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In their award-winning Brief Review, Islam and colleagues ([1]) provide evidence to support their hypothesis that brief periods of vigorous activity dispersed across the day represent a promising lifestyle approach to enhance cardiorespiratory fitness and mitigate the harmful effects of prolonged periods of sedentary time. In summary, Islam and colleagues present compelling evidence that exercise snacks, including low-tech options such as stair climbing, can increase cardiorespiratory fitness and improve postprandial metabolic control. This feature is particularly important because there is mounting evidence that extended periods of sedentary time can undermine the benefits of a single bout of exercise, a phenomenon termed "exercise resistance" ([4]). [Extracted from the article]

Following decades of decline, maternal mortality began to rise in the United States around 1990-a significant departure from the world's other affluent countries. By 2018, the same could be seen with the maternal mortality rate in the United States at 17.4 maternal deaths per 100 000 live births. When factoring in race/ethnicity, this number was more than double among non-Hispanic Black women who experienced 37.1 maternal deaths per 100 000 live births. More than half of these deaths and near deaths were from preventable causes, with cardiovascular disease being the leading one. In an effort to amplify the magnitude of this epidemic in the United States that disproportionately plagues Black women, on June 13, 2020, the Association of Black Cardiologists hosted the Black Maternal Heart Health Roundtable-a collaborative task force to tackle the maternal health crisis in the Black community. The roundtable brought together diverse stakeholders and champions of maternal health equity to discuss how innovative ideas, solutions and opportunities could be implemented, while exploring additional ways attendees could address maternal health concerns within the health care system. The discussions were intended to lead the charge in reducing maternal morbidity and mortality through advocacy, education, research, and collaborative efforts. The goal of this roundtable was to identify current barriers at the community, patient, and clinician level and expand on the efforts required to coordinate an effective approach to reducing these statistics in the highest risk populations. Collectively, preventable maternal mortality can result from or reflect violations of a variety of human rights-the right to life, the right to freedom from discrimination, and the right to the highest attainable standard of health. This is the first comprehensive statement on this important topic. This position paper will generate further research in disparities of care and promote the interest of others to pursue strategies to mitigate maternal mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: The APTA recently established a vision for physical therapists to transform society by optimizing movement to promote health and wellness, mitigate impairments, and prevent disability. An important element of this vision entails the integration of the movement system into the profession, and necessitates the development of movement system diagnoses by physical therapists. At this point in time, the profession as a whole has not agreed upon diagnostic classifications or guidelines to assist in developing movement system diagnoses that will consistently capture an individual's movement problems.We propose that, going forward, diagnostic classifications of movement system problems need to be developed, tested, and validated. The Academy of Neurologic Physical Therapy's Movement System Task Force was convened to address these issues with respect to management of movement system problems in patients with neurologic conditions. The purpose of this article is to report on the work and recommendations of the Task Force. Summary of Key Findings: The Task Force identified 4 essential elements necessary to develop and implement movement system diagnoses for patients with primarily neurologic involvement from existing movement system classifications. The Task Force considered the potential impact of using movement system diagnoses on clinical practice, education and, research. Recommendations were developed and provided recommendations for potential next steps to broaden this discussion and foster the development of movement system diagnostic classifications. Recommendations for Clinical Practice: The Task Force proposes that diagnostic classifications of movement system problems need to be developed, tested, and validated with the long-range goal to reach consensus on and adoption of a movement system diagnostic framework for clients with neurologic injury or disease states. Video Abstract available for more insights from the authors (see Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, available at: http://links.lww. com/JNPT/A198). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Telemedicine allows the remote exchange of medical data between patients and healthcare professionals. It is used to increase patients' access to care and provide effective healthcare services at a distance. During the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, telemedicine has thrived and emerged worldwide as an indispensable resource to improve the management of isolated patients due to lockdown or shielding, including those with hypertension. The best proposed healthcare model for telemedicine in hypertension management should include remote monitoring and transmission of vital signs (notably blood pressure) and medication adherence plus education on lifestyle and risk factors, with video consultation as an option. The use of mixed automated feedback services with supervision of a multidisciplinary clinical team (physician, nurse, or pharmacist) is the ideal approach. The indications include screening for suspected hypertension, management of older adults, medically underserved people, high-risk hypertensive patients, patients with multiple diseases, and those isolated due to pandemics or national emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American College of Sports Medicine's Publications Committee is pleased to highlight the excellent content its journals are publishing and acknowledges authors whose exemplary work provides readers with unique clinical, scientific, and applied content. As stated at the outset, ER is not that common, and the authors have laid out some inpatient treatment suggestions based on commonly seen ER complications. The authors also highlight that a small number of ER patients may have underlying medical conditions that place them at very high risk of recurrence and severe complications. [Extracted from the article]

