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Background and Objective: There is a growing interest in incorporating whole grain highland barley (HB) to wheat bread for improving nutrients and potential health benefits. However, the qualities and sensory properties of whole grain‐based bread were reduced compared to refined wheat‐based bread due to the strong water absorption and large particle size of dietary fiber in whole grain. Therefore, ultra‐fine ground whole grain HB partially substituted 5%–40% wheat flour to make bread, and the relevant dough properties and bread qualities were studied. Findings: The increased addition of ultra‐fine ground whole grain HB from 5% to 40% to wheat increased dough development time, whereas, decreased dough stability time, elasticity, pH, G′ modulus, and G″ modulus. The increased substitution of ultra‐fine ground whole grain HB to wheat further reduced the specific volume, cohesiveness, elasticity, and resilience of bread, whereas, increased the hardness, adhesiveness, and chewiness of bread. Conclusions: The partial substitution of wheat with ultra‐fine ground whole grain HB from 5% to 40% wheat significantly affected wheat‐HB dough properties and resultant bread qualities mainly due to weakened gluten networking. Significance and Novelty: The 5%–10% substitution of wheat by ultra‐fine ground whole grain HB showed the optimum dough properties and bread qualities compared to other treatments, which substituted 20%–40% wheat flour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Wheat is used extensively as the key ingredient for baked goods. Oats are used as an alternative for a range of commercial reasons, including "gluten‐free." Often the rationale driving the utilization of oats for gluten‐related disorders (GRDs)/gluten intolerance, gets lost due to assertions regarding the relative nutritional benefits of eating oats rather than wheat. This review looks at the dietary benefits of eating oats versus wheat‐based products to clarify the relative merits of each. Findings: Wheat and oats are important components of the human diet. Wheat‐based products cannot be replicated directly by oats. However, oats are a useful alternative where GRDs are present. Conclusions: Wheat is supreme in creating desirable food structures although it can be problematic for individuals with GRDs. Oats can be utilized to provide alternatives. However, in products like bread, other ingredients are needed to replicate the role of gluten. Significance and Novelty: This review provides a novel insight into the applications of wheat and oats in foods and the associated nutritional impact. The anticipated benefit is for people working in the food sector, health‐based professionals, and individuals who wish to understand the role of oats as an alternative to wheat to avoid gluten. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Preharvest sprouting (PHS) is the premature germination of seeds, which is often caused by late‐season rains after seeds reach physiological maturity. PHS negatively impacts grain yield and end‐use quality. Previous studies in spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) have identified that some mutations in the mother of FT and TFL1 gene (MFT) coding sequence decrease seed dormancy and increase wheat PHS. Findings: Here, we report two novel alleles for the MFT‐A and two novel alleles for the MFT‐B1 homologs in spring bread wheat and durum wheat. Conclusions: A haplotype analysis suggests that TaMFT‐3A1b (OQ729929), TaMFT‐3B1b (OQ729932) and TdMFT‐3B1b (OQ729937) increase PHS susceptibility. It is expected that functional copies of MFT promote seed dormancy. Variant analysis of the novel MFT‐A and MFT‐B1 alleles in both spring and durum wheat suggest impairment of protein function, therefore a negative impact on seed dormancy. Significance and Novelty: Previously unassessed durum wheat varieties were examined for PHS susceptibility. The information in this study can serve as a resource for spring and durum wheat breeders to make selections for alleles of MFT that impact susceptibility to PHS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia Agraria is the property of Historia Agraria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and Objectives: Pulse flours are gaining popularity in baked goods, but their use is limited due to strong flavors. This study analyzed the addition of pea flour to pancakes, with and without sodium metabisulfite (SMB), to assess their impact on pancake quality and reduce off‐flavors. Findings: Because pancake formulations were standardized based on batter viscosity, only at 20% pea flour incorporation did changes to pancake physical quality occur. Adding pea flour to pancakes impacted sensory aspects such as cooked pea flavor, nutty flavor, and pea odor. In combination with SMB, pea flour can be added up to 5% without imparting significant cooked pea flavor to pancakes. SMB also reduced pea odor in pancakes with 1%–5% pea flour. Conclusions: Pea flour can be added to pancakes without significantly affecting physical quality, as long as the batter viscosity is optimized. SMB can have a positive effect on limiting off‐flavors in pancakes containing pea flour. This research provides valuable insights into the effects of substituting pea flour in soft wheat batter‐based bake systems. Significance and Novelty: Pancakes with up to 20% pea flour had similar physical characteristics to wheat pancakes. Pea flavors were detectible at 5% inclusion, and SMB reduced off‐flavor perception at low pea flour inclusion rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Effective tiller number (ETN) directly affects panicle number and is closely related to wheat grain yield. Mining quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with wheat tiller number and analyzing the correlation between tiller number and other important agronomic traits can provide the theoretical basis for molecular breeding. In this study, we first proposed and established a novel genetic analysis framework of "multiple environmental assessments-depth analysis of individual traits-comprehensive evaluation of various traits-friendly marker development-verification in different backgrounds". Using this approach, low-tillering QTLs were identified and validated base on an F6 recombinant inbred line population (MC population) derived from the low-tillering plant msf and Chuannong 16 (CN16), phenotypic