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Despite several decades of research on therapeutics, cryptosporidiosis remains a major concern for human and animal health. Even though this field of research to assess antiparasitic drug activity is highly active and competitive, only one molecule is authorized to be used in humans. However, this molecule was not efficacious in immunocompromised people and the lack of animal therapeutics remains a cause of concern. Indeed, the therapeutic arsenal needs to be developed for both humans and animals. Our work aims to clarify research strategies that historically were diffuse and poorly directed. This paper reviews in vitro and in vivo methodologies to assess the activity of future therapeutic compounds by screening drug libraries or through drug repurposing. It focuses on High Throughput Screening methodologies (HTS) and discusses the lack of knowledge of target mechanisms. In addition, an overview of several specific metabolic pathways and enzymatic activities used as targets against Cryptosporidium is provided. These metabolic processes include glycolytic pathways, fatty acid production, kinase activities, tRNA elaboration, nucleotide synthesis, gene expression and mRNA maturation. As a conclusion, we highlight emerging future strategies for screening natural compounds and assessing drug resistance issues. [Display omitted] • Up to now, Cryptosporidium remains a major health concern for animals and humans. • Only Nitazoxanide received an agreement to treat human cryptosporidiosis. • To tackle this parasite, it is mandatory to increase the therapeutic arsenal. • Strategies to find new drugs ranged from drug libraries trials to drug repurposing. • Targeting specific metabolic pathway in Cryptosporidium are promising approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryptosporidiosis is an anthropozoonosis caused by coccidia of the family Cryptoporididae, whish may cause a serious health problem for kids in the first weeks of life. In our paper we presented results of examination of goat cryptosporidiosis in Serbia. In period 2016-2019 we examined 197 goat herds. Total of 1576 faecal smears were examined by Sheather's sugar floatation technique and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique. Cryptosporidiosis were found at 119 herds. Kids between five and twenty-one days old are the most susceptible. The morbidity varies from 75-100% and the mortality from 45-50%. Some animals do not develop into chronic cases and become carriers. After infection, animals either resist the organism, develop a mild infection that is self limiting, or soon sicken and die. Based on the performed research, we have established a significant role of cryptosporidiosis in the development of neonatal enteropathies of kids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Proposed a simple but good-performance method for waterborne pathogen classification using optofluidic images. • A detailed feature investigation shows how the features are selected/proposed. • With only three features, the proposed algorithm can achieve similar performance as other complicated methods, showing potential for portable, real-time water quality monitoring applications. Pathogenic microorganism can cause human diseases and even death, so waterborne pathogen detection is essential for water quality monitoring. Conventional microorganism detection/classification through biochemical approaches is expensive, time-consuming, labour-intensive and leaves chemical pollutions. Recently, many image processing algorithms are developed for cheaper, faster, more automatic, and more environmentally friendly microorganism classification. However, most existing classification algorithms are designed for microscopic images and focus only on the classification performance, not the computational cost. Alternatively, the optofluidic systems provide a smaller and cheaper way to capture microorganism images than conventional microscopes. Thus, in this paper, an image classification algorithm based on optofluidic images is proposed for portable, real-time water quality monitoring applications. With a comprehensive investigation on different categories of features and careful analysis on our optofluidic images, 2 morphological features were selected to classify the waterborne pathogens with a proposed feature, EHHOG (entropy of histogram of HOG) (HOG: histogram of oriented gradients). The proposed algorithm can achieve higher or similar classification accuracy as existing methods, while the computational cost is much lower with only 3 features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section offers several studies related to waterworks. One study investigated the impact of oxidation step on the arsenic removal performance of nanofiltration membranes and a low-energy reverse osmosis membrane. Another research assessed the performance of two point-of-use (POU) systems in removing microbial contaminants and evaluated appropriate surrogates for Cryptosporidium removal in POU systems with charged media. One paper examined the types of secondary effects which can be triggered by implementation of column treatment technologies for arsenic removal.