Since their introduction in 1987, energy drinks have become increasingly popular and the energy drink market has grown at record pace into a multibillion-dollar global industry. Young people, students, office workers, athletes, weekend warriors, and service members frequently consume energy drinks. Both health care providers and consumers must recognize the difference between energy drinks, traditional beverages (e.g., coffee, tea, soft drinks/sodas, juices, or flavored water), and sports drinks. The research about energy drinks safety and efficacy is often contradictory, given the disparate protocols and types of products consumed: this makes it difficult to draw firm conclusions. Also, much of the available literature is industry-sponsored. After reports of adverse events associated with energy drink consumption, concerns including trouble sleeping, anxiety, cardiovascular events, seizures, and even death, have been raised about their safety. This article will focus on energy drinks, their ingredients, side effects associated with their consumption, and suggested recommendations, which call for education, regulatory actions, changes in marketing, and additional research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the extreme conditioning programs (ECPs) for U.S. military personnel. It mentions that members of the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), the Consortium for Health and Military Performance (CHAMP), and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) discussed the so-called high-intensity training (HIT) program on September 13-14, 2011, to develop guidelines for ECPs and reduce the risk of injury. It also says that military leaders should conduct an evaluation of ECPs.

The article announces that the paper "The Role of Exercise in Preventing and Treating Depression," by Felipe Barreto Schuch has been selected as the 2019 Paper of the Year by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM).

Background: Optic neuritis (ON) is an optic nerve inflammation that may lead to different degrees of vision loss. In recent decades, ON research facilitated a better understanding of the disease and its subtypes. This bibliometric analysis aimed to detect the 100 most-cited medical articles related to ON in the last 50 years (1972–2021) and describe publication trends arising from the list. Methods: The Scopus database was used to locate and screen the 100 most influential ON papers based on the number of citations per article. Each entry was reviewed for the first author (name, gender, institution, and country), year of publication, journal, number of citations, ON subtype, and study design. The mean impact factor (IF) of each journal was calculated. Results: The median number of citations was 265 (range 182–2,396). Observational studies on neuromyelitis opticaassociated ON were the most common (27%), and the most influential decade was 2002–2011 (54 papers). Seventynine percent of articles were published in neurology journals, and a positive correlation between the mean number of citations per article and the journal mean IF was observed (r = 0.62, P, 0.001). Between 2009 and 2021, female authors led more ON studies (52%), and more publications originated outside the USA (68%), compared with previous years. Conclusions: This analysis summarizes the impact and shifting trends of ON research in the last decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interview with Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Heart Institute co-director Jeffrey Robbins is presented. When asked about his interest in science as a child, he recalls the experiment that he had done which focused on the measurement of the combustion rate of toilet paper. He relates how he entered the field of cardiology. Robbins states that as an executive at the institute, he had to learn about patient services, clinical practice and return on investment.

The author focuses on methods papers on cardiovascular outcomes published by the American Heart Association (AHA), funded by the AHA Pharmaceutical Roundtable (PRT) and David and Stevie Spina. The common themes in the studies are cited, such as the emphasis given to the implementation of evidence-based standards of care into practice and the choice of study design. Both studies are said to acknowledge the need to test traditional, labor-intensive care delivery models against scalable, non-physician-based delivery models.

