" in policy papers published by the Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario (HEQCO). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the experiences of Indigenous learners at Athabasca University. Having access to online education provided a sense of normalcy for students during the global pandemic while many postsecondary institutions and Indigenous communities were closed. The purpose of the research was two-fold: a) to determine the dynamics of reaching Indigenous learners and measuring their adaptability in learning during the COVID-19 pandemic, and b) to understand the effects of the pandemic on the mind, body, spirit, and social environment of Indigenous distance education learners and their families. This research included qualitative and quantitative methods, specifically, a survey, focus group, and individual interviews. We share the results of online research involving Indigenous students during the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. We concluded that listening to Indigenous students supported their online education while giving them an outlet to express their experiences. This research identified Indigenous student adaptations towards their spirituality in specific ways inherent to their culture given the reactions to COVID-19, their responses, and reflections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mr. Big operations ("MBOs") are a Canadian invention, a version of which dates back over 120 years, with its modern use beginning in the 1990s. However, it was not until 2014, with the Hart decision, that the Supreme Court of Canada found occasion to subject MBOs to regulation. The question this paper endeavours to undertake is whether the court's new analytical framework, which treats MBO confessions as presumptively inadmissible, has affected the scripting of MBOs - or if there remains a proliferation of the same basic plot points across multiple scenarios. In analyzing the 14 cases in which the MBO took place post-Hart, four of which in-depth - Buckley, Dauphinais, Rockey, and Caissie - the author concludes that Hart has had no meaningful impact on MBO scripting, apart from superficial changes regarding the criminality of the fictional organization the suspect is recruited into, and the level of direct violence utilized. The coercive, manipulative tactics used by MBOs which can induce false confessions remain embedded within the technique. MBOs by their very nature remain problematic, and Hart's legal tinkering has not defused their potential for wrongful convictions and abuse of process. However, despite the merits of MBO abolition, this is unlikely to occur anytime soon. As such, the author proposes several interim MBO reforms: (1) greater external oversight; (2) re-invigorating the abuse of process analysis; and (3) treating MBOs as akin to in-person interrogations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores children's engagements with music during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. We draw on repeated, qualitative, online interviews with children that explored their experiences during the pandemic. During these interviews, the topic of music came up many times and was present in the children's lives in many ways. Inspired by Christopher Small's concept of musicking to understand music as an action, and grounded in new-materialist emphasis on the interweaving of human and nonhuman entities, we examine children's musical assemblages to discuss how they engaged with music to express themselves and connect to others early in the pandemic in ways that helped them through a difficult time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substandard prison health care in Canada has long been the subject of research, debate, and policy analysis. For nearly forty years, Senator Kim Pate and her associates have uncovered myriad human rights abuses occurring inside Canadian prisons and have urged governments to take action. The extent to which this substandard health care specifically impacts the reproductive freedom of incarcerated women has yet to be the subject of meaningful academic consideration. It has been argued by many that the conditions of Canadian prisons engage the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. This paper, in its limited scope, conceives of reproductive freedom as encapsulated by the section 7 Charter right to life, liberty, and security of the person. It is a novel analysis of how each of these three constitutional rights might be engaged by the current state of reproductive health care in prison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Anadramous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) returning to Exploits River, Newfoundland, Canada, to spawn encounter low concentrations of thermomechanical pulp (TMP) effluent as they migrate upstream past an integrated newsprint mill. Various physiological responses of adult Atlantic salmon from the Exploits River were studied under laboratory conditions. The effects of a 6-h exposure to 0%, 6%, 12%, or 25% (v/v) TMP effluent or an increasing concentration gradient of effluent (0–25%) on cardiac output , critical swimming performance (U crit), hematocrit, and blood glucose, cortisol, lactate, and osmolality were examined. Relative to other treatment groups, during routine and low-level activity was 7–10% higher in fish exposed to at least 12% effluent. The 25% exposure group had a distinctly lower U crit and scope for increase in than the other treatment groups. These findings suggest that effluent exposure elevates physiological maintenance and repair costs, resulting in a reallocation of energetic resources. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper examines Indigenous perspectives on energy sustainabilities. We as Indigenous Elders and non-Indigenous scholars collectively explore how pipeline leaks that cost several Indigenous communities of the Treaty 6 region (known as western Canada). While the pipeline project has brought income to some, and wealth to the few, its impact on the environment and on the lives of many Indigenous groups is profoundly concerning. Indigenous communities are particularly vulnerable to pipeline leaks, yet have limited capacity to mitigate them as compared to larger urban centers. Using an Indigenist research framework, we used deep listening, traditional stories, reflective journals, cultural camps, and collective stories. We followed traditional protocols, continuous forms of consent, respect, and honour Indigenous Elders and Knowledge-keepers' stories. We learned about community Elders, Knowledge-keepers, and leaders' suggestions on how strategic decisions need to be made about pipeline leaks management and energy sustainabilities. The purpose of this paper is to provide Indigenous communities, particularly those communities of western Canada, with new community-led guidelines that can help them make strategic choices about pipeline leaks management to enhance their resiliency to energy. In this paper, we highlighted community suggestions on how to flip the traditional approach of fitting Indigenous ways of knowing into the Canadian legal structures by starting with Indigenous ways of knowing about the relationships of Indigenous people with land, water, and energy together with the impacts of the energy. We hope this paper may assist policy makers and Indigenous communities in sustainable energy policy development and provide a structured, transparent, and participatory decision support tool to government and communities to guide future energy management planning initiatives. • Identify community-led consultation practices for energy management. • Develop a community-led energy resiliency guideline. • Create risk evaluation framework for addressing pipeline leaks and energy management. • Explore community-led solutions anchored in sustainable energy management politics. • Support Indigenous communities' and organizations' attempts to negotiate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The defence of