data of effective tillers from multiple environments, and a 16K chip-based constructed genetic linkage map. QTL mapping results showed that there were four QTLs controlling tillering on chromosomes 1A, 5A, and 6D, respectively. Qltn.sau-MC-1A was a stable and major low-tillering QTL explaining 13.39%--60.40% of the phenotypic variation rate, and its positive allele was from msf. Phenotypic analysis showed that ETN of the lines carrying the positive allele of Qltn.sau-MC-1A was significantly less than those with the negative alleles. Correlation analysis showed that ETN had a significantly positive correlation with plant height (PH), and a significantly negative correlation with thousand kernel weight (TKW), kernel number per spike (KNPS), kernel weight per spike (KWPS), and flag leaf width (FLW), but no significantly correlation with flag leaf length (FLL) and anthesis date (AD). Genetic analysis showed that positive allele of Qltn.sau-MC-1A had a significant effect on increasing KNPS, KWPS, and TKW, but delaying AD. Validation results in different backgrounds suggested that the ETN of lines carrying positive alleles from Qltn.sau-MC-1A could be significantly decreased. Collectively, we established a new genetic mapping approach and further used it to identify and validate a major QTL controlling low-tiller number, Qltn.sau-MC-1A, which laid a foundation for further fine mapping and understanding the mechanism of tiller formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to determine the physiological mechanism of drought resistance of northern wheat in China, six drought resistant wheat and one sensitivity to drought wheat were planted in pots. They were subjected to drought treatment and normal water when the plants grew to the 3-leaf stage. Samples were collected at 10, 20, 30, and 40 days after the drought treatment, respectively. The electrical conductivity, photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, sugar content, proline content, protein content, and active oxygen scavenging enzyme activity of the plants were detected, and the agronomic traits of the wheat varieties were investigated at maturity. The results indicated that the phenotype and yield-related factors of Darkhan 144 changed little under the drought stress. The relative electrical conductivity of Kefeng 6 and Darkhan 166 was lower under the drought stress, and their cell membrane was less damaged. The Darkhan 144 and Darkhan 166 had higher drought resistance coefficients, and were the wheat varieties with stronger drought resistance. However, the physiological mechanisms of drought resistance of these three wheat were different: Darkhan 144 maintained a higher photosynthetic activity under the drought stress; Darkhan 166 maintained a higher protein content, photosynthetic activity and active oxygen scavenging enzyme activity. In addition, other drought-resistant varieties Kefeng 6, Kefeng 10 and Longmai 26 had a higher content of osmoregulatory substances under the drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat and maize are two of the most dominant crops of considerable importance in human nutrition. At the same time, agriculture is responsible for about 1/3 of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of this study is to estimate the carbon footprint of the two aforementioned important crops in the region of Larissa, Greece. Under this context, the emitted CO2eq- per kg of product, the corresponding emissions per hectare and per g of harvested plant protein were estimated. The carbon footprint was measured using the CoolFarm Tool (Cool Farm Alliance). Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews with local farmers. According to the results, the carbon footprint per hectare in maize (2,979 kg CO2eq- ha-1) is significantly higher compared to wheat (1,090 kg CO2eq- ha-1). In contrast, the differences in the footprints per kilogram of product and per g of harvested protein were insignificant. Tillage was found to be the main factor increasing CO2eq- emissions in both crops. In this research work we demonstrated that tillage regimes are crucial for mitigating agricultural related GHG emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity stress has effects on plants as harmful as those caused by drought. This research aim was to evaluate the changes in wheat total chlorophyll content estimation under salinity stress. The experiment was set up on October 15, 2022, by sowing wheat seeds var. Alex in field conditions, in mezo-phyto-cosmos, under six treatments, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 mM NaCl. The total chlorophyll content estimation of leaves, flag leaves, and spikes was measured with a chlorophyll meter. The assessments were taken periodically for leaf greenness during in (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie) BBCH 11, 14, 51 and at the end of the experiment for flag leaves and spikes greenness. The highest values for leaves total chlorophyll were registered at all treatments except 75 mM NaCl at the fourth evaluation. For flag leaves chlorophyll content, measured at the end of the experiment, the highest value was registered in the control treatment, significantly higher compared to the 15, 45, 60, and 75 mM NaCl by 38%, 86%, 88%, and 91%. The spike chlorophyll content showed no significant differences between all the treatments. Higher doses of saline treatment significantly affect the leaves chlorophyll content, decrease the flag leaf, and spike greenness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Loaf volume is the main indicator of wheat flour quality, but test baking has major limitations. Here, prediction models were used to evaluate which methodology best captured the baking quality in Swedish commercial wheat flour and if the chemical composition of flour increased prediction accuracy. Findings: Flour type (e.g., winter vs. spring wheat) affected prediction model results significantly. Thus, separate prediction models should be developed for each flour type. Combining data from alveograph, farinograph, and glutomatic tests with protein and damaged starch gave the best prediction results. The main loaf volume predictors were dough strength for winter wheat, stability for spring wheat, and extensibility for flour blends. The composition of protein and arabinoxylan influenced several quality parameters but did not improve loaf volume predictions. Conclusions: Best predictions were