Background: There is modest literature regarding fellowship applicant factors that may predict future career achievement. We aim to characterize neuro-ophthalmology fellows and identify and analyze characteristics that may predict future career trajectory. Methods: Data, including demographic information, academic background, scholarly activities, and practice information, were collected using publicly available sources, on individuals who completed neuro-ophthalmology fellowships from 2015 to 2021. Summary statistics describing the cohort were calculated. Prefellowship characteristics were compared with postfellowship characteristics to evaluate which prefellowship characteristics may predict postfellowship academic productivity and career achievement. Results: Data were collected on 174 individuals (41.6% men, 58.4% women). Sixty-five percent were residencytrained in ophthalmology, 31% neurology, 1.7% both, and 1.7% pediatric neurology. Fifty-eight percent completed residency in the US, 8% in Canada, 32% internationally, and 2% in multiple locations. Among those practicing in the US/Canada, 63.8% practice at academic centers, 35.3% private practice, and 0.9% at both. Thirty-one percent completed additional subspecialty training and 17.8% additional graduate degrees. Completion of additional fellowship training or graduate degrees, and publication of more papers before fellowship, correlated with later academic productivity. There were no significant correlations between completion of an additional fellowship or graduate degree with current practice environment or attainment of leadership roles. There were no significant correlations between total publishing productivity prefellowship and practice environment or leadership roles postfellowship. Conclusions: Additional graduate degrees/subspecialty training, and prefellowship academic productivity, correlated with later academic productivity among neuroophthalmologists, suggesting that these metrics may be helpful in predicting future academic performance among fellowship applicants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequency, association and impact measures are key concepts in clinical epidemiology; however, it has been found that a considerable proportion of health students and professionals have no knowledge of how to use or interpret them when reading a scientific paper or conducting research. This article aims to explain the main epidemiological measures, how they are used, derived and interpreted. They are approached from the perspective of each of the most frequently used types of primary quantitative research studies (randomized clinical trials, cohort studies, case-control estudies and cross-sectional studies) in order to provide the reader with the context in which they are used. Moreover, the process for calculating and interpreting each result in a real setting is explained using clinical examples for a better understanding of these concepts and in order to prevent their use from becoming just a mechanical or repetitive exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following are highlights from the new series, Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes Topic Review. This series will summarize the most important manuscripts, as selected by the Editor, which have published in the Circulation portfolio. The objective of this new series is to provide our readership with a timely, comprehensive selection of important papers that are relevant to the quality and outcomes, as well as general cardiology audience. The studies included in this article represent the most significant research related to hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following are highlights from the new series, Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes Topic Review. This series will summarize the most important manuscripts, as selected by the Editor, that have been published in the Circulation portfolio. The objective of this series is to provide our readership with a timely, comprehensive selection of important papers that are relevant to the quality and outcomes, and general cardiology audience. The studies included in this article represent the most significant research related to treatment of stable coronary artery disease (CAD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Colombian Journal of Anesthesiology is the property of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an acquired inflammatory demyelinating disease with optic neuritis (ON) as the most frequent clinical symptom. The hallmark of the disease is the presence of autoantibodies against MOG (MOG-IgG) in the serum of patients. Whereas the role of MOG in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animal model is well-established, the pathogenesis of the human disease and the role of human MOG-IgG is still not fully clear. Evidence Acquisition: PubMed was searched for the terms "MOGAD," "optic neuritis," "MOG antibodies," and "experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis" alone or in combination, to find articles of interest for this review. Only articles written in English language were included and reference lists were searched for further relevant papers. Results: B and T cells play a role in the pathogenesis of human MOGAD. The distribution of lesions and their development toward the optic pathway is influenced by the genetic background in animal models. Moreover, MOGAD-associated ON is frequently bilateral and often relapsing with generally favorable visual outcome. Activated T-cell subsets create an inflammatory environment and B cells are necessary to produce autoantibodies directed against the MOG protein. Here, pathologic mechanisms of MOG-IgG are discussed, and histopathologic findings are presented. Conclusions: MOGAD patients often present with ON and harbor antibodies against MOG. Furthermore, pathogenesis is most likely a synergy between encephalitogenic T and antibody producing B cells. However, to which extent MOG-IgG are pathogenic and the exact pathologic mechanism is still not well understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Colombian Journal of Anesthesiology is the property of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)