diminished responsibility reduces a murder conviction to one of manslaughter where the defendant successfully demonstrates that their actions were impaired by a recognized medical condition. While this partial defence to murder exists in several common law jurisdictions including the United Kingdom, it is not recognized in Canada. This paper explores whether diminished responsibility should find its way into Canadian law. To do so, Part I of this paper contends that the current state of defences applicable to homicide laws is crying out for further reflection and legislative reform. Part II then critically examines diminished responsibility as enacted in the United Kingdom. Part III explores alternatives to the defence of diminished responsibility and concludes that, despite its imperfections, the defence of diminished responsibility ensures that convictions and sentences are commensurate to the level of moral blameworthiness, given that a murder conviction carries the most severe stigma and punishment. Consequently, the defence should be recognized in Canadian criminal law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to contribute to a pragmatic understanding of critical information literacy (CIL) by positioning it as a context-specific interpersonal practice. Using phenomenography to explore how information work is experienced by social workers in social and health care settings, this paper provides an example of critical information practice that can be used to operationalise and activate CIL as a theory and inform approaches to critical pedagogy. CIL as a concept is generally theorised, practiced, and taught in academic contexts, and relatively few examples of how theory can be defined and put into practice outside a classroom setting are available. This study builds on our understanding of CIL by exploring professional information practice and suggests a model for teaching to engage learners in connecting information to action in social systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Envisioning success and its pursuit as an enduring feature of human group life, this paper examines success as a humanly constructed and realized social process. As framed herein, success represents the attribution by some audience of qualities associated with achievement, attainment, and/or accomplishment to social act(s) and/or social objects. Consistent with symbolic interactionist approaches to the study of deviance, success is not a quality of the situation at hand, but rather is audience-dependent. Therefore, while the social construction of success may be evidence-based, what is defined as successful outcomes and what constitutes evidence of success is subculturally located. Drawing on extended ethnographic research, an application of alternate definitions of success is examined in the context of those participating in an electorally unsuccessful political party—the Christian Heritage Party of Canada. Specifically, this paper examines the definition of success in terms of political influence, providing political alternatives and demonstrations of religious faithfulness as strategies of success-claiming. Framing success in process terms, this paper examines the trans-contextual and trans-historical qualities of “doing success” as a feature of everyday life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper responds to the call to explore pedagogical relations and dialogues in considering how to create climate pedagogies that are responsive, dynamic, and transformative in thinking about human and nonhuman relations. Using the lens of entanglement, the paper attempts to bring into dialogue children's rights and more-than-human ways of thinking to understand what, if any, commonalities lie in these two projects and whether and how a rights-respecting approach can be productively reconfigured in envisaging a dynamic climate pedagogy. It considers several tensions that arise from this entangled dialogue to probe both the overlaps and points of incommensurability in the two approaches. This includes viewing asymmetrical power and logics of coloniality that assert themselves through rights discourses and rights-based techniques based in an Anglo-Eurocentric worldview that narrowly defines who is included in the "human" of human rights. To illustrate these entanglements, the paper draws on a child/youth-led and child/youth-driven participatory model called Shaking the Movers (STM) created in 2007 by the Landon Pearson Centre and used with youth as well as with children in early childhood and other settings across Canada each year. The model aims to enable children's civil and political rights. Shaking the Movers was used as the framework for a workshop held in Williams Lake, British Columbia in 2017. The workshop serves as a case study in this paper to illustrate some of the entanglements that arise in practice when considering rights-respecting and more-than-human approaches. The analysis draws on scholarship from several disciplinary locations, including Stuart Aitken's critical childhood concept of the post-child, Veronica Pacini-Ketchabaw and Affrica Taylors notion of agency as not exclusively human and conceived as collective rather than an outcome of individual intent, and Shenila Khoja-Mooljis analysis of an ethic of interdependency and alliance when understanding human rights in context. Each of these perspectives informs a contemplation of how to reconfigure the Shaking the Movers model amplify its strengths. The paper concludes with thoughts on the ways entanglements create a productive space both for bringing together a more-than-human and rights-respecting approach to attend to actions emanating from the margins and for invigorating and understanding how to meaningfully engage children located in interconnected and interdependent worlds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent work on health system strengthening suggests that a combination of leadership and policy capacity is essential to achieve transformation and improvement. Policy capacity and leadership are mutually constitutive but difficult to assemble in a coherent and consistent way. Our paper relies on the nested model of policy capacity to empirically explore how health reformers in seven Canadian provinces address the question of policy capacity. More specifically, we look at emerging representations of policy capacity within the context of health reforms between 1990 and 2020. Based on the exploration of the scientific and grey literature (legislation, annual reports of Ministries, agencies and organizations, meeting minutes, press, etc.) and interviews with key informants (n=54), we identify how policy capacity is considered and framed within health reforms A series of core dilemmas emerge from attempts by each province to develop policy capacity for and through health reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Worldwide there is a growing interest in improving access to higher education for non-traditional adult learners, as Hyland-Russell and Groen (2011) have argued. This paper focuses on the results of a study funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) that profiles two Radical Humanities programs for non-traditional adult learners. Treating these programs as a practice best expressed through the experiences of the people involved, as a means of understanding the fit between the ideas informing the programs and the realities and practice of the programs, this paper argues that current offerings of such programs are delivered as extensions of formal education in that they support objectification of students and asymmetrical power relations. This contrasts with the usual characterizations of such programs as relevant and life-changing, capable of transforming students' ideas of themselves. The programs proved deficient in achieving what they aim to do. I will articulate the barriers to achieving what they aim to do and offer suggestions, based on an analysis of data, for change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]