obtained for winter wheat. Spring wheat and flour blend models contained only one latent variable, indicating that protein content was the main determinant for loaf volume in these samples. Significance and Novelty: This study is one of few using prediction models to evaluate instrument suitability to determine loaf volume. Instruments suitable for predicting quality were determined for commercial winter wheat flour, which is the main product of Swedish mills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: High β‐glucan hull‐less barley (cv. Chifaa) was used in functional bread production. Its technological and nutritional properties were compared with the one produced from bread wheat flour. Findings: Increasing levels of whole barley flour supplementation resulted in consistent increases in the Farinograph water absorption due to the high hydration capacity of β‐glucan in barley flour. Increasing whole barley flour supplementation levels had significant deteriorative effects on all of the bread quality characteristics probably due to dilution of gluten proteins. On the contrary, the mineral, β‐glucan, and phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities of breads supplemented with Chifaa were significantly higher than those of the bread produced from bread wheat. Conclusion: The glycemic index (GI) of the bread supplemented with 60% barley flour (66.4) was medium while the GI of the 45% barley flour‐supplemented bread (70.1) was very close to the limit value of the medium GI. The lower GI of the barley flour‐supplemented breads might be attributed to their higher β‐glucan contents. The results indicated that 3 g of β‐glucan can be provided from barley flour‐supplemented bread (at 45% and 60%), which is the limit to bear health claim. Significance and Novelty: The results of the present study indicated that high β‐glucan hull‐less barley can be used to produce functional breads with better nutritional properties. The findings of this study may provide insights that can contribute to the studies on functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Flour color changes caused by contamination like fungal‐damaged kernels can be determined by several methods, but many existing methods are time‐consuming and require specialized training. In this study, a commercial flatbed scanner was used to quickly detect and quantify the abundance of black specks derived from smutty grains in wheat flour samples. Findings: Our method easily classified flour samples into several categories, as clean flour, marginally clean, or contaminated, by using varied levels of %area‐smut. From our set of calibration flour samples, clean flour samples were located below 0.025% area‐smut. Marginal flours were defined as flours having %area‐smut from 0.025% to 0.050%. Notably, contaminated flour had %area‐smut greater than 0.05%. Moreover, the flour color brightness parameter (L) was determined using the scanner and was found to be inversely related to the %area‐smut. In addition, the number of smutty seeds manually detected in 250 g whole‐grain samples was correlated to the %area‐smut found in the flour. Conclusions: Therefore, this method represents a rapid and reliable way to distinguish clean flour from flour milled from wheat containing various levels of smut contamination. Significance and Novelty: This method was developed and validated using wheat samples collected from the field and contained a range of smut contamination. Although specks could easily be detected and counted, we found that speck counts varied with scanner resolution setting. Therefore, an alternate parameter referred to as "%area‐smut" was calculated and resulted in more consistent values per sample regardless of scanner resolution. Additionally, the flour color parameter, L*, was determined for each scanned image using imaging processing software. This color parameter, L*, was well correlated with those measured with a reference hand‐held colorimeter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Research in crop science is usually conducted in studies with a small number of plants and crops. The aim of this project was to investigate whether near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can contribute to the analysis of such small data sets. For this purpose, NIR spectra of a small sample set of whole‐grain wheat flours of two winter wheat cultivars harvested from greenhouse and field experiments with different fertilization management were analyzed. Findings: Principal component analysis (PCA) facilitated the discrimination of samples based on fertilization, baking volume, and growing conditions for each wheat cultivar. In addition, PCA allowed the differentiation of wheat cultivars in a data set containing both cultivars. Spectra–structure relationships were also established. Accurate calibrations with R2 of.98,.98, and.54 were obtained for fertilization, crude protein concentration, and baking volume, respectively, even for a small data set of 10 samples of wheat cultivar Discus. Conclusion: The NIR spectra of whole‐grain wheat flour samples provided high‐resolution information on various parameters such as fertilization, baking volume, wheat cultivar, and growing site. This study demonstrates that NIRS is a valuable and efficient tool for the analysis of small data sets in crop science. This illustrates the effectiveness of the elegant NIRS method. Significance and Novelty: In this study, small data sets of whole‐grain wheat flour from crop science experiments were analyzed by NIRS. Characteristic changes of the NIR spectra based on applied fertilizer amount, crude protein concentration, baking volume, growing site, and wheat cultivar were revealed. The detection of cause‐and‐effect relationships between spectra and chemical properties of samples contributes to a better understanding of NIR spectra of wheat flours in an interpretative way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the impact of sowing direction and wheat cultivars on growth and yield in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. The study reveals that sowing in the east-west direction yields higher and better quality crops compared to sowing in the north-south direction. Among the wheat cultivars tested, PBW-343 demonstrates the best performance in terms of yield and other characteristics. The study suggests that sowing in the east-west direction with the PBW-343 cultivar is the