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The article focuses on the use of non-recyclable paper fibers in compost for agricultural purposes. During paper recycling in Great Britain, half a million tons of small paper fibres are wasted. These waste papers can be reused as a superior quality plant compost by replacing current chemical products. It also helps in reducing wilt diseases and has the same disease suppressing-properties like green compost. New by-products can also be developed from the huge industrial waste created in raw pulp production. Paper mills sludge can be turned into levulinic acid by the Biofine process. However, very few commercial organizations take the initiative to make paper an environmental friendly product.

Although the historical bases for graduate training in the United Kingdom (UK) and Scandinavia both stem from the original concept developed by von Humboldt, and both award a 'PhD degree', their paths have diverged. There are thus significant differences in the manner in which graduate training is organised. To analyse these differences, two UK graduate programmes (School of Medicine, Cardiff University; Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool) and two Scandinavian graduate schools (Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm) completed a Self‐evaluation questionnaire developed by Organisation of PhD Education in Biomedicine and Health Sciences in the European System (ORPHEUS)). Analysis of the completed questionnaires shows differences concerning requirements for admission, the training content of PhD programmes, the format of the PhD thesis, how the thesis is assessed and the financial model. All programmes recognise that PhD training should prepare for employment both inside and outside of academia, with emphasis on transferable skills training. However, the analysis reveals some fundamental differences in the direction of graduate programmes in the UK and Scandinavia. In the UK, graduate programmes are directed primarily towards teaching PhD students to do research, with considerable focus on practical techniques. In Scandinavia, the focus is on managing projects and publishing papers. To some extent, the differences lead to a lack of full recognition of each other's theses as a basis for doing a postdoc. This paper describes the basis for these differences and compares the two approaches and points to areas in which there is, or might be, convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Britain, the water vole is a declining species because of habitat loss and land-use change associated with the intensification of agriculture and urban encroachment. During recent years, this decline has accelerated due to predation by feral American Mink (escapees from fur farms) and population fragmentation. Legal protection and planning policy has allowed for conservation action to be incorporated into waterside developments. This paper examines the various options to maintain and enhance water-vole populations through planning design, sensitive mitigation procedures and strategic habitat restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present survey data characterizing the implementation of SPI in 85 UK companies. We aim to provide SPI managers with more understanding of the critical success factors of implementing SPI. We present an analysis of the critical implementation factors identified in published case studies. We use a questionnaire to measure the use of these factors in ‘typical’ software companies. We found that many companies use SPI but the effectiveness of SPI implementation is variable. Many companies inadequately resource SPI and fail to evaluate the impact of SPI. On the other hand, companies show a good appreciation of the human factors associated with implementing SPI. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an epidemiological study of severely mentally retarded children in the former south-east London borough of Camberwell. The narrowest definition of severe mental retardation includes only children or adults with an intelligence quotient of 49 or below. If this definition is used in epidemiological studies then precise comparisons can be made between different areas, providing the same intelligence tests are used to derive the quotient. In this paper, therefore, the results and discussion will include all those children with an IQ under 50, plus a few children whose educational and social limitations are so severe that, even if they do score 50 or more on some tests, they are still catered for by schools or other units intended for severely retarded children.

This paper examines the efficiency and effectiveness of a prescriptive systems development methodology in practice. The UK government’s mandatory Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method (SSADM) was examined to determine its value to software projects. The evidence was collected from interviews with 17 project managers, discussions with participants on three large software projects and from observing 90 end users in training. The conclusions are that prescriptive information systems methodologies are unlikely to cope well with strategic uncertainty, user communication or staff development. The recommendations are to focus more on soft organizational issues and to use approaches tailored to each project. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons Ltd [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents international news briefs on character and personality as of March 1934. Experiments conducted in Great Britain on the transmission of mental traits in generations of rats; Papers presented at the 93rd meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science held from December 27, 1934 to January 2, 1935 in Boston, Massachusetts; Information on the association called German Allgemeine Aerztliche Gesellschaft fuer Psychotherapie.

Presents news briefs related to psychology as of December 1, 1933. Growth in the number of papers of psychodiagnostic interest which are read at the meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; Information on lectures delivered at a meeting of the German Society for the Study of Heredity on problems of heredity in the animal and vegetable kingdom; Information on experiments in Russia which aimed at finding methods to regulate the sex of offspring.

Woods Mill Lake is the centrepiece of nature reserve at Hen field in Sussex, UK During the last forty years, the lake has undergone a succession of changes, and this has resulted in loss of depth and encroachment of the reed-bed. In the summer months the large carp population was suffering stress due to shallow water The problem of silt excavation required extensive discussion with statutory agencies; in addition, the work had to be scheduled around nesting birds, breeding newts and school visits. This paper (a) discusses the complexity of the work which was undertaken, and (b) provides an analysis of the fish population which was removed from the lake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the significance of seed sizes among invasive plant species in Great Britain. A research paper wherein 114 species were examined indicated that enhanced seed mass could promote the success of invasions. Hugh Pritchard, author of the paper and a researcher at the Millennium Seed Bank Project, stressed that high-level disturbances and absence of natural enemies are the common pre-condition for invasion. An analysis of the invasive species in the country showed that only one out of 1000 introduced species became invasive.

Presents updates on the field of psychology in Great Britain as of September 1935. Information on the Heath Clark Lectures which focused on temperament; Details of the paper written by E. Feuchtwanger and K. Román-Goldzieher regarding the effect of localized brain injuries on handwriting.

The article presents travel information for tourists who are planning to visit Italy. In this paper, the contact information of the Italian National Tourist Board in the U.S., Canada and Great Britain are presented. Moreover, the board also provides information via its web site www.italiantourism.com.

The article presents information on the entry for Burden Research Medal and Prize which is open to all registered medical practitioners who are working in the field of mental subnormality in Great Britain or Republic of Ireland. The award for 1974, total value 250 pound, may be presented at Stoke Park Hospital on or about the April, 1974, for outstanding research work which has been published, accepted for publication or presented as a paper to a learned society during the three-year period ending on December 31, 1973.