most suitable approach for cultivation in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Economia e Sociologia Rural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To clarify the appropriate rate of phosphorus application and physiological mechanism for promoting wheat tillering and efficient utilization of phosphorus fertilizer with supplementary irrigation, we used 'Jimai 22' wheat variety as the test material, to set up three phosphorus application treatments, including low (90 kg P2O5 • hm-2, P1), medium (135 kg P2O5 • hm-2, P2), and high (180 kg P2O5 • hm-2, P3) application rates, with no phosphorus application as the control (P0). We increased the relative soil water content of each treatment at jointing stage and anthesis stage to 70%, and measured the area of tiller node, the content of endogenous hormones, the number of tillers in each tiller position, photosynthetic parameters, the distribution of 13C assimilates in each stem and tiller, as well as the grain yield and partial productivity of phosphate fertilizer. The results showed that compared with P0 and P1 treatments, P2 significantly increased the area of tiller node and the trans-zeatin (tZ), the photosynthetic parameters of the uppermost expanded leaves of the main stem, the total tillers per plant, and the distribution of 13C assimilates in each tiller. The number of ears per plant was increased by 0.51 and 0.36, and grain yield was increased by 40.3% and 13.2%, respectively. In P3 treatment, the number of tillers increased, but the panicles per plant, and the grain yield and phosphate fertilizer partial productivity decreased. Our results suggested that the moderate phosphorus treatment (135 kg • hm-2) under supplementary irrigation was suitable for high yield and high efficiency of wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clarifying the appropriate application rates of N, P, and K fertilizers and the physiological mechanisms of wheat under water-saving recharge irrigation in the North China Plain would provide a theoretical basis for formulating reasonable fertilization plans for high-yield and high-efficiency wheat production. We established four treatments with different amounts of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5), and potassium (K2O) application: 0,0, and 0 kg • hm2(F0), 180, 75, and 60 kg • hm-2(F2), 225, 120, and 105 kg • hm-2(F2), and 270, 165, and 150 kg • hm2(F3). During the jointing and anthesis stages of wheat, the relative water content of each treatment in the 0-40 cm soil layer was replenished to 70%, to investigate the differences in wheat flag leaf photosynthetic characteristics, distribution of 13C assimilates, grain starch accumulation, and fertilizer utilization. The results showed that the relative chlorophyll content of flag leaves, photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, 13C assimilate allocation in each organ, enzyme activities involved in starch synthesis, and starch accumulation in the F, treatment were significantly higher than that in F0 treatment, which was an important physiological basis for the 20.9% increase in grain yield. The above parameters and yield in the F2 and F3 treatments showed no significant increase compared to F (treatment, while fertilizer productivity and agronomic efficiency of N, P, and K decreased by 17.5%-58.4% and 12.7%-50.7%, respectively. Therefore, F (could promote flag leaf photosynthetic assimilate production and grain starch accumulation under water-saving supplementary irrigation conditions, resulting in higher grain yield and fertilizer utilization efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Techniques for classifying data using data mining are now a day prevalent in agriculture. The method of classifying seeds involves grouping various seed varieties according to their morphological characteristics. To accomplish categorization of the typical Charotar region (generally comprising Anand and Kheda districts of the Gujarat State of India) Gujarat Wheat (GW) varieties (TRITICUM – AESTIVUM) viz. GW 273, GW 496, GW 322, LOK-1, and GDW 1255 (TRITICUM – DURUM), Weka Explorer was used. The features used are area, perimeter, solidity, aspect ratio, major and minor axis of seed kernel, Hue, Saturation, Value, and SF1 (empirical). Features reduction was done using Information Gain (IG) and its modified version Gain Ratio (GR). This paper compares performance of Tree based data mining algorithms in classifying wheat varieties. For classification we used purely tree-based machine learning algorithms viz. J48, Random Forest, Hoeffding Tree, Logistic Model Tree (LMT), and REPTree. LMT- logistics regression method gives higher accuracy 96.4% compared to other classifiers. Hoeffding Tree classifiers stood second with 96% accuracy. For validation 10-fold cross validation was used. By reducing the number of folds in cross validation performance of most algorithms decreased except J48. The percentage of correctly classified instance increased for all algorithms when features were selected by GR except for J48. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is challenging to make diagnosis of non-celiac gluten sensitivity/non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCGS/NCWS) in clinical practice, since there is no biomarker and diagnosis is based on response to gluten-free-diet (GFD). We used anti-gliadin antibody (AGA) for screening patients with IBS for gluten-sensitivity. 492 Adult-patients with IBS underwent screening for celiac disease and gluten-sensitivity using IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody and IgA-AGA and IgG-AGA, respectively. Patients with positive AGA (IgA and/or IgG) were invited to follow GFD, those willing were put on GFD for 6-weeks. Responsive patients were given gluten re-challenge. Diagnosis of NCGS was confirmed if they had recurrence of symptoms. Of 492 patients with IBS, AGA was positive in 61(12.4 %), hence suspected to have gluten-sensitivity. Of 31 who agreed to participate and followed GFD for 6-weeks, 17 (54.8 %) had complete (>30 % improvement) and 10(32.2 %) had partial (>20 % improvement) response. All 17 complete-responders were given gluten re-challenge for 6-weeks, symptoms recurred in all and hence were confirmed to have NCGS/NCWS. Significant decrease in AGA levels occurred almost in all GFD-responders. 12.4 % IBS patients have biological evidence of gluten/wheat-sensitivity. Almost 87 % patients with IBS having AGA responded to GFD. The value of AGA may further be explored as a biomarker for screening for the presence of NCGS, before recommending this test for the clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sitobion avenae F. is a highly prevalent and devastating pest in wheat crops, leading to significant yield losses. Silicon (Si) has been widely recognized as an effective inducer of plant resistance against aphids. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms governing the physiological and biochemical responses of plants induced by Si defense against S. avenae F. remain incompletely understood. In this study, we conducted experiments by treating wheat leaves with varying concentrations of Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) spray under aphid infestation. We meticulously observed and recorded the life cycle of S. avenae F. and measured the content of plant hormones, secondary metabolites, and the activity of defense enzymes in wheat leaves. Furthermore, we utilized structural equation modeling to discern the causal correlation between aphid performance and the physiological-biochemical responses of wheat under TEOS sprays. Our findings revealed that a concentration of 3 mmol/L TEOS significantly shortened the net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate and finite rate of increase, and mean generation time of S. avenae F., while simultaneously prolonging the population doubling time. Additionally, the content of lignin, total phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid in wheat leaves exhibited a substantial increase. Furthermore, the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), catalase, and lipoxygenase in wheat leaves was significantly enhanced. Our results suggest that TEOS spray reduced the survival and population growth of S. avenae F. while enhancing the defense response of wheat against aphids by activating the activity of PAL and PPO in wheat, and increasing the content of total phenolic and JA. This work provides valuable insights for the development of appropriate Si fertilizers for effective pest management and offers robust theoretical support for wheat aphid control through agricultural fertilization strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Wheat varietal and functional diversity were manipulated in the field. • Increasing intraspecific diversity of wheat did not influence biomass production. • Increasing intraspecific diversity did not alter 15N recovery by plants and soil. • Increasing intraspecific diversity affected plant Cu, Fe, Zn, Na and P contents. Crop homogenization in conventional agriculture has been pervasive while ecology has shown positive effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning, that arise from complementarity/facilitation and sampling/selection effects. These effects are well documented for interspecific diversity in both natural ecosystems and agroecosystems but remain less documented at an intraspecific level, particularly for the rates of nutrient uptake by plants and nutrient losses from ecosystems. We conducted a field experiment with 88 experimental plots cultivated with 1, 2, 4 or 8 wheat varieties and 1, 2, 3 or 4 functional groups to assess the effects of the number of varietal and functional diversity of winter wheat on plant biomass production, plant nutrient contents (N, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, K, Na and Zn) and fertilizer N recovery in the plant-soil system using a 15N labeling method. We found both negative and positive effects of the number of varieties or number of functional groups on shoot Cu, Fe, Zn, Na and P contents, but no significant effects of intraspecific diversity on biomass production, N content and 15N recovery in the plant-soil system. Our results show differential responses to an increase of intraspecific diversity of wheat on the contents of several essential nutrients in plants and highlight the need to jointly analyze multiple nutrients. Our study also suggests that increasing intraspecific diversity had no overall negative effects on biomass production or N content. Using knowledge on variety functional traits to target specific complementarity mechanisms when designing variety mixtures could thus lead to a positive effect on nutrient absorption and biomass production. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weeds are a major threat to crop yield and quality but an important component of the agro-system. Estimating the response of weed species to cultural practices is crucial to selecting weed control methods. The study was realized in Setif, a Mediterranean semi-arid region in northeastern Algeria, on two fields (Beni-Fouda and Rmada ) practicing the direct seeding since 2008 The experiment was carried out over two campaign years (2015-2017) to examine the effects of rotations compared to monoculture on weed diversity and abundance. Among 40 species inventoried, dicotyledons are the best represented, with 85% (34/40) of the species, belonging to 15 families, the Asteraceae have nearly 27.5% of the total inventoried flora. Monocotyledons are composed of just the Poaceae, comprising 15% of the total flora. Between the two fields, the diversity indices show controversial values and a great dissimilarity is noted. The wheat-crop and rotations at Beni-Fouda (W/T/L/V) were distinguished by both high species diversity and low dominance, while the same treatments (W/T/L/P) at the Rmada site showed strong dominance with low diversity. The results indicate potential changes in the dominance of weed species between the two fields and the impact of the rotations on weeds is insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bHLH (basic Helix-Loop-Helix) transcription factor plays an important role in plant growth and development. In this study, wheat gene TabHLH112-2B was cloned, which consists of seven exons and six introns, encoding 444 amino acids, and has a typical HLH conserved domain at 315-364 amino acids. The tissue expression pattern analysis showed that TabHLH112-2B was expressed in all tissues at seedling stage, jointing stage, heading stage, and flowering stages. Among them, the relative expression levels in leaves and roots were higher. The cis-acting element analysis showed that the promoter region of TabHLH112-2B contained a variety of cis-acting elements related to plant hormone responses, stress responses, and meristem development. The qRT-PCR exhibited that the relative expression level of TabHLH112-2B was responsive to plant hormones (such as ABA, IAA, MeJA) and abiotic stresses (such as drought, salt, low and high temperatures). Two SNPs were detected in its promoter region by genomic sequence polymorphism, which were classified into two haplotypes. A molecular marker was developed based on SNP-682, and association analysis showed that the marker was significantly correlated with the number of spikelet per spike in various environments such as drought and high temperature. Hap-2B-2 was a favorable haplotype with more spikelets per spike. These results of this study provide the valuable genetic resources and technical support for molecular marker-assisted breeding of wheat varieties with high yield and wide adaptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Auxin is one of the major endogenous hormones that regulate the spike morphology in crops. In order to explore the auxin pathway genes involving spike type in wheat, the line SY95-71 with spindle spike and line CH7034 with compacted spike were selected to detect the endogenous auxin content in their young spikes. The results showed that the tryptophan content in SY95-71's young spikes was significantly higher than that in CH7034. RNA-seq results showed that four specific auxin-related GO items were enriched in SY95-71 young spikes within the high confidence interval (P<0.01), and the relative expression levels of Tryptophan Decarboxylase genes (responsible for transforming tryptophan into tryptamine) and Auxin Response Factor genes (ARFs) in SY95-71 were significantly higher than those in CH7034. Further analysis of two highly expressed ARF genes (TraesCS7A02G475600 and TraesCS7A02G475700) in SY95-71 revealed that they were a pair of tandem repeat genes located on the long arm of chromosome 7A and named TaARF23-A1 and TaARF23-A2 based on the IDs of ARF family member in wheat, respectively. The qRT-PCR results confirmed that the relative expression levels of TaARF23-A1 and TaARF23-A2 in SY95-71 young spikes were significantly higher than those in CH7034. The sequencing results showed that the exon of TaARF23-A had two SNPs and one InDel site between SY95-71 and CH7034. A molecular marker was developed based on the InDel site and then used to associated with the spike phenotypes of the recombinant inbred lines population derived by the cross of SY95-71 and CH7034 in six field environments. The results showed that TaARF23-A was significant correlation with spikelet number (P<0.0001), and its CH7034 allele increased by 1.67 spikelets compared with the SY95-71 allele. The results of this study provide the reference for the understanding of the development mechanism of spikelet and molecular marker for the improvement of ideal spike type in wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep learning (DL) plays a critical role in processing and converting data into knowledge and decisions. DL technologies have been applied in a variety of applications, including image, video, and genome sequence analysis. In deep learning the most widely utilized architecture is Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are taught discriminatory traits in a supervised environment. In comparison to other classic neural networks, CNN makes use of a limited number of artificial neurons, therefore it is ideal for the recognition and processing of wheat gene sequences. Wheat is an essential crop of cereals for people around the world. Wheat Genotypes identification has an impact on the possible development of many countries in the agricultural sector. In quantitative genetics prediction of genetic values is a central issue. Wheat is an allohexaploid (AABBDD) with three distinct genomes. The sizes of the wheat genome are quite large compared to many other kinds and the availability of a diversity of genetic knowledge and normal structure at breeding lines of wheat, Therefore, genome sequence approaches based on techniques of Artificial Intelligence (AI) are necessary. This paper focuses on using the Wheat genome sequence will assist wheat producers in making better use of their genetic resources andmanaging genetic variation in their breeding program, as well as propose a novel model based on deep learning for offering a fundamental overview of genomic prediction theory and current constraints. In this paper, the hyperparameters of the network are optimized in the CNN to decrease the requirement formanual search and enhance network performance using a new proposed model built on an optimization algorithm and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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• Nutritional content of wheat grains. • Spray of Herbicides. • Spray of micro-Nano-nutrients. One of the main challenges that hinder wheat cultivation is weeds through its competitiveness to obtain the essential requirements of growth as most growers claimed that no efficient method can be applied to increase the nutritional value of wheat grains. Therefore, current study aims to increase the nutritional content of wheat using different methods during the development of growth stages. A field experiment was conducted in Zulele village, Babylon province during 2020–2021 and 2021–2022 season to achieve the object above. Treatments and combinations of the experiment (manual weeds removal, herbicides, seeding rate and nano-nutrients) were arranged using randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with four replicates. Results showed that there were significant differences between treatments and combinations as Navigator + IQ combi and Weed free + IQ combi combinations with 180 kg.h−1 seeding rate were exceeded and gave the highest average of the percentage of carbohydrates, protein, gluten, total amino acids and tryptophan, also gave the lowest percentage of ash compare to control combination with 140 kg.h−1 seeding rate. The use of Navigator or Surage (Herbicides) or Weed free together with foliar nano-nutrients was improved the nutritional content of wheat grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: In the last decade, the incidence of foodborne illness outbreaks and recalls connected with wheat flour and flour‐based goods infected with enteric bacteria such as Salmonella has increased. In this study, the activity of sodium bisulfate (SBS) as an antibacterial agent against four different serovars of Salmonella enterica is investigated. Findings: The dose‐dependent, anti‐Salmonella concentration of SBS revealed a minimum inhibitory activity of 0.32%. At this concentration, SBS induced the production of reactive oxygen species, demonstrating that lysis of bacterial cells has occurred. SBS tempering (1.5% SBS, w/v) reduced wheat Salmonella load by 4.3 log CFU/g after 24 h of tempering. Additionally, tempering at 0% (control) and 1.5% SBS (17% moisture, 24 h) showed similar (p >.05) flour functionality (rheology and composition) and baking characteristics (volume, texture, and crumb structure). Conclusion: These results suggest that SBS is a viable antibacterial tempering agent to reduce Salmonella contamination in wheat before milling. Significance and Novelty: Acidic water tempering, as opposed to the traditional water tempering method, may result in milled products with improved microbiological quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study's objective was to assess the efficacy and to identify the toxic mechanisms of action of some plant-derived monoterpenes and yucca extract as alternatives to chemical insecticides against the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Carvone, 1,8-cineole, cuminaldehyde, and linalool, as well as Yucca schidgera extract, were the control agents whose efficacy against the red flour beetle was tested in the laboratory and compared to malathion. The criteria for evaluating efficacy were the effects of the tested compounds on adult mortality and red flour beetle progeny. Furthermore, the effects of the control agents on some enzymes (Acetylcholinesterase,-amylase, and alkaline phosphatase) in T. castaneum were investigated. Moreover, the effect of the tested control measures on weight loss of treated wheat grain was studied. The tested substances showed a high ability to control T. castaneum with regard to adult mortality and offspring production, especially when used as fumigants. For adult mortality, malathion showed the highest potential against T. castaneum as a fumigant, followed by carvone, yucca extract, cuminaldehyde, linalool, and 1,8-cineole with LC50 values of 0.05, 331.5, 365.1, 372.2, 460, and 467.5 mg · 1000 cm-2 after 72 hours, respectively. The highest reduction in progeny was for malathion followed by carvone, linalool, cineole, yucca extract, and cuminaldehyde with reduction percentages of 100, 90, 89.3,79.4 and 65.8%, respectively. The tested compounds significantly affected acetylcholinesterase activity, alpha-amylase activity, and alkaline phosphatase in the red flour beetle. There was no significant reduction in the weight of wheat grains treated with the tested materials compared to the untreated healthy grains. Finally, the tested compounds as fumigants, especially 1,8-cineole, can be considered as effective alternatives to control the red flour beetle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, published in the journal Environment & Ecology, presents the findings of a study conducted in the Nagaur district of Rajasthan to identify a salt-tolerant wheat variety for salt-affected soils. The study found that the wheat variety KRL-283 performed well in these conditions, with higher grain and straw yield compared to the farmers' practiced variety. The document highlights the potential of using salt-tolerant varieties like KRL-283 to enhance productivity and improve food security in salt-affected areas. It also emphasizes the importance of selecting salt-tolerant varieties for sustainable wheat production in these soils. [Extracted from the article]

This article presents the findings of a field experiment on the effects of foliar application of water soluble fertilizers on wheat crops. The study found that applying recommended doses of fertilizer along with foliar application of NPK and Urea phosphate resulted in increased growth parameters and higher grain yield. The treatment with the highest yield was the application of NPK at 40 DAS followed by Urea phosphate at 65 DAS. The study suggests that foliar supplementation of water soluble fertilizers can positively impact the growth and yield of wheat crops, and reducing fertilizer doses can be more economical. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses a study conducted on three varieties of wheat and the effects of different plant growth promoters on their growth and yield. The results showed that the variety DBW-187 had the highest growth and yield, with significant variations observed among the different plant growth promoters. The application of a mixture of micronutrients as a foliar spray at the tillering stage resulted in the most significant improvements in growth and yield. The study emphasizes the importance of micronutrients and plant growth promoters in enhancing wheat production. [Extracted from the article]

Triticum spp. is grown widely all over the world, and numerous fungal diseases have a significant impact on the crop yield. Fusarium graminearum and Bipolaris sorokiniana are the most prevalent pathogens affecting wheat. In this study, the growth-stimulating bacteria in wheat are identified and their efficacy is examined in stimulating the growth of wheat seedlings under phytopathogenic conditions. In the course of the present investigation, four microorganisms that are resistant to the metabolites Fusarium graminearum and Bipolaris sorokiniana were isolated from wheat seeds. These strains were evaluated based on plant growth stimulation indicators, including the production of indole-3-acetic acid (0.4–3.3 mg × mL−1), gibberellic acid (116.9–431.5 μg × mL−1), siderophores (10.2–31.5%), phosphate solubilization (1.7–3.5), zinc solubilization (1.8–3.7), potassium solubilization (1.3–3.0) nitrogen fixation (250.0–840.0 μg × mL−1). In a laboratory experiment, two promising growth-stimulating bacteria that enhance the germination and development of wheat seeds under conditions of phytopathogenic stress were identified. When treated with the microorganisms, wheat seeds show a higher rate of germination, and a significant increase in root length was observed in the seedlings. A field test indicated that the presence of strains of Pantoea ananatis and Bacillus subtilis exerts a favorable effect on the wheat yield. [Display omitted] • Microorganisms associated with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) have been isolated. • The growth-stimulating properties of the isolates have been studied. • Laboratory tests of the isolates in conditions of biological stress have been conducted. • Molecular genetic analysis of promising isolates has been performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat is a crucial grain crop in China, but its yield has been severely reduced by a number of pests. Identifying the pest's distribution range is vital for its effective control. Therefore, based on distribution data and environmental variables, the MaxEnt model was used herein to predict the suitability areas for habitation by Sitobion miscanthi in China now and in the future (2021–2040, 2041–2060, 2061–2080, and 2081–2100). The results showed that terrain roughness was the most important environmental variable in determining the distribution of S. miscanthi. Furthermore, the current suitability areas reached an area of 1.91 × 106 km2, mainly distributed in southern, eastern, and northeastern China, such as Hebei, Shandong, and Anhui provinces. Under future environmental conditions, the suitability areas for its habitation are expected to primarily expand in the northwest, especially in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia, and move northwest. Moreover, the high suitability areas for habitation by this pest showed a trend of continuous increase, indicating a high probability of outbreaks. The findings on the suitability areas for S. miscanthi to inhabit at present and in the future, as determined here, are conducive to the implementation of management and control measures to enhance wheat yield and ensure food security in China. • Terrain roughness was the most important variable in determining the distribution. • Currently suitable areas mainly lied in southern, eastern, and northeastern China. • Suitable areas are expected to primarily expand in the northwest in the future. • Highly suitable areas showed a trend of continuous increase in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive cadmium (Cd) concentration in wheat grain is becoming a widespread concern in China. Considering the complexity of Cd transfer in the soil-wheat system, how the Cd risk in wheat grain be accurately predicted from the limited details available is of great significance for the risk management of Cd. Bayes' theory could leverage existing data by combining prior information and observational data, providing a promising strategy with which to calculate a more robust posterior probability of a grain sample exceeding the food safety standard (FSS) for Cd (0.1 mg kg−1). In the current study, a risk prediction model, based on Bayes' theory, was established to achieve a more accurate prediction of the wheat grain Cd risk from a limited number of soil parameters. The risk prediction model could predict the risk probability of wheat grain with a Cd concentration exceeding the FSS under a given soil concentration of either total Cd or diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Cd. Soil total Cd concentration proved to be a better variable for the model with greater predictive accuracy. The model predicted that fewer than 5% of the wheat grain would have a Cd concentration exceeding the FSS when grown in soil with a total Cd concentration of less than 0.299 mg kg−1. The risk probability rose significantly to 50% when the soil total Cd reached 0.778 mg kg−1. The accuracy of the model was greater than the widely applied multiple linear regression model, whereas previously published data from similar soil conditions also confirmed that the Bayesian model could predict wheat Cd risk with minimal error. The proposed model provides an accurate, accessible and cost-effective methodology for predicting Cd risk in wheat grown in alkaline soils before harvest. The wider application to other soil conditions, crops or contaminants using the Bayesian model is also promising for risk management authorities. [Display omitted] • A Bayesian model predicted the risk of Cd accumulation in wheat with minimal error. • National soil Cd limit shows little utility ensuring the food safety of wheat. • Predictions using soil total Cd were better than that with DTPA-extractable Cd. • Combining prior information and observation data improved model performance. • Probabilistic results can assist the design of safety measures for soil management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field studies were conducted to assess the efficacy of pyroxasulfone alone and its combinations with other herbicides at different time of application against a diverse weed flora in wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Applications of pyroxasulfone at 125 g/ha as pre-emergence (PE) or early post-emergence (EPO) at 20 days after sowing effectively controlled the grass weeds (Phalaris minor Retz. and Avena ludoviciana Durieu). However, pyroxasulfone alone exhibited poor control of broad-leaved weeds, such as Medicago denticulata Willd and Rumex dentatus L. To address the limitations in controlling broad-leaved weeds, tank mix combinations of pyroxasulfone at 125 g/ha with either pendimethalin at 1000 g/ha or metsulfuron at 4 g/ha or metribuzin at 300 g/ha proved highly effective. Pre-emergence pyroxasulfone application in combination with either metsulfuron (125 + 4 g/ha) or with metribuzin (125 + 300 g/ha) in wheat gave effective control of diverse weed flora and improved wheat productivity by 52.1% and 51.2%, respectively, over untreated control. Ready mix combination of clodinafop + metribuzin 60 + 210 g/ha applied as post emergence (32 DAS) provided >99% control of P. minor, A. ludoviciana , M. denticulata and R. dentatus L., however the phytotoxicity with this treatment produced 6.7% lower yield as compared to season long weed free conditions. Among the herbicidal treatments, pre-emergence application of pyroxasulfone + metsulfuron at 125 + 4 g/ha had the highest net returns followed by alone application of pre-emergence metribuzin at 300 g/ha. • Pyroxasulfone at 125 g/ha was highly effective in controlling grass weeds (Phalaris minor and Avena ludoviciana) in wheat. • Pyroxasulfone in combination with either metsulfuron or metribuzin effectively controlled the broad spectrum weed flora. • Pre-emergence application of metribuzin at 300 g/ha was effective for control of P. minor in wheat. • The highest net returns were recorded with pre-emergence application of pyroxasulfone + metsulfuron at 125 + 4 g/ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]